MAPPING THE SHORES OF THE BROWN DWARF DESERT. II. MULTIPLE STAR FORMATION IN TAURUS-AURIGA
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We have conducted a high-resolution imaging study of the Taurus–Auriga star-forming region in order to characterize the primordial outcome of multiple star formation and the extent of the brown dwarf desert. Our survey identified 16 new binary companions to primary stars with masses of 0.25–2.5 M ☉ , raising the total number of binary pairs (including components of high-order multiples) with separations of 3–5000 AU to 90. We find that ∼2/3–3/4 of all Taurus members are multiple systems of two or more stars, while the other ∼1/4–1/3 appear to have formed as single stars; the distribution of high-order multiplicity suggests that fragmentation into a wide binary has no impact on the subsequent probability that either component will fragment again. The separation distribution for solar-type stars (0.7–2.5 M ☉ ) is nearly log-flat over separations of 3–5000 AU, but lower-mass stars (0.25–0.7 M ☉ ) show a paucity of binary companions with separations of ≳200 AU. Across this full mass range, companion masses are well described with a linear-flat function; all system mass ratios ( q = M B / M A ) are equally probable, apparently including substellar companions. Our results are broadly consistent with the two expected modes of binary formation (free-fall fragmentation on large scales and disk fragmentation on small scales), but the distributions provide some clues as to the epochs at which the companions are likely to form.
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The multiplicity of class I young stellar objects in embedded clusters and pre-MS stars in young associations is high and ranges from 20% to 60% for the about 10^1.5-10^2.5 AU separation range and mass ratios of about 0.1-1.
“The multiplicity of class I young stellar objects (YSOs) in embedded clusters and pre-MS stars in young associations is high and ranges from 20% to 60% for the ∼10 1.5 -10 2.5 AU separation range and mass ratios of ∼0.1-1”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
The Introduction describes a high companion frequency for Class II/III stars in sparse young associations, and Section 5.4 reports a high companion frequency in Taurus. But the paper’s survey sample excludes most Class 0/I sources (Section 2); the cited passages do not establish a 20%–60% multiplicity range for Class I objects in embedded clusters and pre-main-sequence stars across the specified separation and mass-ratio ranges. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe number of binaries is flat in log period or semi-major axis space, and young binaries are similar to the field population in this respect.
“The number of binaries is flat in log period or semi-major axis space (Halbwachs et al. 2003;Kraus et al. 2011), and young binaries are similar to field population in this respect (Duchêne et al. 2007).”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
Section 6.1 reports an approximately log-flat separation distribution for young solar-mass binaries in loose associations over 3–5000 AU, supporting the flat-distribution part attributed to Kraus et al. The citing sentence leaves out those population and separation limits. Its separate comparison with the field is cited to Duchêne et al., not Kraus et al. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBinary identifications are not complete at mass ratios less than 0.1, and the number of secondaries hosting passive disks in the 10^7 year old age range is not well characterized.
“However, this is difficult to formulate as binary identifications are not complete at mass ratios less than 0.1 (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011) and the number of secondaries hosting passive disks in the 10 7 year old age range is not well characterized.”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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Spatial Distributions of Young Stars
Kraus, A. L., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/593012 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationAllen, P. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521207 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Low‐Mass Initial Mass Function in Young Clusters: L1495E
Luhman, K. L., & Rieke, G. H. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305447 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hubble Space TelescopeWFPC2 Imaging of the Disk and Jet of HV Tauri C
Stapelfeldt, K. R., Ménard, F., Watson, A. M., Krist, J., Dougados, C., Padgett, D. L., & Brandner, W. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/374374 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Periodic Accretion from a Circumbinary Disk in the Young Binary UZ Tau E
Jensen, E. L. N., Dhital, S., Stassun, K. G., Patience, J., Herbst, W., Walter, F. M., Simon, M., & Basri, G. (2007) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/518408 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Evolution of a Protobinary: Accretion Rates of the Primary and Secondary
Ochi, Y., Sugimoto, K., & Hanawa, T. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428601 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Diffraction-limited imaging with ground-based optical telescopes
Readhead, A. C. S., Nakajima, T., Pearson, T. J., Neugebauer, G. X., Oke, J. B., & Sargent, W. L. W. (1988) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/114724 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
GAS ACCRETION FROM A CIRCUMBINARY DISK
Hanawa, T., Ochi, Y., & Ando, K. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/708/1/485 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The discovery of six pre-main-sequence spectroscopic binaries
Mathieu, R. D., Walter, F. M., & Myers, P. C. (1989) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/115191 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The development of a protoplanetary disk from its natal envelope
Watson, D. M., Bohac, C. J., Hull, C., Forrest, W. J., Furlan, E., Najita, J., Calvet, N., D’Alessio, P., Hartmann, L. W., Sargent, B., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06087 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Spatially resolved mid-infrared observations of the triple system T Tauri
