ESTIMATING THE STAR FORMATION RATE AT 1 kpc SCALES IN NEARBY GALAXIES

Leroy, Adam K.; Bigiel, Frank; de Blok, W. J. G.; Boissier, Samuel; Bolatto, Alberto; Brinks, Elias; Madore, Barry; Munoz-Mateos, Juan-Carlos; Murphy, Eric; Sandstrom, Karin; Schruba, Andreas; Walter, Fabian

doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/3

Cited by 203Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

ESTIMATING THE STAR FORMATION RATE AT 1 kpc SCALES IN NEARBY GALAXIES

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Leroy, Adam K., Bigiel, Frank, de Blok, W. J. G., Boissier, Samuel, Bolatto, Alberto, Brinks, Elias, Madore, Barry, Munoz-Mateos, Juan-Carlos +4 more·2012·The Astronomical Journal

DOI 10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/3

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Abstract

Using combinations of Hα, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) emission, we estimate the star formation rate (SFR) surface density, Σ SFR , at 1 kpc resolution for 30 disk galaxies that are targets of the IRAM HERACLES CO survey. We present a new physically motivated IR spectral-energy-distribution-based approach to account for possible contributions to 24 μm emission not associated with recent star formation. Considering a variety of "reference" SFRs from the literature, we revisit the calibration of the 24 μm term in hybrid (UV+IR or Hα+IR) tracers. We show that the overall calibration of this term remains uncertain at the factor of two level because of the lack of wide-field, robust reference SFR estimates. Within this uncertainty, published calibrations represent a reasonable starting point for 1 kpc-wide areas of star-forming disk galaxies, but we re-derive and refine the calibration of the IR term in these tracers to match our resolution and approach to 24 μm emission. We compare a large suite of Σ SFR estimates and find that above Σ SFR ∼ 10 −3 M ☉ yr −1 kpc −2 the systematic differences among tracers are less than a factor of two across two orders of magnitude dynamic range. We caution that methodology and data both become serious issues below this level. We note from simple model considerations that when focusing on a part of a galaxy dominated by a single stellar population, the intrinsic uncertainty in Hα- and FUV-based SFRs is ∼0.3 and ∼0.5 dex.

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In nearby spirals, a significant fraction of the 24um flux, particularly in bulges and inner disks, arises from dust heated by older stars rather than embedded HII regions.
“In nearby spirals, analyses of the radial energy budget find that a significant fraction of the 24 µ m flux, particularly in bulges and inner disks, arises from dust heated by older stars rather than embedded HII regions (e.g., Boquien et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
From The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury (PHAST). II. The Spatially Resolved Recent Star Formation History in M31 (2026) · cites this paper as Leroy et al. 2012

Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305772 · Cited by 15,126 · cited 2× · see citing works
“We correct the maps for the effect of Galactic extinction following Schlegel et al. (1998).”
Method
Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei
Osterbrock, D., & Ferland, G. (1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-6270 · Cited by 6,966 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We also use UV and Hα, corrected for extinction based on astrophysical expectations, e.g., by the “Balmer decrement” or IRX-β approach (Storey & Hummer 1995; Osterbrock & Ferland 2006; Kennicutt 1998; Cortese et al. 2008).”
Method
The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey
Dame, T., Hartmann, D., & Thaddeus, P. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/318388 · Cited by 1,774 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This value is intermediate among recent determinations of the Milky Way αCO (e.g., Strong & Mattox 1996; Dame et al. 2001; Heyer et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and represents a commonly adopted ”best single value” for work on nearby disk galaxies (e.g., Wong & Blitz 2002; Leroy et al. 2008).”
Result
Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae
Osterbrock, D., & Gull, T. (1976) · doi:10.1063/1.3023426 · Cited by 1,727 · cited 5×
“…Moustakas et al. (2010), supplement these with extinctions estimated from the gas column following Wong & Blitz (2002, their “hybrid” model) and extinctions inferred from comparing thermal radio continuum flux estimates from Niklas et al. (1995, 1997) to our Hα maps (following Wong & Blitz 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Dust Absorption and the Ultraviolet Luminosity Density at z ≈ 3 as Calibrated by Local Starburst Galaxies
Meurer, G., Heckman, T., & Calzetti, D. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307523 · Cited by 924 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adding UV and IR emission has an established pedigree (Buat 1992; Meurer et al. 1995, 1999; Cortese et al. 2008), while the combination of Hα and IR has been explored more recently (Calzetti et al. 2007; Kennicutt et al. 2007, 2009).”
Background
Dust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample
Draine, B., Dale, D., Bendo, G. J., Gordon, K., Smith, J. D., Armus, L., Engelbracht, C., Helou, G., Kennicutt, R., Li, A., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/518306 · Cited by 820 · cited 4× · see citing works
“To calculate χ2 we use uncertainties estimated from the scatter in the convolved maps away from the galaxy or 10% of the observed intensity, whichever is higher (this approach follows Draine et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Calibration of Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators
Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R., Engelbracht, C., Leitherer, C., Draine, B., Kewley, L., Moustakas, J., Sosey, M., Dale, D., Gordon, K., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/520082 · Cited by 758 · cited 35× · see citing works
“Assuming the Paα to trace the true SFR, Calzetti et al. (2007) found: ΣSFR [ M⊙ yr −1 kpc−2 ] = 634 IHα [ erg s−1 sr−1 ] +(10) 13 AHα refers to the extinction (in magnitudes) of Hα emission by dust.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
DUST-CORRECTED STAR FORMATION RATES OF GALAXIES. I. COMBINATIONS OF Hα AND INFRARED TRACERS
Kennicutt, R. C., Hao, C.-N., Calzetti, D., Moustakas, J., Dale, D. A., Bendo, G., Engelbracht, C. W., Johnson, B. D., & Lee, J. C. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/2/1672 · Cited by 604 · cited 15× · see citing works
“Note that the Calzetti et al. (2010) results are partially anchored to the Kennicutt et al. (2009) results, which we consider somewhat uncertain for these targets.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
MOLECULAR GAS AND STAR FORMATION IN NEARBY DISK GALAXIES
Leroy, A., Walter, F., Sandstrom, K., Schruba, A., Muńoz-Mateos, J., Bigiel, F., Bolatto, A., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. D., Meidt, S., et al. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/2/19 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Self-citation
RE-EXAMINING LARSON'S SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN GALACTIC MOLECULAR CLOUDS
Heyer, M., Krawczyk, C., Duval, J., & Jackson, J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/1092 · Cited by 460 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This value is intermediate among recent determinations of the Milky Way αCO (e.g., Strong & Mattox 1996; Dame et al. 2001; Heyer et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and represents a commonly adopted ”best single value” for work on nearby disk galaxies (e.g., Wong & Blitz 2002; Leroy et al. 2008).”
Result
CALIBRATING EXTINCTION-FREE STAR FORMATION RATE DIAGNOSTICS WITH 33 GHz FREE–FREE EMISSION IN NGC 6946
Murphy, E., Condon, J., Schinnerer, E., Kennicutt, R., Calzetti, D., Armus, L., Helou, G., Turner, J., Aniano, G., Beirão, P., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/737/2/67 · Cited by 452 · cited 5× · see citing works
“It is ≈ 20% lower than the more recent calculation by Murphy et al. (2011), which like Kennicutt (1998) considers a theoretical population that has been continuously star-forming for ∼ 100 Myr.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a). II. The Spatially Resolved Star Formation Law
Kennicutt, R., Calzetti, D., Walter, F., Helou, G., Hollenbach, D., Armus, L., Bendo, G. J., Dale, D., Draine, B., Engelbracht, C., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/522300 · Cited by 452 · cited 7× · see citing works
“These robust, extinction-free independent tracers of ionizing photons suggest wHα ≈ 1.3, similar to the wHα = 1.23 found for H II knots in M51 by Kennicutt et al. (2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms
Rosolowsky, E., Pineda, J., Kauffmann, J., & Goodman, A. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/587685 · Cited by 416 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Not much is known about the behavior of the DGR on kpc scales, but changes in metallicity do tend to be weak over such scales (e.g., Rosolowsky et al. 2008; Moustakas et al. 2010).”
Background
THE CO-TO-H2 CONVERSION FACTOR FROM INFRARED DUST EMISSION ACROSS THE LOCAL GROUP
Leroy, A., Bolatto, A., Gordon, K., Sandstrom, K., Gratier, P., Rosolowsky, E., Engelbracht, C., Mizuno, N., Corbelli, E., Fukui, Y., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/737/1/12 · Cited by 387 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…by the CO J = 1 → 0 flux measured by Young et al. (1995), Helfer et al. (2003), or Kuno et al. (2007). of metallicities (e.g., Moustakas et al. 2010) and observational evidence suggests that the CO-to-H2 conversion factor varies as a function of metallicity (e.g., see summary in Leroy et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
COMPARISON OF Hα AND UV STAR FORMATION RATES IN THE LOCAL VOLUME: SYSTEMATIC DISCREPANCIES FOR DWARF GALAXIES
Lee, J. C., de Paz, A. G., Tremonti, C., Kennicutt, R., Salim, S., Bothwell, M., Calzetti, D., Dalcanton, J., Dale, D., Engelbracht, C., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/706/1/599 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citation
Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a): The Panchromatic View from GALEX to Spitzer
Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R., Bianchi, L., Thilker, D., Dale, D., Engelbracht, C., Leitherer, C., Meyer, M., Sosey, M., Mutchler, M., et al. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/466518 · Cited by 361 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many studies of nearby galaxies have revealed a strong empirical correlation between 24µm emission and sites of active star formation (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2005; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2006; Pérez-González et al. 2006; Prescott et al. 2007) and it has been used extensively to investigate the…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
THE SPITZER LOCAL VOLUME LEGACY: SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND INFRARED PHOTOMETRY
Dale, D., Cohen, S. A., Johnson, L., Schuster, M., Calzetti, D., Engelbracht, C., de Paz, A. D., Kennicutt, R., Lee, J., Begum, A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/1/517 · Cited by 349 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Whenever possible, we draw maps from the LVL survey.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
An Ultraviolet-to-Radio Broadband Spectral Atlas of Nearby Galaxies
Dale, D., de Paz, A. D., Gordon, K., Hanson, H., Armus, L., Bendo, G. J., Bianchi, L., Block, M., Boissier, S., Boselli, A., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/510362 · Cited by 312 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Proposals to identify and subtract cirrus emission tend to be morphological, defining the cirrus as a smooth background and removing it via image processing techniques such as iterative median filtering (e.g., see Greenawalt et al. 1998; Thilker et al. 2000; Dale et al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2010).”
MethodSelf-citation
EXTREMELY INEFFICIENT STAR FORMATION IN THE OUTER DISKS OF NEARBY GALAXIES
Bigiel, F., Leroy, A., Walter, F., Blitz, L., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. D., & Madore, B. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/5/1194 · Cited by 306 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For a steeper relationship like the ΣSFR ∼ Σ2HI found in the outer parts of galaxies (Bigiel et al. 2010) the implied uncertainty is ∼ 0.3.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Luminosity Function of OB Associations in the Galaxy
McKee, C., & Williams, J. P. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/303587 · Cited by 258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We recover the expected time sensitivity of a few Myr for Hα (Vacca et al. 1996; McKee & Williams 1997) while FUV covers a wide range of times with a characteristic value of ∼ 10–30 Myr and most emission gone by 65 Myr.”
Background
THE CALIBRATION OF MONOCHROMATIC FAR-INFRARED STAR FORMATION RATE INDICATORS
Calzetti, D., Wu, S.-Y., Hong, S., Kennicutt, R., Lee, J., Dale, D., Engelbracht, C., van Zee, L., Draine, B., Hao, C.-N., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/2/1256 · Cited by 255 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Note that the Calzetti et al. (2010) results are partially anchored to the Kennicutt et al. (2009) results, which we consider somewhat uncertain for these targets.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF STARS, GAS, AND DUST IN SINGS GALAXIES. II. DERIVED DUST PROPERTIES
Muńoz-Mateos, J., de Paz, A. D., Boissier, S., Zamorano, J., Dale, D., P'erez-Gonz'alez, P., Gallego, J., Madore, B., Bendo, G. J., Thornley, M., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/2/1965 · Cited by 177 · cited 13× · see citing works
“See Muñoz-Mateos et al. (2009a) for more details.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Near-Infrared and Star-forming Properties of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
Alonso-Herrero, A., Rieke, G., Rieke, M., Colina, L., Pérez-González, P., & Ryder, S. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/506958 · Cited by 162 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of nearby galaxies have revealed a strong empirical correlation between 24µm emission and sites of active star formation (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2005; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2006; Pérez-González et al. 2006; Prescott et al. 2007) and it has been used extensively to investigate the correlations…”
Background
FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF CASSIOPEIA AND CEPHEUS: DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE OUTER GALAXY
Abdo, A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Baughman, B., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/710/1/133 · Cited by 155 · cited 1×
“This value is intermediate among recent determinations of the Milky Way αCO (e.g., Strong & Mattox 1996; Dame et al. 2001; Heyer et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and represents a commonly adopted ”best single value” for work on nearby disk galaxies (e.g., Wong & Blitz 2002; Leroy et al. 2008).”
Result
THE SCALE DEPENDENCE OF THE MOLECULAR GAS DEPLETION TIME IN M33
Schruba, A., Leroy, A., Walter, F., Sandstrom, K., & Rosolowsky, E. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/722/2/1699 · Cited by 154 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Over a square kpc, we expect to average several populations so that the scatter in intensity should be lower than in Table 3 by ∼ √ N , where N is the number of independent populations that we average (e.g., see Schruba et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF STARS, GAS AND DUST IN SINGS GALAXIES. I. SURFACE PHOTOMETRY AND MORPHOLOGY
Muńoz-Mateos, J., de Paz, A. D., Zamorano, J., Boissier, S., Dale, D., P'erez-Gonz'alez, P., Gallego, J., Madore, B., Bendo, G. J., Boselli, A., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/2/1569 · Cited by 114 · cited 13×
“See Muñoz-Mateos et al. (2009a) for more details.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Ultraviolet through Far-Infrared Spatially Resolved Analysis of the Recent Star Formation in M81 (NGC 3031)
Pérez-González, P., Kennicutt, R., Gordon, K., Misselt, K., de Paz, A. D., Engelbracht, C., Rieke, G., Bendo, G. J., Bianchi, L., Boissier, S., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/506196 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…a strong empirical correlation between 24µm emission and sites of active star formation (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2005; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2006; Pérez-González et al. 2006; Prescott et al. 2007) and it has been used extensively to investigate the correlations between gas and star formation…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
THE JAMES CLERK MAXWELL TELESCOPE NEARBY GALAXIES LEGACY SURVEY. I. STAR-FORMING MOLECULAR GAS IN VIRGO CLUSTER SPIRAL GALAXIES
Wilson, C. D., Warren, B., Israel, F., Serjeant, S., Bendo, G. J., Brinks, E., Clements, D., Courteau, S., Irwin, J., Knapen, J., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1736 · Cited by 80 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…et al. 2005; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2006; Pérez-González et al. 2006; Prescott et al. 2007) and it has been used extensively to investigate the correlations between gas and star formation (e.g., Kennicutt et al. 2007; Bigiel et al. 2008; Leroy et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2009; Rahman et al. 2010).”
MethodSelf-citation
The Incidence of Highly Obscured Star-forming Regions in SINGS Galaxies
Prescott, M., Kennicutt, R., Bendo, G. J., Buckalew, B., Calzetti, D., Engelbracht, C., Gordon, K., Hollenbach, D., Lee, J. C., Moustakas, J., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521071 · Cited by 79 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…between 24µm emission and sites of active star formation (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2005; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2006; Pérez-González et al. 2006; Prescott et al. 2007) and it has been used extensively to investigate the correlations between gas and star formation (e.g., Kennicutt et al.…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Far-Ultraviolet and Hα Imaging of Nearby Spiral Galaxies: The OB Stellar Population in the Diffuse Ionized Gas
Hoopes, C., Walterbos, R., & Bothun, G. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322422 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Diffuse Ionized Gas in M51/NGC 5195 and M81
Greenawalt, B., Walterbos, R., Thilker, D., & Hoopes, C. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306232 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Proposals to identify and subtract cirrus emission tend to be morphological, defining the cirrus as a smooth background and removing it via image processing techniques such as iterative median filtering (e.g., see Greenawalt et al. 1998; Thilker et al. 2000; Dale et al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2010).”
Method
Effect of Dust Extinction on Estimating Star Formation Rate of Galaxies: Lyman Continuum Extinction
Inoue, A., Hirashita, H., & Kamaya, H. (2001) · doi:10.1086/321499 · Cited by 62 · cited 1×
“Robust estimates of the magnitude of this effect remain scarce, but Inoue (2001) and Inoue et al. (2001) studied star-forming regions in the Milky Way and Local Group galaxies and suggested the dust may absorb as many as half of the ionizing photons.”
Background
CARMA SURVEY TOWARD INFRARED-BRIGHT NEARBY GALAXIES (STING): MOLECULAR GAS STAR FORMATION LAW IN NGC 4254
Rahman, N., Bolatto, A., Wong, T., Leroy, A., Walter, F., Rosolowsky, E., West, A., Bigiel, F., Ott, J., Xue, R., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/730/2/72 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
HOW UNIVERSAL IS THE RELATION?
Feldmann, R., Kravtsov, A. V., & Gnedin, N. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/732/2/115 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Small-Scale Scatter in Scaling Relations: High resolution observations and simulations have begun to consider the scatter in the ratios of SFR tracers to gas as a function of scale (Schruba et al. 2010; Onodera et al. 2010; Feldmann et al. 2011).”
Background
STAR FORMATION IN LUMINOUS H ii REGIONS IN M33
Relaño, M., & Kennicutt, R. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/1125 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Internal Dust Correction Factors for Star Formation Rates Derived for Dusty H II Regions and Starburst Galaxies
Dopita, M., Groves, B., Sutherland, R., & Kewley, L. (2002) · doi:10.1086/345448 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“Calculations by Dopita et al. (2003) also suggest plausible magnitudes of several times 10% with the effect strongest for ultracompact H II regions (see also Groves et al. 2008).”
Background
Dust Emission from the Perseus Molecular Cloud
Schnee, S., Li, J., Goodman, A., & Sargent, A. (2008) · doi:10.1086/590375 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“Such a field would drive an equilibrium dust temperature ∼ 1 K lower than a U = 1 field, consistent with the ∼ 16–19 K observed in H I and the outskirts of molecular clouds in the Solar Neighborhood (e.g., Boulanger et al. 1996; Schnee et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2011).”
SPITZER ANALYSIS OF H ii REGION COMPLEXES IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS: DETERMINING A SUITABLE MONOCHROMATIC OBSCURED STAR FORMATION INDICATOR
Lawton, B., Gordon, K., Babler, B., Block, M., Bolatto, A., Bracker, S., Carlson, L., Engelbracht, C., Hora, J., Indebetouw, R., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/716/1/453 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In any case, our understanding of IR cirrus emission will benefit greatly from achieving good IR SED coverage at very high spatial resolution (e.g., Lawton et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Extinction Law Variations and Dust Excitation in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 300
Roussel, H., de Paz, A. D., Seibert, M., Helou, G., Madore, B., & Martin, C. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432707 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Leroy et al. (2008) adopted an R-band stellar-to-nebular extinction ratio of AHα/AR ≈ 2 (Calzetti et al. 1994; Roussel et al. 2005) and an extinction law where AFUV/AR = 8.24/2.33 (Cardelli et al. 1989; Wyder et al. 2007, using their filter definitions for R and the GALEX FUV band).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
YOUNG, ULTRAVIOLET-BRIGHT STARS DOMINATE DUST HEATING IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
Law, K., Gordon, K., & Misselt, K. (2011) · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/2/124 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“Law et al. (2011) found typically ∼ 7% of 24µm luminosity in these galaxies, on average, to come from old stars.”
BackgroundResult

