The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
Open accessAbstract
The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) is a fully-automated, wide-field survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky. The transient survey is performed using a new 8.1 square degree camera installed on the 48 inch Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory; colors and light curves for detected transients are obtained with the automated Palomar 60 inch telescope. PTF uses 80% of the 1.2 m and 50% of the 1.5 m telescope time. With an exposure of 60 s the survey reaches a depth of m g ′ ≈ 21.3 and m R ≈ 20.6 (5σ, median seeing). Four major experiments are planned for the five-year project: (1) a 5 day cadence supernova search; (2) a rapid transient search with cadences between 90 s and 1 day; (3) a search for eclipsing binaries and transiting planets in Orion; and (4) a 3π sr deep H-alpha survey. PTF provides automatic, real-time transient classification and follow-up, as well as a database including every source detected in each frame. This paper summarizes the PTF project, including several months of on-sky performance tests of the new survey camera, the observing plans, and the data reduction strategy. We conclude by detailing the first 51 PTF optical transient detections, found in commissioning data.
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Recent surveys have shown the power of measuring variability of celestial sources for studying gravitational lensing, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, gravitational wave counterparts, active galactic nuclei, variable stars, exoplanets, and other forefront astrophysics.
“Recent surveys have shown the power of measuring variability of celestial sources for studying gravitational lensing, searching for SNe, determining the physical properties of gamma-ray burst sources, discovering gravitational wave counterparts, probing the structure of active galactic nuclei ( AGNs ) , studying variable star populations, discovering exoplanets, and many other subjects at the fore”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Law et al. 2009
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“The Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (Filippenko et al. 2001), the Nearby Supernova Factory (Copin et al. 2006), the Center for Astrophysics SN group (Hicken et al. 2009a), the Carnegie Supernova Project (Hamuy et al. 2006; Folatelli et al. 2010), and the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009) are conducting s…”
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“It builds upon the predecessor surveys: the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) followed by the intermediate PTF (iPTF) program using the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope (P48) at Palomar Observatory.”
MethodSelf-citationThe All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
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“The widest area examples are the original All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS, Pojmanski 2002), the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS, Woźniak et al. 2004), the Catalina Real-Time Survey (CRTS, Drake et al. 2009) and the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundATLAS: A High-cadence All-sky Survey System
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“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) reinvigorated the scientific capability of the Palomar Schmidt telescope producing a wide range of discoveries of novel objects (e.g., Gal-Yam et al. 2011; Quimby et al. 2011; Cenko et al. 2013).”
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“…the Center for Astrophysics SN group (Hicken et al. 2009), the Carnegie Supernova Project (Hamuy et al. 2006) and the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009) at low redshifts z < 0.1; the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) supernova survey (Kessler et al. 2009) at low-to-intermediate…”
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“Finally, we use multi-epoch imaging data from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and data from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST; Becker et al. 1995) program to increase the number of quasars.”
MethodSelf-citationWISeREP—An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
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Self-citationSUPERNOVA LIGHT CURVES POWERED BY YOUNG MAGNETARS
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“Our initial investigations have revealed that if an appreciable fraction of highly magnetic NSs are born rapidly rotating, then we should find evidence for them in the plethora of supernovae surveys, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009).”
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“Knowledge of the SN LF will also provide guidance on the expected number and brightness distribution of SNe in several new large surveys (e.g., Pan-STARRS, Kaiser et al. 2002; Palomar Transient Factory, Law et al. 2009), which can be used to estimate and coordinate the necessary resources for the follow-up efforts.”
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“We find that an r -process transient with fiducial model parameters will peak at MR = −13, which under ideal observing conditions, would be observable to Pan-STARRS or PTF out to a distance of ∼ 60 Mpc.”
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Supernova SN 2011fe from an exploding carbon–oxygen white dwarf star
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Self-citationSupernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion
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“…sources of imaging data have been used to target quasars in SDSS-IV/eBOSS (full details can be found in Myers et al. 2015): updated calibrations of SDSS imaging, the Wide-Field Infrared Survey (WISE; Wright et al. 2010), and the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009).”
