The Detailed Star Formation History in the Spheroid, Outer Disk, and Tidal Stream of the Andromeda Galaxy
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Using HST ACS, we have obtained deep optical images reaching stars well below the oldest main-sequence turnoff in the spheroid, tidal stream, and outer disk of Andromeda. We have reconstructed the star formation history in these fields by comparing their color-magnitude diagrams to a grid of isochrones calibrated to Galactic globular clusters observed in the same bands. Each field exhibits an extended star formation history, with many stars younger than 10 Gyr but few younger than 4 Gyr. Considered together, the star counts, kinematics, and population characteristics of the spheroid argue against some explanations for its intermediate-age, metal-rich population, such as a significant contribution from stars residing in the disk or a chance intersection with the stream's orbit. Instead, it is likely that this population is intrinsic to the inner spheroid, whose highly disturbed structure is clearly distinct from the pressure-supported metal-poor halo that dominates farther from the galaxy's center. The stream and spheroid populations are similar, but not identical, with the stream's mean age being ~1 Gyr younger; this similarity suggests that the inner spheroid is largely polluted by material stripped from either the stream's progenitor or similar objects. The disk population is considerably younger and more metal-rich than the stream and spheroid populations, but not as young as the thin-disk population of the solar neighborhood; instead, the outer disk of Andromeda is dominated by stars of age 4-8 Gyr, resembling the Milky Way's thick disk. The disk data are inconsistent with a population dominated by ages older than 10 Gyr and in fact do not require any stars older than 10 Gyr.
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M31 appears to have a lower SFR at more recent look-back times, compared to times larger than 1 Gyr.
“most notably that the galaxy appears to have a lower SFR at more recent look-back times, compared to times larger than 1 Gyr.”
From The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury (PHAST). II. The Spatially Resolved Recent Star Formation History in M31 (2026) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2006
The Summary (section 7; page unavailable) reports that the sampled outer disk contains only a trace population of 0.2–1 Gyr-old stars, while about 70% of its stars are 4–8 Gyr old. That supports less recent star formation in the sampled field, but the paper does not establish the stated SFR comparison for M31 as a whole or a precise 1 Gyr dividing point. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredM31 has a complex and spatially varying SFH.
“These studies established that M31 has a complex and spatially varying SFH”
From The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury (PHAST). II. The Spatially Resolved Recent Star Formation History in M31 (2026) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2006
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Self-citation${\it HIPPARCOS}$ age-metallicity relation of the solar neighbourhood disc stars
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The Distance to the M31 Globular Cluster System
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Gas, Dust, and Young Stars in the Outer Disk of M31
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Metal-poor Field Blue Stragglers: More Evidence for Mass Transfer
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The Stellar Populations of Pixels and Frames
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Self-citationThe Stellar Populations of Pixels and Frames
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Self-citationThe Carina Project: II. Stellar PopulationsPreprint
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M31’s Heavy‐Element Distribution and Outer Disk
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Deep HST V- and I-Band Observations of the Halo of M31: Evidence for Multiple Stellar Populations
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Photometry and the Metallicity Distribution of the Outer Halo of M31. II. The 30 Kiloparsec Field
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Deep HST V- and I-band observations of the halo of M31: evidence for multiple stellar populations
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Age Constraints for an M31 Globular Cluster from Main-Sequence Photometry
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Self-citationM31’s Undisturbed Thin Disk of Globular Clusters
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On the formation of extended galactic disks by tidally disrupted dwarf galaxies
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Deep HST V- and I-Band Observations of Two Globular Clusters in the Halo of M31.