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MOLECULAR GAS AND STAR FORMATION IN NEARBY DISK GALAXIES
Leroy, A., Walter, F., Sandstrom, K., Schruba, A., Muńoz-Mateos, J., Bigiel, F., Bolatto, A., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. D., Meidt, S., et al. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/2/19 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE CO-TO-H 2 CONVERSION FACTOR AND DUST-TO-GAS RATIO ON KILOPARSEC SCALES IN NEARBY GALAXIES
Sandstrom, K. M., Leroy, A. K., Walter, F., Bolatto, A. D., Croxall, K. V., Draine, B. T., Wilson, C. D., Wolfire, M. G., Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/777/1/5 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
“Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass Surface Density Maps The star formation rate (SFR) surface densities (ΣSFR) are calculated from Hα and 24 µm maps using the Hα maps and procedure described in Leroy et al. (2012).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
PHANGS–ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2–1) Imaging of Nearby Star-forming Galaxies
Leroy, A., Schinnerer, E., Hughes, A., Rosolowsky, E., Pety, J., Schruba, A., Usero, A., Blanc, G., Chevance, M., Emsellem, E., et al. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac17f3 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium
Klessen, R., & Glover, S. (2014) · Saas-Fee Advanced Course · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47890-5_2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“While Leroy et al. (2008, 2012, 2013) argue in favor of a more or less universal gas depletion time of ∼ 2Gyr, Shetty et al. (2013) and Shetty et al. (2014) find that the depletion time varies from galaxy to galaxy, and as a general trend, increases with surface density.”
Background
A z = 0 Multiwavelength Galaxy Synthesis. I. A WISE and GALEX Atlas of Local Galaxies
Leroy, A., Sandstrom, K., Lang, D., Lewis, A., Salim, S., Behrens, E., Chastenet, J., Chiang, I., Gallagher, M., Kessler, S., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab3925 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Also see Leroy et al. (2012) for an extensive discussion.”
MethodSelf-citation
Molecular gas and star formation in nearby disk galaxies
Leroy, A. K., Walter, F., Sandstrom, K. M., Schruba, A., Muñoz-Mateos, J. C., Bigiel, F., Bolatto, A. D., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. J. G., Meidt, S. E., et al. (2013) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citation
The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
Chevance, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Hygate, A., Schruba, A., Longmore, S., Groves, B., Henshaw, J., Herrera, C., Hughes, A., Jeffreson, S., et al. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3525 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“10 Myr; e.g. Leroy et al. 2012; Haydon et al. 2018) with the best coverage across our sample, while minimising contamination from other objects.”
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THE PdBI ARCSECOND WHIRLPOOL SURVEY (PAWS): ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE OF GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUD PROPERTIES IN M51
Colombo, D., Hughes, A., Schinnerer, E., Meidt, S. E., Leroy, A. K., Pety, J., Dobbs, C. L., García‐Burillo, S., Dumas, G., Thompson, T. A., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/784/1/3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Bresolin et al. (2004), and Moustakas et al. (2010) both found a metallicity close to solar with only a shallow radial gradient of −(0.02 ± 0.01) dex kpc−1, so we do not expect metallicity-dependent variations in the conversion factor across the PAWS FoV (see, e.g., Leroy et al. 2011, 2012).”
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THE PdBI ARCSECOND WHIRLPOOL SURVEY (PAWS). I. A CLOUD-SCALE/MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN A GRAND-DESIGN SPIRAL GALAXY
Schinnerer, E., Meidt, S. E., Pety, J., Hughes, A., Colombo, D., García‐Burillo, S., Schuster, K.-F., Dumas, G., Dobbs, C. L., Leroy, A. K., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/42 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“6 middle right panel in second row) can be attributed to diffuse 24µm ’cirrus’ emission (for a detailed discussion see Section 5 of Leroy et al. 2012) that is caused by heating from the ISRF.”
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Three-phase Interstellar Medium in Galaxies Resolving Evolution with Star Formation and Supernova Feedback (TIGRESS): Algorithms, Fiducial Model, and Convergence
Kim, C., & Ostriker, E. C. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8599 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“…choose three different bins, =t 10bin , 40, and 100Myr, to indicate the way of SFR surface density would vary when traced by different diagnostics of young stars (e.g., the simple burst model adopted in Leroy et al. 2012 would have 95% of Hα and FUV emitted within 4.7Myr and 65Myr, respectively).”
Method
An uncertainty principle for star formation - I. Why galactic star formation relations break down below a certain spatial scale
Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Longmore, S. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu098 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Reasonable values areσevo,1g = σevo,1s = 0.3 dex for the luminosity evolution of a single gaseous or stellar peak, respectively (cf. Leroy et al. 2012), andσMF,1 ∼ 0.8 dex, which is roughly appropriate for a power law mass spectrum with a slope of −2 over a factor of 40 in mass. Finally, the…”
BackgroundInfluential
Rotation in [C ii]-emitting gas in two galaxies at a redshift of 6.8
Smit, R., Bouwens, R., Carniani, S., Oesch, P., Labb'e, I., Illingworth, G., van der Werf, P. V., Bradley, L., González, V., Hodge, J., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24631 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
[C ii] 158 μm EMISSION AS A STAR FORMATION TRACER
Herrera-Camus, R., Bolatto, A., Wolfire, M., Smith, J. D., Brandl, B., Galametz, M., Kennicutt, R., Calzetti, D., Appleton, P., Engelbracht, C., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/800/1/1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The assembly of these images and the methods to correct for Galactic extinction, mask foreground stars and remove the [NII] contribution are described in detail in Leroy et al. (2012).”
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COSMIC REIONIZATION ON COMPUTERS. I. DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF SIMULATIONS
Gnedin, N. Y. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/29 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“Both local (Leroy et al. 2008, 2012, 2013; Bigiel et al. 2008, 2011; Bolatto et al. 2011) and intermediate redshift (Genzel et al. 2010; Daddi et al. 2010; Tacconi et al. 2013) observational studies find that the star formation rate surface density on several hundred pc scales correlates well, and…”
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GAS KINEMATICS ON GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUD SCALES IN M51 WITH PAWS: CLOUD STABILIZATION THROUGH DYNAMICAL PRESSURE
Meidt, S., Schinnerer, E., García-Burillo, S., Hughes, A., Colombo, D., Pety, J., Dobbs, C., Schuster, K., Kramer, C., Leroy, A., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/45 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“The latter value is consistent with molecular gas depletion times measured in the THINGS sample of nearby galaxies by Bigiel et al. (2011) and Leroy et al. (2008, 2012).”
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Tracing the total molecular gas in galaxies: [CII] and the CO-dark gas
Madden, S., Cormier, D., Hony, S., Lebouteiller, V., Abel, N., Galametz, M., de Looze, I., Chevance, M., Polles, F., Lee, M., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038860 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…environments present well-known issues in pinning down the molecular gas mass. Detecting CO in dwarf galaxies has been notoriously difficult (e.g. Leroy et al. 2009, 2012; Schruba et al. 2012; Cormier et al. 2014; Hunt et al. 2015; Grossi et al. 2016; Amorín et al. 2016, and references within),…”
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The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Interferometric Observations of 126 Galaxies with CARMA
Bolatto, A., Wong, T., Utomo, D., Blitz, L., Vogel, S., Sánchez, S., Barrera-Ballesteros, J., Cao, Y., Colombo, D., Dannerbauer, H., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa86aa · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“These have been corrected from CO J 2 1= - to J 1 0= - following Equation (1) in Leroy et al. (2012), and adjusted for the difference between the assumed IMFs (Equation (3) in Leroy et al. corresponds to a truncated Kroupa IMF, while for these resolved calculations we assume a Salpeter IMF for…”
MethodSelf-citation
VARIATIONS IN THE STAR FORMATION EFFICIENCY OF THE DENSE MOLECULAR GAS ACROSS THE DISKS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
Usero, A., Leroy, A., Walter, F., Schruba, A., García-Burillo, S., Sandstrom, K., Bigiel, F., Brinks, E., Kramer, C., Rosolowsky, E., et al. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/115 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“We convolve the LVL and SINGS Spitzer images to a common resolution (∼ 40′′), construct radial profiles for each galaxy, and fit the average spectral energy distribution in each ring using the dust models of Draine & Li (2007); for details of this specific processing see Leroy et al. (2012).”
MethodSelf-citation
A UNIVERSAL NEUTRAL GAS PROFILE FOR NEARBY DISK GALAXIES
Bigiel, F., & Blitz, L. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/756/2/183 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“The quoted H2 surface densities in this paper include a Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion factorXCO = 2×10 20cm−2 (K km s−1)−1 and a CO line ratio ICO(2 − 1)/ICO(1 − 0) = 0.7 (see Leroy et al. 2012).”
