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Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages (MPs) are important for skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo and may exert beneficial effects on myogenic cell growth through mitogenic and antiapoptotic activities in vitro. However, MPs are highly versatile and may exert various, and even opposite, functions depending on their activation state. We studied monocyte (MO)/MP phenotypes and functions during skeletal muscle repair. Selective labeling of circulating MOs by latex beads in CX3CR1GFP/+ mice showed that injured muscle recruited only CX3CR1lo/Ly-6C+ MOs from blood that exhibited a nondividing, F4/80lo, proinflammatory profile. Then, within muscle, these cells switched their phenotype to become proliferating antiinflammatory CX3CR1hi/Ly-6C− cells that further differentiated into F4/80hi MPs. In vitro, phagocytosis of muscle cell debris induced a switch of proinflammatory MPs toward an antiinflammatory phenotype releasing transforming growth factor β1. In co-cultures, inflammatory MPs stimulated myogenic cell proliferation, whereas antiinflammatory MPs exhibited differentiating activity, assessed by both myogenin expression and fusion into myotubes. Finally, depletion of circulating MOs in CD11b–diphtheria toxin receptor mice at the time of injury totally prevented muscle regeneration, whereas depletion of intramuscular F4/80hi MPs at later stages reduced the diameter of regenerating fibers. In conclusion, injured skeletal muscle recruits MOs exhibiting inflammatory profiles that operate phagocytosis and rapidly convert to antiinflammatory MPs that stimulate myogenesis and fiber growth.
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“A number of studies have shown that reduction of the number of monocytes available to participate in the response following muscle injury via depletion of circulating cells results in slowed removal of cellular debris and delayed muscle tissue remodeling [112–114].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“For example, IL-10 secreted by M2 macrophages is known both to drive a transition from an M1 to an M2 phenotype as well as to promote the fusion and maturation of myotubes [112,125].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [112]
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“These studies showed that the timing of inflammatory responses can have profound effects on the kinetics and extent of regeneration69, findings confirmed by experiments using antibodies to block inflammatory cytokines70,71.”
From The central role of muscle stem cells in regenerative failure with aging (2015) · cites this paper as [69]
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“Accumulating evidence indicates that Mp are critical orchestrators in healing of many tissues, including skin (3,4,7,48).”
From Sustained Inflammasome Activity in Macrophages Impairs Wound Healing in Type 2 Diabetic Humans and Mice (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Arnold, L., Henry, A., Poron, F., Baba-Amer, Y., van Rooijen, N., Plonquet, A., Gherardi, R. K., & Chazaud, B.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Université Paris-Est Créteil (FR)
- 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 841, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, “Cell Interactions in the Neuromuscular System” Team, Université Paris 12 Val-de-Marne, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Venue
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2007-05-07
- Volume
- 204
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1057-1069
- ISSN
- 0022-1007 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9538
- PMC
- PMC2118577
- OpenAlex
- W2108723188
- Cited by
- 2,002
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 147 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 20.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- inflammatory monocytes, macrophage polarization, skeletal muscle regeneration, myogenesis, CX3CR1, Ly6C, F4/80, TGF-β1, myotube formation, monocyte depletion, muscle damage
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Macrophages, Mice, Mutant Strains, Microspheres, Monocytes, Phagocytosis, DNA Primers, Muscle, Skeletal, Receptors, Chemokine, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Muscle Development, CD11b Antigen, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice
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