Ratzka, T., Schegerer, A. A., Leinert, C., Ábrahám, P., Henning, T. K., Herbst, T. M., Köhler, R., Wolf, S., & Zinnecker, H. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811390 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Near-Infrared Multiplicity Survey of Class I/Flat-Spectrum Systems in Six Nearby Molecular Clouds
Haisch, K. E., Greene, T. P., Barsony, M., & Stahler, S. W. (2004) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/381952 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dynamical Mass of GJ 802B: A Brown Dwarf in a Triple System
Ireland, M., Kraus, A. L., Martinache, F., Lloyd, J., & Tuthill, P. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/529578 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPANCHROMATIC OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF THE HV TAU C EDGE-ON DISK
Duchêne, G., McCabe, C., Pinte, C., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Ménard, F., Duvert, G., Ghez, A. M., Maness, H. L., Bouy, H., Barrado, D., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/712/1/112 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A Distributed Population of Low?Mass Pre?Main?Sequence Stars near the Taurus Molecular Clouds
Slesnick, C. L., Carpenter, J. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., & Mamajek, E. E. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/508937 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationDuchêne, G., McCabe, C., Ghez, A. M., & Macintosh, B. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/383126 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Component Masses of the Young Spectroscopic Binary UZ Tau E
Prato, L., Simon, M., Mazeh, T., Zucker, S., & McLean, I. S. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345317 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Schaefer, G. H., Dutrey, A., Guilloteau, S., Simon, M., & White, R. J. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/698 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Dynamical Mass Constraint for Pre–Main-Sequence Evolutionary Tracks: The Binary NTT 045251+3016
Steffen, A. T., Mathieu, R. D., Lattanzi, M. G., Latham, D. W., Mazeh, T., Prato, L., Simon, M., Zinnecker, H., & Loreggia, D. (2001) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/321155 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
New Very Low Mass Binaries in the Taurus Star‐forming Region
Konopacky, Q. M., Ghez, A. M., Rice, E. L., & Duchêne, G. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/518360 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A Long-lived Accretion Disk around a Lithium-depleted Binary T Tauri Star
White, R. J., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428752 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationLaw, N. M., Dhital, S., Kraus, A., Stassun, K. G., & West, A. A. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/720/2/1727 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSparse-aperture adaptive optics
Tuthill, P., Lloyd, J. P., Ireland, M., Martinache, F., Monnier, J. D., Woodruff, H. C., ten Brummelaar, T. A., Turner, N. H., & Townes, C. H. (2006) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.672342 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationA Large-Scale Objective-Prism and X-Ray Survey in Taurus-Auriga
Briceño, C. A., Calvet, N., Kenyon, S. J., & Hartmann, L. W. (1999) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300997 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dynamical Masses for Pre–Main‐Sequence Stars: A Preliminary Physical Orbit for V773 Tau A
Boden, A. F., Torres, G., Sargent, A. I., Akeson, R., Carpenter, J. M., Boboltz, D. A., Massi, M., Ghez, A. M., Latham, D. W., Johnston, K. J., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521296 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Young-Planet Search in Visible and Infrared Light: DN Tauri, V836 Tauri, and V827 Tauri
Prato, L., Hartigan, P., Huerta, M., Johns-Krull, C., Mahmud, N., & Jaffe, D. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/593201 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Diffraction-limited imaging. II - Optical aperture-synthesis imaging of two binary stars
Nakajima, T. Y., Kulkarni, S. R., Gorham, P. W., Ghez, A. M., Neugebauer, G. X., Oke, J. B., Prince, T. A., & Readhead, A. C. S. (1989) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/115090 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
DISK BRAKING IN YOUNG STARS: PROBING ROTATION IN CHAMAELEON I AND TAURUS-AURIGA
Nguyen, D. C., Jayawardhana, R., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brandeker, A., Scholz, A., & Damjanov, I. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/1648 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Measurement of T Tauri Binaries Using the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors
Simon, M., Holfeltz, S. T., & Taff, L. G. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177836 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Direct Detection of the Brown Dwarf GJ 802B with Adaptive Optics Masking Interferometry
Lloyd, J. P., Martinache, F., Ireland, M., Monnier, J. D., Pravdo, S. H., Shaklan, S., & Tuthill, P. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/508771 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationPROBING THE PROTOSTELLAR ENVELOPE AROUND L1157: THE DUST AND GAS CONNECTION
Chiang, H.-F., Looney, L. W., Tobin, J. J., & Hartmann, L. W. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/709/1/470 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Discovery of five pre-main-sequence binaries in Taurus
Chen, W. P., Simon, M., Longmore, A. J., Howell, R. R., & Benson, J. A. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/168908 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Orbital motion in T Tauri binary systems
Woitas, J., Köhler, R., & Leinert, C. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010135 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A brown dwarf desert for intermediate mass stars in Scorpius OB2?