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[CII] 158 µM EMISSION AS A STAR FORMATION TRACERPreprint
Beirão, P. (2014) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Cloud-scale ISM Structure and Star Formation in M51
Leroy, A. K., Schinnerer, E., Hughes, A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Meidt, S. E., Schruba, A., Sun, J., Bigiel, F., Aniano, G., Blanc, G. A., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7fef · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“(2) A large body of work explores the subtleties of SFR estimation, often in M51 (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2005; Leroy et al. 2008; Blanc et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
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A UNIVERSAL NEUTRAL GAS PROFILE FOR NEARBY DISK GALAXIESPreprint
Bigiel, F. (2016) · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dust Attenuation, Bulge Formation, and Inside-out Quenching of Star Formation in Star-forming Main Sequence Galaxies at z ∼ 2*
Tacchella, S., Carollo, C. M., Schreiber, N. M. F., Renzini, A., Dekel, A., Genzel, R., Lang, P., Lilly, S. J., Mancini, C., Onodera, M., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabf8b · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“…heating is non-negligible, converting the IR luminosity into a SFR using a standard calibration will overestimate the true SFR (e.g., Sauvage & Thuan 1992; Smith et al. 1994; Kennicutt et al. 2009; Salim et al. 2009; Kelson & Holden 2010; Leroy et al. 2012; Utomo et al. 2014; Hayward et al. 2014).”
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Variations in the star formation efficiency of the dense molecular gas across the disks of star-forming galaxies
Usero, A., Leroy, A. K., Walter, F., Schruba, A., García‐Burillo, S., Sandstrom, K. M., Bigiel, F., Brinks, E., Kramer, C., Rosolowsky, E. W., et al. (2015) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Molecular Cloud Lifecycle
Chevance, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Vázquez-Semadeni, E., Nakamura, F., Klessen, R., Ballesteros-Paredes, J., Inutsuka, S., Adamo, A., & Hennebelle, P. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00674-x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“However, the observed rate of star formation, both in the Milky Way and in nearby spiral galaxies are generally estimated to be much lower, about a factor 100 times smaller than the typical freefall rate (e.g. McKee and Williams, 1997; Robitaille and Whitney, 2010; Leroy et al., 2012).”
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The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Interferometric Observations of 126 Galaxies with CARMA
Bolatto, A. D., Wong, T., Utomo, D., Blitz, L., Vogel, S. N., Sánchez, S. F., Barrera-Ballesteros, J. K., Cao, Y., Colombo, D., Dannerbauer, H., et al. (2017) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
EMPIRE: The IRAM 30 m Dense Gas Survey of Nearby Galaxies
Jimenez-Donaire, M., Bigiel, F., Leroy, A., Usero, A., Cormier, D., Puschnig, J., Gallagher, M., Kepley, A., Bolatto, A., García-Burillo, S., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2b95 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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The total infrared luminosity may significantly overestimate the star formation rate of quenching and recently quenched galaxies
Hayward, C., Lanz, L., Ashby, M., Fazio, G., Hernquist, L., Martínez-Galarza, J. R., Noeske, K., Smith, H., Wuyts, S., & Zezas, A. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1843 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…of the dust emission, which is likely heated predominantly by the diffuse interstellar radiation field and thus connected with older stellar populations rather than recently formed stars (e.g. Smith et al. 1994; Smith & Harvey 1996; Groves et al. 2012; Leroy et al. 2012; Lo Faro et al. 2013).”
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THE PANCHROMATIC<i>HUBBLE</i>ANDROMEDA TREASURY. XI. THE SPATIALLY RESOLVED RECENT STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF M31
Lewis, A. R., Dolphin, A. E., Dalcanton, J. J., Weisz, D. R., Williams, B. F., Bell, E. F., Seth, A. C., Simones, J. E., Skillman, E. D., Choi, Y., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/2/183 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“These studies, therefore, cannot probe the evolution of these relationships with time or on small physical scales where the SFR indicators break down (e.g., Leroy et al. 2012).”
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Revisiting the Integrated Star Formation Law. I. Non-starbursting Galaxies
Reyes, M. D. L. D. L., & Kennicutt, R. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafa82 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Radial distribution of dust, stars, gas, and star-formation rate in DustPedia face-on galaxies
Casasola, V., Cassara, L. P., Bianchi, S., Verstocken, S., Xilouris, E. M., Magrini, L., Smith, M. W. L., Looze, I. D., Galametz, M., Madden, S. C., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731020 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Star formation in the local Universe from the CALIFA sample. I. Calibrating the SFR using integral field spectroscopy data
Catalán-Torrecilla, C., de Paz, A. D., Castillo-Morales, Á., Iglesias-P'aramo, J., Sánchez, S. F., Kennicutt, R., Pérez-González, P., Marino, R., Walcher, C., Husemann, B., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526023 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…the local benchmark for these and possible future studies is still missing except for a few studies rather limited in number and completeness (e.g., Pérez-González et al. 2006; Kennicutt et al. 2007; Leroy et al. 2008; Bigiel et al. 2008; Blanc et al. 2009; Schruba et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
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A PORTRAIT OF COLD GAS IN GALAXIES AT 60 pc RESOLUTION AND A SIMPLE METHOD TO TEST HYPOTHESES THAT LINK SMALL-SCALE ISM STRUCTURE TO GALAXY-SCALE PROCESSES
Leroy, A. K., Hughes, A., Schruba, A., Rosolowsky, E. W., Blanc, G. A., Bolatto, A. D., Colombo, D., Escala, A., Kramer, C., Kruijssen, J. M. D., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/1/16 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Following Leroy et al. (2012, 2013b), we build a Nyquist-spaced (for the averaging beam) hexagonal grid and sample the intensity weighted measurements.”
MethodSelf-citation
A HIGH-DISPERSION MOLECULAR GAS COMPONENT IN NEARBY GALAXIES
Caldú-Primo, A., Schruba, A., Walter, F., Leroy, A. K., Sandstrom, K. M., de Blok, W. J. G., Ianjamasimanana, R., & Mogotsi, M. K. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/150 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Using these pair of tracers we determine the star formation rate surface density, ΣSFR, following Leroy et al. (2012).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Low-J CO Line Ratios from Single-dish CO Mapping Surveys and PHANGS-ALMA
Leroy, A., Rosolowsky, E., Usero, A., Sandstrom, K., Schinnerer, E., Schruba, A., Bolatto, A., Sun, J.-Y., Barnes, A., Belfiore, F., et al. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3490 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“As discussed in that paper, these agree well with previous calibrations using similar bands (e.g., Salim et al. 2007; Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Leroy et al. 2012; Janowiecki et al. 2017), usually within ∼0.1 dex.”
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Comprehensive comparison of models for spectral energy distributions from 0.1μm to 1 mm of nearby star-forming galaxies
Hunt, L. K., Looze, I. D., Boquien, M., Nikutta, R., Rossi, A., Bianchi, S., Dale, D. A., Granato, G. L., Kennicutt, R. C., Silva, L., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834212 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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THE STAR FORMATION IN RADIO SURVEY: GBT 33 GHz OBSERVATIONS OF NEARBY GALAXY NUCLEI AND EXTRANUCLEAR STAR-FORMING REGIONS
Murphy, E., Bremseth, J., Mason, B., Condon, J., Schinnerer, E., Aniano, G., Armus, L., Helou, G., Turner, J., & Jarrett, T. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/97 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The Hα imaging used in the analysis is taken from Leroy et al. (2012), where details about the data quality and preparation (e.g., correction for [NII] emission) can be found.”
MethodSelf-citation
An uncertainty principle for star formation – II. A new method for characterizing the cloud-scale physics of star formation and feedback across cosmic history
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Schruba, A., Hygate, A. P. S., Hu, C.-Y., Haydon, D. T., & Longmore, S. N. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1128 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…such as Hα and FUV or NUV are set by stellar population synthesis models, which assume a coeval stellar population (Haydon et al. 2018, also see Leroy et al. 2012), and therefore do not include the time tover during which stars may still be forming – the clock starts ticking when there is no…”
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Dense Gas, Dynamical Equilibrium Pressure, and Star Formation in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies
Gallagher, M., Leroy, A., Bigiel, F., Cormier, D., Jimenez-Donaire, M., Ostriker, E., Usero, A., Bolatto, A., García-Burillo, S., Hughes, A., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabad8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“To estimate IHα, we use the collection of literature Hα maps compiled and processed by Leroy et al. (2012).”
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Towards universal hybrid star formation rate estimators