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“This situation is set to improve considerably as improved low redshift SN Ia samples become available (e.g., Keller et al. 2007; Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTHE CATALINA SURVEYS PERIODIC VARIABLE STAR CATALOG
Drake, A. J., Graham, M. J., Djorgovski, S. G., Catelan, M., Mahabal, A. A., Torrealba, G., García-Álvarez, D., Donalek, C., Prieto, J. L., Williams, R. E., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/9 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“Eighteen of these SN occurred during the operation of CRTS (Drake et al. 2009) and other large transient surveys, such as PTF (Law et al. 2009) and PanSTARRS-1 (Hodapp et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA CONTINUUM OF H- TO He-RICH TIDAL DISRUPTION CANDIDATES WITH A PREFERENCE FOR E+A GALAXIES
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“Here we present the results of a search for such transients in the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) archive, focusing on events originally classified as core-collapse SNe.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog: Twelfth data release
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“– PTF sample: quasars over a wide range of redshifts are selected via their photometric variability measured from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009).”
The dependence of Type Ia Supernovae luminosities on their host galaxies
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“…Supernova Factory (Aldering et al. 2002), and the next generation lowredshift surveys such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and SkyMapper c© 0000 RAS, MNRAS 000, 1–23 (Keller et al. 2007), should provide samples of SNe Ia selected in a similar way to those…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTHE FIRST SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF TYPE Ibc SUPERNOVA MULTI-BAND LIGHT CURVES
Drout, M. R., Soderberg, A., Gal‐Yam, A., Cenko, S. B., Fox, D. B., Leonard, D. C., Sand, D. J., Moon, D., Arcavi, I., & Green, Y. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/741/2/97 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ASAS-SN catalogue of variable stars I: The Serendipitous Survey
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“…Woźniak et al. 2004), MACHO (Alcock et al. 1997), EROS (Derue et al. 2002), Pan-STARRS1 (Chambers et al. 2016), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (CRTS; Drake et al. 2014) have been very productive and have collectively discovered ∼…”
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Design and Operation of the ATLAS Transient Science Server
Smith, K. W., Smartt, S. J., Young, D. R., Tonry, J. L., Denneau, L., Flewelling, H., Heinze, A. N., Weiland, H. J., Stalder, B., Rest, A., et al. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab936e · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“…these approaches have been combined in the last decade to allow wide-field, virtually all sky, surveys of the local Universe with 10 to 100 sq degree cameras (Law et al. 2009; Drake et al. 2009; Chambers et al. 2016; Baltay et al. 2013; Holoien et al. 2017; Tonry et al. 2018; Bellm et al. 2019).”
BackgroundThe Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog: Sixteenth data release
Lyke, B., Higley, A., McLane, J. N., Schurhammer, D., Myers, A., Ross, A., Dawson, K., Chabanier, S., Martini, P., Busca, N. G., et al. (2020) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Surveys and Scheduler
Bellm, E. C., Kulkarni, S. R., Barlow, T. A., Feindt, U., Graham, M. J., Goobar, A., Kupfer, T., Ngeow, C., Nugent, P., Ofek, E. O., et al. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab0c2a · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“The requirements for the ZTF scheduler grew from the experience of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) surveys.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationConfined dense circumstellar material surrounding a regular type II supernova
Yaron, O., Perley, D. A., Gal‐Yam, A., Groh, J. H., Horesh, A., Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Sollerman, J., Fransson, C., Rubin, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys4025 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Extremely Luminous Panchromatic Outburst from the Nucleus of a Distant Galaxy
Levan, A. J., Tanvir, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Perley, D. A., Wiersema, K., Bloom, J. S., Fruchter, A. S., Postigo, A. D. U., O'Brien, P. T., Butler, N., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1207143 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Early Data Release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Adame, A. G., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Aldering, G., Alexander, D. M., Alfarsy, R., Prieto, C. A., Alvarez, M. A., Alves, O., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad3217 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“…∼ 20,000 supernova hosts and nuclear variables from the Nearby Supernova Factory ( e.g., Aldering et al. 2002 ) , Palomar Transient Factory ( e.g., Law et al. 2009 ) , SDSS-II Supernova Survey ( Frieman et al. 2008 ) , and Zwicky Transient Factory ( e.g., Bellm et al. 2019; Fremling et al. 2020…”
BackgroundOPTICAL DISCOVERY OF PROBABLE STELLAR TIDAL DISRUPTION FLARES
van Velzen, S., Farrar, G. R., Gezari, S., Morrell, N., Zaritsky, D., Östman, L., Smith, M., Gelfand, J., & Drake, A. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/741/2/73 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
“With the advent of optical transient surveys, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), Pan-STARRS (Chambers 2007), Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (CRTS) and later the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST; Ivezić et al. 2008), there should be many candidate TDEs.”