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The Star Formation Histories of the Bulge and Disk of M31 from Resolved Stars in the Near-Infrared
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BR photometry of the halo of M31
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Stellar Cluster Fiducial Sequences with the Advanced Camera for Surveys
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Self-citationConstraints on Galaxy Formation from Stars in the Far Outer Disk of M31
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The Stellar Content of the Bulge of M31
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Self-citationHalos of Spiral Galaxies. II. Halo Metallicity‐Luminosity Relation
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Self-citationMetallicity and Kinematics of M31’s Outer Stellar Halo from a Keck Spectroscopic Survey
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Self-citationMETAL-POOR FIELD BLUE STRAGGLERS: MORE EVIDENCE FOR MASS TRANSFER 1Preprint
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M31's Heavy Element Distribution and Outer DiskPreprint
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Self-citationContrasting the chemical evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda
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Long Period Variables in NGC 5128
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Planetary Nebula Kinematics in M31
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Planetary nebula velocities in the disc and bulge of M31
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Deep Photometry in a Remote M31 Major-Axis Field Near G1
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Self-citationAngular Momentum Profiles of Warm Dark Matter Halos
Bullock, J. S., Kravtsov, A. V., & Colín, P. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/338863 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Discovery of an extended halo of metal-poor stars in the Andromeda spiral galaxyPreprint
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Self-citationDeep Photometry in a Remote M31 Major Axis Field Near G1
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The Haunted Halos of Andromeda and Triangulum: A Panorama of Galaxy Formation in Action
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THE PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY
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Self-citationA Search for Extended Ultraviolet Disk (XUV‐Disk) Galaxies in the Local Universe
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THE GHOSTS SURVEY. I. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE ADVANCED CAMERA FOR SURVEYS DATA
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Stellar mass map and dark matter distribution in M 31
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Scientific discovery with the James Webb Space Telescope
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The ISLAndS Project. II. The Lifetime Star Formation Histories of Six Andromeda dSphs*
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Self-citationVERSION 1 OF THE HUBBLE SOURCE CATALOG
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The masses and metallicities of stellar haloes reflect galactic merger histories
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Kinematic and Chemical Constraints on the Formation of M31’s Inner and Outer Halo
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The Extended Star Formation History of the Andromeda Spheroid at 35 kpc on the Minor Axis
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How old are the stars in the halo of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)?
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THE ACS NEARBY GALAXY SURVEY TREASURY. I. THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF THE M81 OUTER DISK
Williams, B. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Seth, A. C., Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Skillman, E. D., Harris, J., Holtzman, J. A., Girardi, L., de Jong, R. S., et al. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/419 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe star formation history and dust content in the far outer disc of M31★
Bernard, E. J., Ferguson, A. M. N., Barker, M. K., Hidalgo, S. L., Ibata, R. A., Irwin, M. J., Lewis, G. F., McConnachie, A. W., Monelli, M., & Chapman, S. C. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20234.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tumlinson, J. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/520930 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Once and Future Andromeda Stream
Mori, M., & Rich, R. M. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/529140 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Extended Star Formation History of the Andromeda Spheroid at 21 kpc on the Minor Axis
Brown, T. M., Smith, E., Ferguson, H. C., Guhathakurta, P., Kalirai, J., Rich, R. M., Renzini, A., Sweigart, A. V., Reitzel, D., Gilbert, K. M., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/515395 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationSTELLAR POPULATION VARIATIONS IN THE MILKY WAY's STELLAR HALO
Bell, E. F., Xue, X. X., Rix, H.-W., Ruhland, C., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1850 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THE VELOCITY ANISOTROPY OF DISTANT MILKY WAY HALO STARS FROMHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPEPROPER MOTIONS
Deason, A. J., van der Marel, R. P., Guhathakurta, P., Sohn, S. T., & Brown, T. M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/766/1/24 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationDorman, C. E., Widrow, L. M., Guhathakurta, P., Seth, A. C., Foreman-Mackey, D. T., Bell, E. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Gilbert, K. M., Skillman, E. D., & Williams, B. F. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/103 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPAndAS IN THE MIST: THE STELLAR AND GASEOUS MASS WITHIN THE HALOS OF M31 AND M33