Boquien, M., Kennicutt, R., Calzetti, D., Dale, D., Galametz, M., Sauvage, M., Croxall, K., Draine, B., Kirkpatrick, A., Kumari, N., et al. (2016) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527759 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“This can be achieved for instance by directly processing the images or by estimating the level of the diffuse emission from an ancillary dataset (e.g., from a gas map, assuming the gas–to–dust mass ratio and the radiation field intensity due to old stars, Leroy et al. 2012).”
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Physical Properties of Molecular Clouds at 2 pc Resolution in the Low-metallicity Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822 and the Milky Way
Schruba, A., Leroy, A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Bigiel, F., Bolatto, A., de Blok, W. D., Tacconi, L., van Dishoeck, E., & Walter, F. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/278 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…from HST; O’Dell et al. 1999); visibility timescale of (Hα) star formation tracer tstar ≡ tHα + tover = 10 Myr (with tHα = 5 Myr from stellar synthesis modelling; Leroy et al. 2012, and D. T. Haydon et al., in preparation); total time range ttot ≡ tgas + tstar− tover; separation of SF regions λ…”
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Star formation scaling relations at ∼100 pc from PHANGS: Impact of completeness and spatial scale
Pessa, I., Schinnerer, E., Belfiore, F., Emsellem, E., Leroy, A., Schruba, A., Kruijssen, J., Pan, H.-A., Blanc, G., S'anchez-Bl'azquez, P., et al. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140733 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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EXCITATION MECHANISMS FOR HCN(1–0) AND HCO+(1–0) IN GALAXIES FROM THE GREAT OBSERVATORIES ALL-SKY LIRG SURVEY*
Privon, G. C., Herrero-Illana, R., Evans, A. S., Iwasawa, K., Pérez-Torres, M. Á., Armus, L., Díaz-Santos, T., Murphy, E. J., Stierwalt, S., Aalto, S., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/814/1/39 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“2 Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 3 Departamento de Astronomı́a, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile 4 Visiting Graduate Student Research Fellow (2013), NASA Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 5 Instituto d…”
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On the duration of the embedded phase of star formation
Kim, J., Chevance, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Schruba, A., Sandstrom, K., Barnes, A. T., Bigiel, F., Blanc, G. A., Cao, Y., Dale, D. A., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab878 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF12CO(J= 1 → 0) BRIGHTNESS AND INTEGRATED INTENSITY IN M51: THE PAWS VIEW
Hughes, A., Meidt, S. E., Schinnerer, E., Colombo, D., Pety, J., Leroy, A. K., Dobbs, C. L., García‐Burillo, S., Thompson, T. A., Dumas, G., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/44 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…for the star formation (SF) rate exist in the literature (for a detailed comparison of the limitations and assumptions of different methods, see Leroy et al. 2012), but here we restrict our analysis to comparing the shape of the CO PDFs to the properties of young stellar clusters identified by…”
MethodSelf-citation
LINE OVERLAP AND SELF-SHIELDING OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN GALAXIES
Gnedin, N. Y., & Draine, B. T. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/1/37 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Both local (Leroy et al. 2008; Bigiel et al. 2008; Bolatto et al. 2011; Bigiel et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012, 2013) and intermediate redshift (Genzel et al. 2010; Daddi et al. 2010; Tacconi et al. 2013) observational studies find that the star formation rate surface density on kiloparsec scales…”
THE RADIO CONTINUUM–STAR FORMATION RATE RELATION IN WSRT SINGS GALAXIES
Heesen, V., Brinks, E., Leroy, A., Heald, G., Braun, R., Bigiel, F., & Beck, R. (2014) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/103 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“It also confirms that Condon’s relation holds for the integrated SFRs in our galaxy sample.”
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A Portrait of Cold Gas in Galaxies at 60 pc Resolution and a Simple Method to Test Hypotheses That Link Small-scale ISM Structure to Galaxy-scale Processes
Leroy, A., Hughes, A., Schruba, A., Rosolowsky, E., Blanc, G. A., Bolatto, A. D., Colombo, D., Escala, A., Kramer, C., Kruijssen, J. M. D., et al. (2016) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Molecular and Ionized Gas Phases of an AGN-driven Outflow in a Typical Massive Galaxy at z ≈ 2
Herrera-Camus, R., Tacconi, L., Genzel, R., Schreiber, N. F. F., Lutz, D., Bolatto, A., Wuyts, S., Renzini, A., Lilly, S., Belli, S., et al. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf6a7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The global continuum dust emission at rest frame 29μm is most likely contaminated by emission from dust heated by supermassive black hole activity (∼20%–60%; e.g., Brown et al. 2018) and evolved stars (∼20%–50%; e.g., Leroy et al. 2012; Herrera-Camus et al. 2015; Narayanan et al. 2015).”
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The Star Formation in Radio Survey: GBT 33 GHz observations of nearby galaxy nuclei and extranuclear star-forming regions
Murphy, E. J., Bremseth, J., Mason, B., Condon, J. J., Schinnerer, E., Aniano, G., Armus, L., Hélou, G., Turner, J. L., & Jarrett, T. H. (2012) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Evidence for a non-universal Kennicutt-Schmidt relationship using hierarchical Bayesian linear regression
Shetty, R., Kelly, B., & Bigiel, F. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts617 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…of caveats, such as the observed scale, tracer, calibration of star formation rates (e.g. Calzetti et al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012), and a host of properties of the source, such as the metallicity, gas fractions, and stellar mass (e.g. Leroy et al. 2008; Shi…”
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THE IONIZED GAS IN NEARBY GALAXIES AS TRACED BY THE 122 AND 205 μm TRANSITIONS
Herrera-Camus, R., Bolatto, A. D., Smith, J. D., Draine, B. T., Pellegrini, E. W., Wolfire, M. G., Croxall, K. V., Looze, I. D., Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/175 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…with Herschel PACS (70, 100 and 160 µm) and SPIRE (250, 350 and 500 µm) drawn from the photometric KINGFISH sample (Dale et al. 2012); (3) Hα narrow-band images corrected for Galactic extinction, with foreground stars masked and the optical [N II] contribution subtracted (Leroy et al. 2012).”
MethodSelf-citation
Towards a resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt law at high redshift
Freundlich, J., Combes, F., Tacconi, L. J., Cooper, M. C., Genzel, R., Neri, R., Bolatto, A. D., Bournaud, F., Burkert, A. M., Cox, P., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220981 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Because UV light directly traces unobscured star formation and IR 24 µm emission originates in small dust grains mainly heated by UV photons from young stars, the combination of the two is a sensitive tracer of the global SFR (Leroy et al. 2008, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Coevolution of metallicity and star formation in galaxies toz≃ 3.7 – I. A Fundamental Plane
Hunt, L. K., Dayal, P., Magrini, L., & Ferrara, A. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1993 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the findings of Leroy et al. (2012) who found a similar trend at low surface SFR densities such as those in the LVL galaxies.”
Result
The Gas–Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies. I. Assessment of Multi-scale Variations
Schinnerer, E., Hughes, A., Leroy, A., Groves, B., Blanc, G., Kreckel, K., Bigiel, F., Chevance, M., Dale, D., Emsellem, É., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab50c2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dense gas, dynamical equilibrium pressure, and star formation in nearby star-forming galaxies
Gallagher, M., Leroy, A., Bigiel, F., Cormier, D., Jiménez-Donaire, M., Ostriker, E., Usero, A., Bolatto, A. D., García-Burillo, S., Hughes, A., et al. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
The EDGE–CALIFA Survey: Variations in the Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Local Galaxies
Utomo, D., Bolatto, A., Wong, T., Ostriker, E., Blitz, L., Sánchez, S., Colombo, D., Leroy, A., Cao, Y., Dannerbauer, H., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa88c0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“There are at least two tracers of the stellar population ages: the UV-to-Hα ratio (e.g., Leroy et al. 2012; Weisz et al. 2012) and the age derived from the stellar population synthesis (which is available in the IFU data products of Sánchez et al. 2016).”
MethodSelf-citation
The spatially resolved Kennicutt–Schmidt relation in the H i-dominated regions of spiral and dwarf irregular galaxies
Roychowdhury, S., Huang, M. L., Kauffmann, G., Wang, J., & Chengalur, J. N. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv515 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…and ‘weight’ maps respectively), 10% flux calibration error forGALEX FUV data, 5% flux calibration error forSpitzer24 µm data, and 50% error to account for the uncertainty in the SFR calibration caused by variations in the IMF and star formation history following Leroy et al. (2012, 2013a).”
Method
Dense gas is not enough: environmental variations in the star formation efficiency of dense molecular gas at 100 pc scales in M 51