MethodSmartt, S. J., Valenti, S., Fraser, M., Inserra, C., Young, D. R., Sullivan, M., Pastorello, A., Benetti, S., Gal‐Yam, A., Knapic, C., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425237 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“…telescopes combined with cameras covering 5–10 square degrees that are actively searching for transients are the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), the Pan-STARRS1 survey (PS1; Kaiser et al. 2010), the Catalina Real Time Survey (CRTS; Drake et al. 2009), the La Silla QUEST…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes: Status of observations
Komossa, S. (2015) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2015.04.006 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Repeated spectral coverage shortly after peak is available for two of the events identified in the PTF archive (Arcavi et al. 2014), and one event identified in the ASAS-SN survey (Holoien et al. 2014) along with optical lightcurves.”
BackgroundA Wolf–Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind
Gal‐Yam, A., Arcavi, I., Ofek, E. O., Ben-Ami, S., Cenko, S. B., Kasliwal, M. M., Cao, Y., Yaron, O., Tal, D., Silverman, J. M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13304 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
“Photometry. r -band images were obtained by the iPTF survey camera mounted on the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope 11,30 .”
Self-citationHeinze, A. N., Tonry, J. L., Denneau, L., Flewelling, H., Stalder, B., Rest, A., Smith, K., Smartt, S. J., & Weiland, H. J. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae47f · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Silverman, J. M., Foley, R. J., Filippenko, A. V., Ganeshalingam, M., Barth, A. J., Chornock, R., Griffith, C. V., Kong, J. J., Lee, N., Leonard, D. C., et al. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21270.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Our sample is also a preview of coming attractions; new large transient searches such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and PanSTARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002) will compile datasets similar in size to ours in just a few years.”
MethodSelf-citationPTF 11kx: A Type Ia Supernova with a Symbiotic Nova Progenitor
Dilday, B., Howell, D. A., Cenko, S. B., Silverman, J. M., Nugent, P., Sullivan, M., Ben-Ami, S., Bildsten, L., Bolte, M., Endl, M., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219164 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Zwicky Transient Facility: Observing System
Dekany, R., Smith, R. M., Riddle, R., Feeney, M., Porter, M., Hale, D., Zolkower, J., Belicki, J., Kaye, S., Henning, J., et al. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab4ca2 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationExclusion of a luminous red giant as a companion star to the progenitor of supernova SN 2011fe
Li, W., Bloom, J. S., Podsiadlowski, P., Miller, A. A., Cenko, S. B., Jha, S. W., Sullivan, M., Howell, D. A., Nugent, P., Butler, N., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10646 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationA relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected γ-ray burst
Soderberg, A. M., Chakraborti, S., Pignata, G., Chevalier, R. A., Chandra, P., Ray, A. K., Wieringa, M. H., Copete, A., Chaplin, V. L., Connaughton, V., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08714 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
THE SDSS-III BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: QUASAR TARGET SELECTION FOR DATA RELEASE NINE
Ross, N. P., Myers, A. D., Sheldon, E. S., Yèche, C., Strauss, M. A., Bovy, J., Kirkpatrick, J. A., Richards, G. T., Aubourg, É., Blanton, M. R., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/3 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“In this regard, the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009)38 could be a natural dataset to use for this purpose.”
BackgroundA DESCRIPTION OF QUASAR VARIABILITY MEASURED USING REPEATED SDSS AND POSS IMAGING
MacLeod, C. L., Ivezić, Ž., Sesar, B., VRIES, W. D., Kochanek, C. S., Kelly, B. C., Becker, A. C., Lupton, R. H., Hall, P. B., Richards, G. T., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/2/106 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“In order to quantify the importance of quasar contamination in future transient surveys, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST; Ivezić et al. 2008), we need to know the probability that a quasar can increase brightness by ∆m…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdams, S. M., Kochanek, C. S., Gerke, J. R., Stanek, K. Z., & Dai, X. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx816 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“We supplement our coverage of the transient with public archival data from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Ofek et al. 2012; Laher et al. 2014) DR2.”