Kouwenhoven, M. B. N., Brown, A. G. A., & Kaper, L. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054396 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Precision Masses of the Low‐Mass Binary System GJ 623
Martinache, F., Lloyd, J. P., Ireland, M., Yamada, R. S., & Tuthill, P. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/513868 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationVISUAL ORBIT OF THE LOW-MASS BINARY GJ 164 AB
Martinache, F., Rojas-Ayala, B., Ireland, M., Lloyd, J. P., & Tuthill, P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/1183 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLOW-MASS VISUAL COMPANIONS TO NEARBY G-DWARFS
Tokovinin, A. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/52 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Massarotti, A., Latham, D. W., Torres, G., Brown, R. A., & Oppenheimer, B. D. (2005) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/429349 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Scelsi, L., Sacco, G. G., Affer, L., Argiroffi, C., Pillitteri, I., Maggio, A., & Micela, G. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810178 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Spectroscopy of Very Low Luminosity Young Stellar Objects in Taurus
Martín, E. L. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301559 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
SIM PlanetQuestKey Project Precursor Observations to Detect Gas Giant Planets around Young Stars
Tanner, A. M., Beichman, C., Akeson, R., Ghez, A. M., Grankin, K. N., Herbst, W., Hillenbrand, L. A., Huerta, M., Konopacky, Q., Metchev, S., et al. (2007) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/520774 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationLunar Occultations of Young Stars in Southern Taurus
Simon, M., Beck, T. L., Greene, T. P., Howell, R. R., Lumsden, S. L., & Prato, L. A. (1999) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300757 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Duchêne, G., & Kraus, A. L. (2013) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102602 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
“The latter conclusion also matches the results of Kouwenhoven et al. (2007b) for intermediate-mass multiple systems in Upper Scorpius.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMoe, M., & Stefano, R. D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa6fb6 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
“…have also concluded that the statistics of solar-type binaries in open clusters are indistinguishable from those in the field for a broad range of cluster densities and ages τ ≈ 3 Myr - 7 Gyr (Bouvier et al. 1997; Köhler et al. 2006; Kraus et al. 2011; Geller & Mathieu 2012; King et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTHE MASS DEPENDENCE BETWEEN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THEIR STELLAR HOSTS
Andrews, S., Rosenfeld, K., Kraus, A., & Wilner, D. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/2/129 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“The infrared-selected Luhman et al. catalog of Tau-Aur Class II sources is used as the basis of our sample: it includes 179 young stellar “systems” composed of 227 (known) individual stars with spectral types from B8 to M9 (e.g., Luhman 2000, 2004; Kraus et al. 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationGravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
Kratter, K. M., & Lodato, G. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023307 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
“On the contrary, Kraus et al. (2011) find that for young stars in Taurus, the lower mass objects M∗ < 0.7M typically have companions with smaller separations consistent with disk fragmentation (< 100AU ,) whereas stars with 0.7M < M∗ < 2.5M have more companions at larger separations.”