Querejeta, M., Schinnerer, E., Schruba, A., Murphy, E. J., Meidt, S., Usero, A., Leroy, A., Pety, J., Bigiel, F., Chevance, M., et al. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834915 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The fact that 24 µm (especially when translated to TIR) results in considerably higher SFRs than 33 GHz (see Appendix A) could be partially due to dust heated by old stellar populations (Leroy et al. 2012; Viaene et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The variation in molecular gas depletion time among nearby galaxies: what are the main parameter dependences?
Huang, M. L., & Kauffmann, G. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1232 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“After we remove this cirrus emission from the 24 µm emission following equation (15) in Leroy et al. (2012), we then adopt their updated calibration coefficient to calculate the SFRs from the linear combination of the FUV and 24 µm luminosities.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The gas–star formation cycle in nearby star-forming galaxies. I. Assessment of multiscale variations
Schinnerer, E., Hughes, A., Leroy, A. K., Groves, B. A., Blanc, G. A., Kreckel, K., Bigiel, F., Chevance, M., Dale, D. A., Emsellem, É., et al. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
H i-MaNGA: tracing the physics of the neutral and ionized ISM with the second data release
Stark, D., Masters, K., Avila-Reese, V., Riffel, R., Riffel, R., Boardman, N., Zheng, Z., Weijmans, A., Dillon, S., Fielder, C. E., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab566 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Variations in the Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Local Galaxies
Utomo, D., Bolatto, A. D., Wong, T., Ostriker, E. C., Blitz, L., Sánchez, S. F., Colombo, D., Leroy, A. K., Cao, Y., Dannerbauer, H., et al. (2017) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
PHANGS–JWST First Results: Mid-infrared Emission Traces Both Gas Column Density and Heating at 100 pc Scales
Leroy, A., Sandstrom, K., Rosolowsky, E., Belfiore, F., Bolatto, A., Cao, Y., Koch, E., Schinnerer, E., Barnes, A., Bešlić, I., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acaf85 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Almost all of them have a fundamentally empirical calibration (e.g., see Murphy et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012; Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Calzetti 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
STAR FORMATION ON SUBKILOPARSEC SCALE TRIGGERED BY NON-LINEAR PROCESSES IN NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES
Momose, R., Koda, J., Kennicutt, R., Egusa, F., Calzetti, D., Liu, G.-L., Meyer, J. D., Okumura, S., Scoville, N., Sawada, T., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/772/1/l13 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Some schemes of BG subtraction have been experimented (e.g. Rahman et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012), but these systematics – greater reduction in flux in lower emission regions – are general.”
Background
CLUMPING AND THE INTERPRETATION OF kpc-SCALE MAPS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: SMOOTH H I AND CLUMPY, VARIABLE H 2 SURFACE DENSITY
Leroy, A. K., Lee, C., Schruba, A., Bolatto, A. D., Hughes, A., Pety, J., Sandstrom, K. M., Schinnerer, E., & Walter, F. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/769/1/l12 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“We supplement these with a collection of H I data obtained to complement the HERACLES CO survey (presented in Leroy et al. 2012; Schruba et al. 2011; Sandstrom et al. 2012) and WSRT maps of M33 (Deul & van der Hulst 1987) and M31 (Brinks & Shane 1984).”
MethodSelf-citation
SIMULATOR OF GALAXY MILLIMETER/SUBMILLIMETER EMISSION (SÍGAME): THE [C ii]–SFR RELATIONSHIP OF MASSIVEz= 2 MAIN SEQUENCE GALAXIES
Olsen, K. P., Greve, T. R., Narayanan, D., Thompson, R., Toft, S., & Brinch, C. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/814/1/76 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Both K15 and H15 account for this by subtracting the expected cirrus emission from old stars in 24µm (using the method presented in Leroy et al. 2012), although on scales 1 kpc this correction for 24µm cirrus emission becomes particularly challenging as it was calibrated on >∼ 1 kpc scales.”
Method
THE X-FACTOR IN GALAXIES. II. THE MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN-STAR-FORMATION RELATION
Feldmann, R., Gnedin, N. Y., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/2/127 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The averaging timescales of 4 and 20 Myr correspond roughly to the luminosity weighted timescales of Hα and FUV emission (Leroy et al. 2012).”
Background
PHANGS–JWST First Results: Variations in PAH Fraction as a Function of ISM Phase and Metallicity
Chastenet, J., Sutter, J., Sandstrom, K., Belfiore, F., Egorov, O., Larson, K., Leroy, A., Liu, D.-Z., Rosolowsky, E., Thilker, D., et al. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acadd7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring star formation with resolved observations: the test case of M 33
Boquien, M., Calzetti, D., Aalto, S., Boselli, A., Braine, J., Buat, V., Combes, F., Israel, F., Kramer, C., Lord, S., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423518 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“While some methods have been suggested to remove the diffuse emission linked to old stars (Leroy et al. 2012), they rely on uncertain assumptions.”
BackgroundMethod
Dense gas is not enough: Environmental variations in the star formation efficiency of dense molecular gas at 100 pc scales in M 51
Querejeta, M., Schinnerer, E., Schruba, A., Murphy, E. J., Meidt, S. E., Usero, A., Leroy, A. K., Pety, J., Bigiel, F., Chevance, M., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834915/pdf · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
MEASURING GALAXY STAR FORMATION RATES FROM INTEGRATED PHOTOMETRY: INSIGHTS FROM COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS OF RESOLVED STARS
Johnson, B. D., Weisz, D. R., Dalcanton, J. J., Johnson, L. C., Dale, D. A., Dolphin, A. E., Gil de Paz, A., Kennicutt, R. C., Lee, J. C., Skillman, E. D., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/772/1/8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“However, when considering small parts of larger galaxies, for example to generate SFR maps, such SFH variations may be present and induce significant uncertainty in maps of SFR derived from UV luminosities (e.g., Bigiel et al. 2008; Leroy et al. 2012).”
Background
PHANGS–JWST First Results: Measuring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Properties across the Multiphase Interstellar Medium
Chastenet, J., Sutter, J., Sandstrom, K., Belfiore, F., Egorov, O., Larson, K., Leroy, A., Liu, D.-Z., Rosolowsky, E., Thilker, D., et al. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acac94 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“We use HI data from the PHANGS–MeerKAT survey (C. Eibensteiner et al., in preparation) and THINGS (Walter et al. 2008) surveys, assuming optically thin 21 cm emission, and using a conversion factor of 0.020Me pc −2 (Kkm s −1)−1 (Leroy et al. 2012, see also Walter et al. 2008).”
MethodSelf-citation
GLOBAL H I KINEMATICS IN DWARF GALAXIES
Stilp, A. M., Dalcanton, J. J., Warren, S. R., Skillman, E., Ott, J., & Koribalski, B. S. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/765/2/136 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“However, the ΣSFR values implied by Hα observations are often below the 10−3 M yr−1 kpc−2 level where Hα maps are no longer reliable (e.g., Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DUST AND STELLAR EMISSION OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS
Skibba, R., Engelbracht, C. W., Aniano, G., Babler, B. L., Bernard, J.-P., Bot, C., Carlson, L. R., Galametz, M., Galliano, F., Gordon, K. D., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/1/42 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Star Formation Rate We now use the combination Hα + 24 µm as a star formation rate indicator, in order to account for both obscured and unobscured star formation (e.g., Calzetti et al. 2007; Kennicutt et al. 2009; Leroy et al. 2012).”
Method
Thermal Pressure in the Cold Neutral Medium of Nearby Galaxies
Herrera-Camus, R., Bolatto, A. D., Wolfire, M., Ostriker, E., Draine, B., Leroy, A., Sandstrom, K., Hunt, L., Kennicutt, R., Calzetti, D., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/201 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In particular, ΣSFR measurements below the ∼ 10 −3 M⊙ yr −1 kpc−2 level can be unreliable due to large uncertainties in the Hα data and a growing contribution to the 24 µm emission from old stars (e.g., Leroy et al. 2012; Draine et al. 2014; Herrera-Camus et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Nearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey
Heesen, V., Staffehl, M., Basu, A., Beck, R., Stein, M., Tabatabaei, F. S., Hardcastle, M. J., Chyży, K. T., Shimwell, T. W., Adebahr, B., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142878 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey X. Environmental Effects on the Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of Spiral Galaxies
Mok, A., Wilson, C. D., Golding, J., Warren, B., Israel, F., Serjeant, S., Knapen, J., Sánchez-Gallego, J., Barmby, P., Bendo, G. J., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2958 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Adopting a single value for XCO will produce an underestimate of the molecular gas mass in galaxies where the metallicity is more than about a factor of two below solar (Wilson 1995; Arimoto et al. 1996; Bolatto et al. 2008; Leroy et al. 2012).”
Background
THE VIRUS-P EXPLORATION OF NEARBY GALAXIES (VENGA): THE XCO GRADIENT IN NGC 628
Blanc, G., Schruba, A., Evans, N., Jogee, S., Bolatto, A., Leroy, A., Song, M.-M., van den Bosch, R. V. D., Drory, N., Fabricius, M., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/117 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“We use the calibration of Leroy et al. (2012), which assumes a Chabrier (2003) IMF.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Wide-field 12CO (J = 1–0) imaging of the nearby barred galaxy M 83 with NMA and Nobeyema 45 m telescope: Mole cular gas kinematics and star formation along the bar