MethodMetzger, B. D., & Piro, A. L. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu247 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“Given the predicted short duration of the emission∼ several hours to days compared to supernovae, surveys with particularly rapid cadences (ideally ∼ < hours-day), such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (Law et al. 2009) or the ASASSN (Shappee et al. 2013) are the most likely to be successful.”
BackgroundThe electromagnetic signals of compact binary mergers
Piran, T., Ehud Nakar, A., & Rosswog, S. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt037 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“Using the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) limiting magnitude of 21 (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) a ns2 macronova can be detected by the PTF to a distance of ∼100 Mpc.”
MethodA real-time fast radio burst: polarization detection and multiwavelength follow-up
Petroff, E., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., Barsdell, B. R., Bhat, N. D. R., Bian, F., Burke-Spolaor, S., Caleb, M., Champion, D. J., Chandra, P., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2419 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) uses the 1.2-m Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory at R-band with 60 s exposure times to search for optical transients over 8.1 deg2 (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationCosmic flows in the nearby universe from Type Ia supernovae
Turnbull, S. J., Hudson, M. J., Feldman, H. A., Hicken, M., Kirshner, R., & Watkins, R. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20050.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Ongoing surveys such as CfA4 (95 SNe; Hicken, private communication), Lick Observatory Supernova Search (Ganeshalingam, Li & Filippenko 2011), Palomar Transit Factory (Law et al. 2009) and CSP (50 more distances expected soon; Stritzinger et al. 2011), and upcoming surveys such as SkyMapper (100 SNe per year with z <…”
BackgroundInfluentialKelly, B. C., Becker, A. C., Sobolewska, M. A., Siemiginowska, A., & Uttley, P. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/788/1/33 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Current and future time domain optical surveys, such as the SDSS Stripe 82 Supernova Survey (Frieman et al. 2008), Palamor Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009), the Catalina Real-Time Survey (CRTS, Drake et al. 2009), Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002), and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope…”
MethodSmith, N., Li, W., Silverman, J. M., Ganeshalingam, M., & Filippenko, A. V. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18763.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationASASSN-14ae: a tidal disruption event at 200 Mpc
Holoien, T. W. S., Prieto, J. L., Bersier, D., Kochanek, C. S., Stanek, K. Z., Shappee, B. J., Grupe, D., Basu, U., Beacom, J. F., Brimacombe, J. R., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1922 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“…optical transient surveys, such as the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN 1 ; Shappee et al. 2013), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), and the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS; Chambers 2007) allow for the identification and monitoring…”
A population of short-period variable quasars from PTF as supermassive black hole binary candidates
Charisi, M., Bartos, I., Haiman, Z., Price-Whelan, A. M., Graham, M. J., Bellm, E. C., Laher, R. R., & Szabolcs Marka, C. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1838 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“The scientific goals and the technical aspects of the PTF project are detailed in Rau et al. (2009) and Law et al. (2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTOWARD EARLY-WARNING DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM COMPACT BINARY COALESCENCE
Cannon, K. C., Cariou, R., Chapman, A., Crispin‐Ortuzar, M., Fotopoulos, N., Frei, M., Hanna, C., Kara, E., Keppel, D., Liao, L., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/748/2/136 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“For comparison to some examples of modern ground-based wide-field survey instruments, the Palomar Transient Factory P48 (Law et al. 2009) has a 3.50× 2.31 deg2 FOV; the Pan-STARRS P1 (Kaiser et al. 2002) has a 7 deg2 FOV.”
MethodInfluentialTHE EARLY UV/OPTICAL EMISSION FROM CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE
Rabinak, I., & Eli Waxman, B. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/728/1/63 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“Ground based SN surveys with high rate sampling (less or order of a day, e.g. Law et al. 2009; Quimby 2006) will detect SNe at the early stages of their expansion, with a bias towards detection of the more abundant type II SNe.”
BackgroundOBSERVING THE NEXT GALACTIC SUPERNOVA
Adams, S. M., Kochanek, C. S., Beacom, J. F., Vagins, M. R., & Stanek, K. Z. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/778/2/164 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“While we observe many extragalactic supernovae (SNe; e.g., Sako et al. 2008; Drake et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009; Leaman et al. 2011), they are very indirect probes of the SN mechanism.”