Lewis, G. F., Braun, R., McConnachie, A. W., Irwin, M. J., Ibata, R., Chapman, S. C., Ferguson, A. M. N., Martin, N. F., Fardal, M., Dubinski, J., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/763/1/4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The star formation history in the far outer disc of M33
Barker, M. K., Ferguson, A. M. N., Cole, A. A., Ibata, R., Irwin, M. J., Lewis, G. F., Smecker-Hane, T., & Tanvir, N. R. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17458.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
DESI Observations of the Andromeda Galaxy: Revealing the Immigration History of Our Nearest Neighbor
Dey, A. T., Najita, J., Koposov, S. E., Josephy-Zack, J., Maxemin, G., Bell, E. F., Poppett, C., Patel, E., Silva, L. J. B. E., Raichoor, A., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca5f8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The kinematic identification of a thick stellar disc in M31★†
Collins, M., Chapman, S. C., Ibata, R., Irwin, M. J., Rich, R. M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Lewis, G. F., Tanvir, N. R., & Koch, A. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18238.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationGALEX Ultraviolet Photometry of Globular Clusters in M31: Three‐Year Results and a Catalog
Rey, S., Rich, R. M., Sohn, S. T., Yoon, S., Chung, C., Yi, S. K., Lee, Y., Rhee, J., Bianchi, L., Madore, B. F., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/516649 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBahl, H., & Baumgardt, H. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2399 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The JWST Resolved Stellar Populations Early Release Science Program. II. Survey Overview
Weisz, D. R., McQuinn, K. B. W., Savino, A., Kallivayalil, N., Anderson, J., Boyer, M. L., Correnti, M., Geha, M., Dolphin, A. E., Sandstrom, K. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acdcfd · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gilbert, K. M., Font, A. S., Johnston, K. V., & Guhathakurta, P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/776 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationTESTING GALAXY FORMATION MODELS WITH THE GHOSTS SURVEY: THE COLOR PROFILE OF M81's STELLAR HALO
Monachesi, A., Bell, E. F., Radburn-Smith, D. J., Vlajić, M., de Jong, R. S., Bailin, J., Dalcanton, J. J., Holwerda, B. W., & Streich, D. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/766/2/106 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF M32
Monachesi, A., Trager, S. C., Lauer, T. R., Hidalgo, S. L., Freedman, W. L., Dressler, A., Grillmair, C. J., & Mighell, K. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/1/97 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
THE SPLASH SURVEY: KINEMATICS OF ANDROMEDA's INNER SPHEROID
Dorman, C. E., Guhathakurta, P., Fardal, M. A., Lang, D., Geha, M., Howley, K. M., Kalirai, J. S., Bullock, J. S., Cuillandre, J., Dalcanton, J. J., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/752/2/147 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationA COMPREHENSIVE GALEX ULTRAVIOLET CATALOG OF STAR CLUSTERS IN M31 AND A STUDY OF THE YOUNG CLUSTERS
Kang, Y., Rey, S.-C., Bianchi, L., Lee, K., Kim, Y., & Sohn, S. T. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/37 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Weisz, D. R., Skillman, E. D., Hidalgo, S. L., Monelli, M., Dolphin, A. E., McConnachie, A. W., Bernard, E. J., Gallart, C., Aparicio, A., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/1/24 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDEEPHST/ACS PHOTOMETRY OF THE M81 HALO
Durrell, P. R., Sarajedini, A., & Chandar, R. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/718/2/1118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A single-merger scenario for the formation of the giant stream and the warp of M31
Sadoun, R., Mohayaee, R., & Colin, J. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu850 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
AnHST/ACS view of the inhomogeneous outer halo of M31
Richardson, J. C., Ferguson, A. M. N., Mackey, D., Irwin, M. J., Chapman, S. C., Huxor, A. P., Ibata, R., Lewis, G. F., & Tanvir, N. R. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14788.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rich, R. M., Mosenkov, A. V., Lee-Saunders, H., Koch, A., Kormendy, J., Kennefick, J. D., Brosch, N., Sales, L. V., Bullock, J. S., Burkert, A. M., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2106 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSupernova remnants and candidates detected in theXMM-NewtonM 31 large survey
Sasaki, M., Pietsch, W., Haberl, F., Hatzidimitriou, D., Stiele, H., Williams, B., Kong, A. K. H., & Kolb, U. C. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Monachesi, A., Trager, S. C., Lauer, T. R., Freedman, W. L., Dressler, A., Grillmair, C. J., & Mighell, K. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/727/1/55 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Escala, I., Gilbert, K. M., Kirby, E. N., Wojno, J., Cunningham, E. C., & Guhathakurta, P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6659 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar population variations in the Milky Way's stellar halo
Bell, E. F., Xue, X.-X., Rix, H., Ruhland, C., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A GLOBAL STAR-FORMING EPISODE IN M31 2–4 GYR AGO
Williams, B. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Dolphin, A. E., Weisz, D. R., Lewis, A. R., Lang, D., Bell, E. F., Boyer, M., Fouesneau, M., Gilbert, K. M., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/806/1/48 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Major substructure in the M31 outer halo: distances and metallicities along the giant stellar stream
Conn, A. R., McMonigal, B., Bate, N. F., Lewis, G. F., Ibata, R., Martin, N. F., McConnachie, A. W., Ferguson, A. M. N., Irwin, M., Elahi, P. J., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw513 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
METAL-RICH PLANETARY NEBULAE IN THE OUTER REACHES OF M31