Hirota, A., Kuno, N., Baba, J., Egusa, F., Habe, A., Muraoka, K., Tanaka, A., Nakanishi, H., & Kawabe, R. (2014) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psu006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Besides these morphological approaches, Leroy et al. (2012) incorporated spectral information along with the dust model.”
BackgroundMethod
GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS AND STAR FORMATION IN THE NON-GRAND DESIGN SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 6946
Rebolledo, D., Wong, T., Leroy, A. K., Koda, J., & Meyer, J. D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/757/2/155 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Leroy et al. (2012) showed that while Hα emission occurs mostly in the first 10 Myr, FUV presents low, but significant, emission up to 65 Myr after the burst.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
An uncertainty principle for star formation – III. The characteristic emission time-scales of star formation rate tracers
Haydon, D., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Chevance, M., Hygate, A., Krumholz, M., Schruba, A., & Longmore, S. (2018) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2430 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Leroy et al. (2012) present a table of characteristic time-scales for Hα and FUV (at 150 nm).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
PHANGS–JWST First Results: Duration of the Early Phase of Massive Star Formation in NGC 628
Kim, J., Chevance, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Barnes, A., Bigiel, F., Blanc, G., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Congiu, E., Dale, D., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca90a · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Leroy et al. (2012, 2022) also measure 40%–60% of the mid-infrared emission to originate from molecular gas heated by the interstellar radiation field.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Large gas reservoirs and free–free emission in two lensed star-forming galaxies at z = 2.7
Aravena, M., Murphy, E. J., Aguirre, J., Ashby, M. L. N., Benson, B. A., Bothwell, M. S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chapman, S. C., Crawford, T. M., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt741 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“A similar situation has been observed in local (U)LIRGs, where the synchrotron spectrum is found to be increasingly depressed at high frequencies (e.g. Clemens et al. 2008; Leroy et al. 2012), perhaps arising from a modified electron injection spectrum in such dense starbursts.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Testing Feedback-regulated Star Formation in Gas-rich, Turbulent Disk Galaxies
Fisher, D. B., Bolatto, A. D., White, H., Glazebrook, K., Abraham, R. G., & Obreschkow, D. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaee8b · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…time, tdep≡Mmol/SFR (where SFR is the star formation rate), has a only modest decrease from ∼2 Gyr at z≈0 (Bigiel et al. 2008; Saintonge et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012; Rahman et al. 2012) to ∼0.3–0.7 Gyr at z≈2 (Tacconi et al. 2013; Genzel et al. 2015; Schinnerer et al. 2016; Scoville et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency
Feldmann, R., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., Çatmabacak, O., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Hayward, C. C., Kereš, D., Lazar, A., Liang, L., Moreno, J., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2633 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
MOLECULAR CLOUD-SCALE STAR FORMATION IN NGC 300
Faesi, C., Lada, C., Forbrich, J., Menten, K., & Bouy, H. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/1/81 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…at specific timescales: 2 Myr, the luminosity-weighted average timescale for the emission of an Hα photon in an instantaneous burst population (Leroy et al. 2012); 3.7 Myr, the characteristic age of our stellar populations as computed from our instantaneous burst model grid; and, 10 Myr, the…”
Influential
SCALING RELATIONS OF THE PROPERTIES FOR CO RESOLVED STRUCTURES IN NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES
Rebolledo, D., Wong, T., Xue, R., Leroy, A., Koda, J., & Meyer, J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/1/99 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In their analysis of of the IRAM HERACLES CO survey, Leroy et al. (2012) discuss the bias inherent to each component of the commonly used “hybrid” tracers FUV+24µm and Hα+ 24µm.”
MethodSelf-citation
The IRX–β Relation: Insights from Simulations
Safarzadeh, M., Hayward, C. C., & Ferguson, H. C. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c5b · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Galaxy gas flows inferred from a detailed, spatially resolved metal budget
Belfiore, F., Maiolino, R., & Bothwell, M. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2332 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“As the conversion factors are cali- brated for the CO (1-0) line, while the HERACLES observations map the CO (2-1) transition, we assume a constant ratio of 0.7 between the two CO luminosities (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Calibration of hybrid resolved star formation rate recipes based on PHANGS–MUSE Hα and Hβ maps
Belfiore, F., Leroy, A. K., Sun, J., Barnes, A. T., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Congiu, E., Dale, D. A., Egorov, O. V., Eibensteiner, C., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244863 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Fraction of Dust Mass in the Form of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on 10–50 pc Scales in Nearby Galaxies
Sutter, J., Sandstrom, K. M., Chastenet, J., Leroy, A. K., Koch, E. W., Williams, T. G., Chown, R., Belfiore, F., Bigiel, F., Boquien, M., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad54bd · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Global H i Kinematics in Dwarf GalaxiesPreprint
Stilp, A. M., Dalcanton, J. J., Warren, S. R., & Skillman, E. D. (2016) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
CHANG-ES X: Spatially Resolved Separation of Thermal Contribution from Radio Continuum Emission in Edge-on Galaxies
Vargas, C. J., Mora-Partiarroyo, S. C., Schmidt, P., Rand, R. J., Stein, Y., Walterbos, R. A. M., Wang, Q. D., Basu, A., Patterson, M., Kepley, A. A., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa47f · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“To date, several studies have estimated thermal emission in spiral galaxies at various inclinations, i.e. Tabatabaei et al. (2007), Basu et al. (2012), Leroy et al. (2012), Basu et al. (2017).”
Background
CHANG-ES. XVII. Hα Imaging of Nearby Edge-on Galaxies, New SFRs, and an Extreme Star Formation Region—Data Release 2
Vargas, C. J., Walterbos, R. A. M., Rand, R. J., Stil, J., Krause, M., Li, J.-T., Irwin, J., & Dettmar, R.-J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab27cb · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Modern studies of independent thermal radio continuum component estimation exist in spiral galaxies at various inclinations (Tabatabaei et al. 2007; Basu et al. 2012; Leroy et al. 2012; Basu et al. 2017).”
Background
The Gas–Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies. II. Resolved Distributions of CO and Hα Emission for 49 PHANGS Galaxies
Pan, H.-A., Pan, X.-A., Schinnerer, E., Hughes, A., Leroy, A., Groves, B., Barnes, A., Belfiore, F., Bigiel, F., Blanc, G., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac474f · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Given that typical estimates for tHα are 5–10Myr (e.g., Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Leroy et al. 2012; Haydon et al. 2020), the tgas of our sample at the 150 pc scale, therefore, decreases from ∼5 to 25Myr for the high-M* galaxies, to ∼5–15Myr for the intermediate-M* galaxies, and to a few megayears…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The relation between atomic gas and star formation rate densities in faint dwarf irregular galaxies
Roychowdhury, S., Chengalur, J., Kaisin, S., & Karachentsev, I. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1814 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Following Leroy et al. (2012, 2013) an additional 50% error is addedin quadrature in order to account for the errors caused by variations in the IMF and star formation history.”
Background
The Star Formation in Radio Survey: 3–33 GHz Imaging of Nearby Galaxy Nuclei and Extranuclear Star-forming Regions
Linden, S. T., Murphy, E. J., Dong, D., Momjian, E., Kennicutt, R. C., Meier, D. S., Schinnerer, E., & Turner, J. L. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab8a4d · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Star Formation and Molecular Gas Diagnostics with Mid- and Far-infrared Emission
Whitcomb, C., Sandstrom, K., Leroy, A., & Smith, J.-D. T. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc316 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This is closely related to the issue of cirrus contamination of IR-based SF indicators, where dust emission powered by longer-lived stars contaminates SF tracers (Leroy et al. 2012; Boquien et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Statistical Study of the Star Formation Efficiency in Bars: Is Star Formation Suppressed in Gas-rich Bars?
Maeda, F., Egusa, F., Ohta, K., Fujimoto, Y., & Habe, A. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca664 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The contribution from IR cirrus has been reported to be 30%–60% when ΣSFR is less than 10−2Me yr −1 kpc−2 (Leroy et al. 2012).”
Background