BackgroundAuchettl, K., Guillochon, J., & Ramirez-Ruiz, E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa633b · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“The light curve of PTF-10iam rises significantly faster to peak emission compared to the other TDE candidates suggested by Arcavi et al. (2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialPROPER IMAGE SUBTRACTION—OPTIMAL TRANSIENT DETECTION, PHOTOMETRY, AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Zackay, B., Ofek, E. O., & Gal-Yam, A. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/1/27 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Tests on real images We tested the new method on imaging data available from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF17; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) data release 2.”
MethodSelf-citationGal-Yam, A. (2019) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051819 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationULTRA-BRIGHT OPTICAL TRANSIENTS ARE LINKED WITH TYPE Ic SUPERNOVAE
Pastorello, A., Smartt, S. J., Botticella, M. T., Maguire, K., Fraser, M., Smith, K., Kotak, R., Magill, L., Valenti, S., Young, D. R., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/l16 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“On the following day Quimby et al. (2010b) reported the independent discovery by the PTF survey (Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) of the same variable source (labeled as PTF10cwr) at several epochs between March 5 and 16, whilst no object was seen on March 4.27 UT to a limiting magnitude of 20.4.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVAE AND LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURSTS HAVE SIMILAR HOST GALAXIES
Lunnan, R., Chornock, R., Berger, E., Laskar, T., Fong, W., Rest, A., Sanders, N. E., Challis, P. M., Drout, M. R., Foley, R. J., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/2/138 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“The host of PTF12dam exhibits both auroral [O iii] and [O ii] lines; a detailed analysis of this host will be presented in T.-W. Chen et al. (in preparation).”
ResultInfluentialKhazov, D., Yaron, O., Gal‐Yam, A., Manulis, I., Rubin, A., Kulkarni, S. R., Arcavi, I., Kasliwal, M. M., Ofek, E. O., Cao, Y., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/818/1/3 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“…in iPTF13ast (Gal-Yam et al. 2014), we have searched for additional similar events in the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and intermediate PTF (iPTF) spectroscopic databases from 2009 through the end of 2014, showing prominent highionization (in…”
Self-citationiPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova
Goobar, A., Amanullah, R., Kulkarni, S. R., Nugent, P. E., Johansson, J., Steidel, C., Law, D. R., Mörtsell, E., Quimby, R., Blagorodnova, N., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal2729 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationOfek, E. O., Sullivan, M., Shaviv, N. J., Steinbok, A., Arcavi, I., Gal‐Yam, A., Tal, D., Kulkarni, S. R., Nugent, P., Ben-Ami, S., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/2/104 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Therefore, we have conducted a search for precursor events in a sample of nearby SNe IIn for which we have pre-explosion observations from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF10; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTHE COSMIC CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA RATE DOES NOT MATCH THE MASSIVE-STAR FORMATION RATE
Horiuchi, S., Beacom, J. F., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z., & Thompson, T. A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/2/154 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“The PTF will collect a large number of early-discovered CC SNe and allow a high-statistics study of CC SNe varieties and host properties (Law et al. 2009; Lien & Fields 2009; Arcavi et al. 2010).”
BackgroundTYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE STRONGLY INTERACTING WITH THEIR CIRCUMSTELLAR MEDIUM
Silverman, J. M., Nugent, P., Gal-Yam, A., Sullivan, M., Howell, D. A., Filippenko, A. V., Arcavi, I., Ben-Ami, S., Bloom, J. S., Cenko, S. B., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/207/1/3 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“This object was discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and shown to initially resemble the somewhat overluminous Type Ia SN 1999aa (Li et al. 2001; Strolger et al. 2002; Garavini et al. 2004).”
