Sources of rare-earth elements and iron in Paleoproterozoic iron-formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: evidence from neodymium isotopes
Abstract
Neodymium isotopic data are reported for pure chemical sediments from the Siderian Kuruman and Penge Iron-Formations (IFs) in the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. From a large sample set for which petrographical and chemical data was available, we selected samples which best represent the pure chemical sediment and still carry the primary rare-earth element (REE) distribution for isotope analyses. Both the Kuruman IF ( + 1.9 and +1.1) and the Penge IF (+ 0.2 and -0.2) show $$\epsilon_{Nd} (2.5 Ga)$$ values more radiogenic than published values for epiclastic sediments from the slightly older Black Reef Formation (-5.1 to -3.2). This suggests that REE and iron in the Transvaal IFs were predominantly, though not exclusively, derived from hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust. The $$\epsilon_{Nd} (2.5 Ga)$$ value of the Kuruman IF is similar to that proposed for the Hamersley IF in western Australia, suggesting that $$\epsilon_{Nd}(t) values of + 1 \pm 1$$ were typical of IF-depositing open ocean waters at the Archean/Proterozoic boundary.
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Aqueous fluids and their precipitates display Y/Ho ratios significantly higher than the molar ratio of 52 shown by common igneous rocks and epiclastic sediments, reaching molar ratios up to 90.
“Aqueous fluids and their precipitates display Y/Ho ratios significantly higher than the molar ratio of 52 shown by common igneous rocks and epiclastic sediments (Bau, 1996, and references therein), reaching molar ratios up to 90 (Zhang et al., 1994; Bau et al., 1997; Nozaki et al., 1997).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bau et al., 1997
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- Authors
- Bau, M., Höhndorf, A., Dulski, P., & Beukes, N. J.
- Affiliations
- GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Geology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-129
- ISSN
- 0022-1376 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5269
- OpenAlex
- W2090903612
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Geology (publishedVersion)
- Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- iron-formation, rare earth elements, Nd isotopes, Transvaal Supergroup, Paleoproterozoic, hydrothermal alteration, oceanic crust, Archean-Proterozoic boundary, open ocean, Hamersley Group
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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