Calibration of hybrid resolved star formation rate recipes based on PHANGS–MUSE Hα and Hβ maps
Belfiore, F., Leroy, A. K., Sun, J., Barnes, A. T., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Congiu, E., Dale, D. A., Egorov, O. V., Eibensteiner, C., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244863 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Calibration of hybrid resolved star formation rate recipes based on PHANGS–MUSE H
Belfiore, F., Leroy, A. K., Sun, J., Barnes, A. T., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Congiu, E., Dale, D. A., Egorov, O. V., Eibensteiner, C., et al. (2023) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244863/pdf
Self-citation
Star Formation in the Local Universe from the CALIFA sample: calibration and contribution of disks to the SFR density
Catalán-Torrecilla, C., de Paz, A. G., Castillo-Morales, Á., Iglésias-Páramo, J., & Sánchez, S. F. (2014) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314010011
Evaluating star formation rates at
Ismail, D., Kraljic, K., Béthermin, M., Kapoor, A. U., Renaud, F., Accard, C., Freundlich, J., Dubois, Y., Han, S., Jang, J. K., et al. (2026) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202658893/pdf
Tracing star formation (and not) on resolved galactic scales
Groves, B. A. (2020) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3756503

Authors: Leroy, A. K., Bigiel, F., de Blok, W. J. G., Boissier, S., Bolatto, A., Brinks, E., Madore, B., Munoz-Mateos, J.-C., Murphy, E., Sandstrom, K., Schruba, A., & Walter, F.
Affiliations: National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
University of Hertfordshire (GB)
Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
ORCID: Leroy, Adam K.
Boissier, Samuel
Bolatto, Alberto
Brinks, Elias
Sandstrom, Karin
Venue: The Astronomical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2012-05-24
Volume: 144
Issue: 1
Pages: 3
ISSN: 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
1538-3881
DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/3
OpenAlex: W2140570487
Cited by: 203
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 11.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hal.science
Locations: The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0955836, NAS 5-26555)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
Research Corporation for Science Advancement
California Institute of Technology
Aspen Center for Physics
Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/G002630/1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: star formation rate surface density, 24 micron emission, SFR calibration, H-alpha emission, ultraviolet emission, infrared emission, spectral energy distribution, simple stellar populations

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ESTIMATING THE STAR FORMATION RATE AT 1 kpc SCALES IN NEARBY GALAXIES

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