MethodSelf-citationLaevens, B. P. M., Martin, N. F., Bernard, E. J., Schlafly, E. F., Sesar, B., Rix, H., Bell, E. F., Ferguson, A. M. N., Slater, C. T., Sweeney, W. E., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/813/1/44 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“The RR Lyra star in Lae 3 has also been observed more than 100 times by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNissanke, S., Kasliwal, M. M., & Georgieva, A. O. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/124 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationPerley, D. A., Quimby, R. M., Yan, L., Vreeswijk, P. M., Cia, A. D., Lunnan, R., Gal-Yam, A., Yaron, O., Filippenko, A. V., Graham, M. L., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/1/13 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“…the first widely recognized SLSNe, SN 2005ap and SN 2006gy), the Catalina Real-Time Survey (Drake et al. 2009), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002), La Silla Quest (Hadjiyska et al. 2012), SkyMapper (Keller et al. 2007), the Dark Energy Survey…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn outburst from a massive star 40 days before a supernova explosion
Ofek, E. O., Sullivan, M., Cenko, S. B., Kasliwal, M. M., Gal‐Yam, A., Kulkarni, S. R., Arcavi, I., Bildsten, L., Bloom, J. S., Horesh, A., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11877 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationDISCOVERY, PROGENITOR AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF A STRIPPED ENVELOPE SUPERNOVA iPTF13bvn
Cao, Y., Kasliwal, M. M., Arcavi, I., Horesh, A., Hancock, P. J., Valenti, S., Cenko, S. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Gal‐Yam, A., Gorbikov, E., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/1/l7 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“On 2013 Jun 16.238 UT1, the automated real-time discovery and classification pipeline of the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Law et al. 2009, Nugent et al. in prep) identified a new transient source with r=18.6mag2 in the vicinity of NGC5806 (see Figure 1, Cao et al. 2013).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSpectrophotometric time series of SN 2011fe from the Nearby Supernova Factory
Pereira, R., Thomas, R. C., Aldering, G., Antilogus, P. E., Baltay, C., Benitez-Herrera, S., Bongard, S., Buton, C., Canto, A., Cellier-Holzem, F., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201221008 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Its discovery (Nugent et al. 2011a) by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) less than ⋆ A movie is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org ⋆⋆ All the reduced spectra are available as FITS files in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to…”
MethodSelf-citationSN 2011dh: DISCOVERY OF A TYPE IIb SUPERNOVA FROM A COMPACT PROGENITOR IN THE NEARBY GALAXY M51
Arcavi, I., Gal‐Yam, A., Yaron, O., Sternberg, A., Rabinak, I., Eli Waxman, B., Kasliwal, M. M., Quimby, R., Ofek, E. O., Horesh, A., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/742/2/l18 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) is a wide-field variability survey.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmith, N., Li, W., Silverman, J. M., & Ganeshalingam, M. (2016) · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Discovery of 21 New Changing-look AGNs in the Northern Sky
Yang, Q., Wu, X.-B., Fan, X., Jiang, L., McGreer, I. D., Shangguan, J., Yao, S., Wang, B., Joshi, R., Green, R., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaca3a · Cited by 223 · see citing works
CALCIUM-RICH GAP TRANSIENTS IN THE REMOTE OUTSKIRTS OF GALAXIES
Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Gal‐Yam, A., Nugent, P., Sullivan, M., Bildsten, L., Yaron, O., Perets, H. B., Arcavi, I., Ben-Ami, S., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/161 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009)16 is a wide-angle transient survey that has an ongoing Dynamic Cadence experiment that combines the advantages of both a targeted and an untargeted survey.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeloudas, G., Schulze, S., Kruehler, T., Gorosabel, J., Christensen, L., Mehner, A., Postigo, A. D. U., Amorín, R., Thöne, C. C., Anderson, J. P., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv320 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“During the last decade, modern transient surveys (e.g. Quimby et al. 2005; Drake et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009; Tonry et al. 2012), which do not target specific galaxies, contributed to the discovery of new classes of transients.”
BackgroundOptical-Ultraviolet Tidal Disruption Events
van Velzen, S., Holoien, T. W. S., Onori, F., Hung, T., & Arcavi, I. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00753-z · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Unifying Type II Supernova Light Curves with Dense Circumstellar Material
Morozova, V. S., Piro, A. L., & Valenti, S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6251 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Surveys with rapid cadences, such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (Law et al. 2009) and the All-sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (Shappee et al. 2014) make this an ideal time to identify SNe early, so that these critical spectra can be taken.”