Balick, B., Kwitter, K. B., Corradi, R. L. M., & Henry, R. B. C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/1/3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The infall of dwarf satellite galaxies are influenced by their host’s massive accretions
D’Souza, R., & Bell, E. F. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1283 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rich, R. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5612-0_6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHST/ACS OBSERVATIONS OF RR LYRAE STARS IN SIX ULTRA-DEEP FIELDS OF M31
Jeffery, E. J., Smith, E., Brown, T. M., Sweigart, A. V., Kalirai, J. S., Ferguson, H. C., Guhathakurta, P., Renzini, A., & Rich, R. M. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/171 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstructure and Tidal Streams in the Andromeda Galaxy and its Satellites
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Gilbert, K. M., Kirby, E. N., Escala, I., Wojno, J., Kalirai, J. S., & Guhathakurta, P. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3807 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDEEP OPTICAL PHOTOMETRY OF SIX FIELDS IN THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY
Brown, T. M., Smith, E., Ferguson, H. C., Guhathakurta, P., Kalirai, J. S., Kimble, R. A., Renzini, A., Rich, R. M., Sweigart, A. V., & VandenBerg, D. A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/184/1/152 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ancient stellar population of M 32: RR Lyrae variable stars confirmed
Fiorentino, G., Ramos, R. C., Tolstoy, E., Clementini, G., & Saha, A. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117434 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Escala, I., Kirby, E., Gilbert, K., Cunningham, E., & Wojno, J. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1eac · Cited by 25 · see citing works
THE WFC3 GALACTIC BULGE TREASURY PROGRAM: A FIRST LOOK AT RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATION TOOLS
Brown, T. M., Sahu, K. C., Zoccali, M., Renzini, A., Ferguson, H. C., Anderson, J., Smith, E., Bond, H. E., Minniti, D., Valenti, J. A., et al. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3172 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLazzarini, M., Williams, B. F., Durbin, M. J., Dalcanton, J. J., Smercina, A., Bell, E. F., Choi, Y., Dolphin, A., Gilbert, K., Guhathakurta, P., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7568 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE LAMOST SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF STAR CLUSTERS IN M31. II. METALLICITIES, AGES, AND MASSES
Chen, B., Liu, X.-W., Xiang, M., Yuan, H., Huang, Y., Shi, J., Fan, Z., Huo, Z., Wang, C., Ren, J., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/45 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The proto-galaxy of Milky Way-mass haloes in the FIRE simulations
Horta, D., Cunningham, E. C., Sanderson, R. E., Johnston, K. V., Deason, A. J., Wetzel, A. R., McCluskey, F., Garavito-Camargo, N., Necib, L., Faucher‐Giguère, C., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3834 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The star formation history in the M31 bulge
Dong, H., Olsen, K. A. G., Lauer, T. R., Saha, A., Li, Z., García-Benito, R., & Schödel, R. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1381 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Howk, J. C., Wotta, C. B., Berg, M. A., Lehner, N., Lockman, F. J., Hafen, Z., Pisano, D. J., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Wakker, B. P., Prochaska, J. X., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa87b4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationA panoramic view of M81: new stellar systems in the debris field
Mouhcine, M., & Ibata, R. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15135.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
García-Benito, R., & Pérez-Montero, E. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20885.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Identification of New Stellar Groupings in the M81 Debris Field
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Evidence for a Young Stellar Population in Nearby Type 1 Active Galaxies
Kim, M., & Ho, L. C. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab11cf · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Williams, B. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Gilbert, K. M., Stilp, A. M., Dolphin, A. E., Seth, A. C., Weisz, D. R., & Skillman, E. D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/716/1/71 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evidence for metallicity spreads in three massive M 31 globular clusters
Fuentes-Carrera, I., Jablonka, P., Sarajedini, A., Bridges, T., Djorgovski, G., & Meylan, G. L. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078899 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Science with an 8-meter to 16-meter optical/UV space telescope
Postman, M., Brown, T., Koekemoer, A. M., Giavalisco, M., Unwin, S. C., Traub, W. A., Calzetti, D., Oegerle, W. R., Shull, J. M., Kilston, S., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.787881 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationSavino, A., Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Durbin, M., Kallivayalil, N., Wetzel, A. R., Anderson, J., Besla, G., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Brown, T. M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada24f · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Brown, T. M., Smith, E., Ferguson, H. C., Rich, R. M., Guhathakurta, P., Renzini, A., Sweigart, A. V., & Kimble, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2006-11-20
- Volume
- 652
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 323-353
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2067575327
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- M31, star formation history, Galactic spheroid, outer disk, tidal currents, color-magnitude diagram, isochrone fitting, thick disk, stellar populations, stellar kinematics
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