MethodFourteen months of observations of the possible super-Chandrasekhar mass Type Ia Supernova 2009dc
Silverman, J. M., Ganeshalingam, M., Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Miller, A. A., & Poznanski, D. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17474.x · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“New large transient searches such as Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002) and the Palomar Transient Factory (Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) will probably find many SC or other super-luminous SNe Ia in the near future.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTHE SDSS-IV EXTENDED BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: QUASAR TARGET SELECTION
Myers, A. D., Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Prakash, A., Pâris, I., Yèche, C., Dawson, K., Bovy, J., Lang, D., Schlegel, D. J., Newman, J. A., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/221/2/27 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“PTF The Palomar Transient Factory5 (PTF ) is a wide-field photometric survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky via repeated imaging over 20,000 deg2 in the Northern Hemisphere (Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationArcavi, I., Gal‐Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Quimby, R., Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Nugent, P., Cenko, S. B., Bloom, J. S., Sullivan, M., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/1/777 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“See Rau et al. (2009) for a review of PTF science and observing strategies, and Law et al. (2009) for performance and technical information concerning PTF.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) Alert Broker
Förster, F., Cabrera-Vives, G., Castillo-Navarrete, E., Estévez, P. A., Sanchéz-Sáez, P., Arredondo, J., Bauer, F. E., Carrasco-Davis, R., Catelan, M., Elorrieta, F., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abe9bc · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“…with deep, wide and fast cadence observations (e.g., Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, CRTS, Drake et al. 2009; Palomar Transient Factory, PTF, Law et al. 2009; Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, OGLE, Udalski et al. 2015; Dark Energy Survey, DES, The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration…”
BackgroundCORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE AND HOST GALAXY STELLAR POPULATIONS
Kelly, P. L., & Kirshner, R. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/759/2/107 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), a galaxyimpartial search with the 1.2 m Oschin Telescope begun in 2009, has discovered and spectroscopically classified more than a thousand SN. SN classifications have become more refined over time and the brief reports in IAU Circulars or in catalogs may need to…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe IceCube realtime alert system
Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Altmann, D., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Ansseau, I., et al. (2017) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.05.002 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“Starting in August 2010, the Palomar Transient Factory [34] started receiving OFU alerts, and in February 2011 the inclusion of the Swift-XRT [35], targeting GRB afterglows, marked the expansion of the program to the X-ray regime.”
MethodSUPERNOVA PTF 09UJ: A POSSIBLE SHOCK BREAKOUT FROM A DENSE CIRCUMSTELLAR WIND
Ofek, E. O., Rabinak, I., Neill, J. D., Arcavi, I., Cenko, S. B., Eli Waxman, B., Kulkarni, S. R., Gal‐Yam, A., Nugent, P., Bildsten, L., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1396 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“SN PTF09uj was discovered on 2009 June 23.30 (UTC dates are used throughout this paper) by the Palomar Transient Factory13 (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) conducted with the Oschin 48- inch Schmidt telescope (P48) at Palomar Observatory.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., Ofek, E. O., Quimby, R. M., Nugent, P. E., Surace, J., Grillmair, C. C., Bloom, J. S., Kasliwal, M. M., Bildsten, L., Brown, T., Cenko, S. B., Ciardi, D., Croner, E., Djorgovski, S. G., van Eyken, J., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, D. B., Gal-Yam, A., Hale, D., Hamam, N., Helou, G., Henning, J., Howell, D. A., Jacobsen, J., Laher, R., Mattingly, S., McKenna, D., Pickles, A., Poznanski, D., Rahmer, G., Rau, A., Rosing, W., Shara, M., Smith, R., Starr, D., Sullivan, M., Velur, V., Walters, R., & Zolkower, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Law, Nicholas M.
- Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
- Dekany, Richard G.
- Ofek, Eran O.
- Quimby, Robert M.
- Nugent, Peter E.
- Surace, Jason
- Bloom, Joshua S.
- Kasliwal, Mansi M.
- Bildsten, Lars
- Cenko, S. Bradley
- Ciardi, David
- Djorgovski, S. George
- Filippenko, Alexei V.
- Fox, Derek B.
- Hale, David
- Howell, D. Andrew
- Laher, Russ
- Poznanski, Dovi
- Rahmer, Gustavo
- Rau, Arne
- Shara, Michael
- Smith, Roger
- Sullivan, Mark
- Walters, Richard
- Venue
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 886
- Pages
- 1395-1408
- ISSN
- 0004-6280 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3873
- OpenAlex
- W2083217178
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 26.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0540352, 0607485, 0507734)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FC02-06ER41453, FG02-08ER41563)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AM04G)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Oxford
- Minerva Foundation
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Israel Science Foundation
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Palomar Transient Factory, optical transients, supernova search, transient survey, light curves, transient classification, H-alpha survey, eclipsing binaries, transiting exoplanets, Orion
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