BackgroundBate, M. R. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19955.x · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
Andrews, S. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-031220-010302 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
AN OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF T TAURI STARS. I. PHOTOSPHERIC PROPERTIES
Herczeg, G. J., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/786/2/97 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“LkCa 5 has a very low-mass companion (Kraus et al. 2011) that contributes a negligible amount of flux at optical wavelengths.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLkCa 15: A YOUNG EXOPLANET CAUGHT AT FORMATION?
Kraus, A. L., & Ireland, M. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/1/5 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
“All of these stars were chosen from our previous binary survey (Kraus et al. 2011) and are known to have no stellar companions at angular separations of >20 mas and no brown dwarf companions at >40 mas.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe VAST Survey – III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc
Rosa, R. J. D., Patience, J., Wilson, P. A., Schneider, A. C., Wiktorowicz, S., Vigan, A., Marois, C., Song, I., Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1932 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“2002), environment (e.g. Köhler et al. 2006; King et al. 201; Sana et al. 2013) and primary mass (e.g. Abt 1983; Lada 2006; Lafrenière et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011; Sana & Evans 2011)is therefore crucial to our understanding of star formation.”
BackgroundFROM BINARIES TO MULTIPLES. II. HIERARCHICAL MULTIPLICITY OF F AND G DWARFS
Tokovinin, A. A. (2014) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/87 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“Kraus et al. (2011) already tried to model hierarchical multiplicity in a Monte-Carlo simulation by producing inner sub-systems with the generating period distribution and applying the stability cutoff.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTobin, J. J., Looney, L. W., Li, Z., Chandler, C. J., Dunham, M. M., Segura-Cox, D. M., Sadavoy, S., Melis, C., Harris, R. J., Kratter, K. M., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/818/1/73 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“The best characterized group of young stellar multiples is in Taurus, where Kraus et al. (2011) combined new observations down to 3 au scales with previous multiplicity searches.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTHE ROLE OF MULTIPLICITY IN DISK EVOLUTION AND PLANET FORMATION
Kraus, A. L., Ireland, M., Hillenbrand, L. A., & Martinache, F. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/1/19 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Taurus-Auriga is one of the nearest and best studied star-forming regions, and our knowledge of its circumstellar disk population is generally considered the most comprehensive for any star-forming region.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationA primordial origin for misalignments between stellar spin axes and planetary orbits
Batygin, K. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11560 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Bate, M. R. (2025) · Figshare · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Kraus, A., Ireland, M., Huber, D., Mann, A., & Dupuy, T. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/1/8 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“The majority of all solar-type stars form with at least one binary companion (Duquennoy & Mayor 1991; Kraus et al. 2008, 2011; Raghavan et al. 2010), so the impact of stellar binarity on planet occurrence could represent one of the largest remaining systematic uncertainties in the Kepler era.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCompact Disks in a High-resolution ALMA Survey of Dust Structures in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
Long, F., Herczeg, G. J., Harsono, D., Pinilla, P., Tazzari, M., Manara, C. F., Pascucci, I., Cabrit, S., Nisini, B., Johnstone, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2d2d · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Long-baseline interferometric multiplicity survey of the Sco-Cen OB association
Rizzuto, A. C., Ireland, M., Robertson, J. G., Kok, Y., Tuthill, P., Warrington, B. A., Haubois, X., Tango, W. J., Norris, B. R. M., ten Brummelaar, T. A., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1690 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“The formalism for the application of the above Bayesian statistics to the analysis of multiplicity populations was first introduced by Allen (2007), though we present it in a similar way to Kraus et al. (2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Close Binary Fraction of Solar-type Stars Is Strongly Anticorrelated with Metallicity
Moe, M., Kratter, K. M., & Badenes, C. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0d88 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“…stars, i.e., slightly older Class II and III protostars, in various star-forming environments such as Taurus, Upper Scorpius, Ophiuchus, and Orion exhibit a factor of ≈2 binary excess across intermediate separations a≈10–100 au (Ghez et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2008, 2011; Duchêne et al. 2018).”
BackgroundA triple protostar system formed via fragmentation of a gravitationally unstable disk
Tobin, J. J., Kratter, K. M., Persson, M. V., Looney, L. W., Dunham, M. M., Segura-Cox, D. M., Li, Z., Chandler, C. J., Sadavoy, S., Harris, R. J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature20094 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
ACCRETION RATES FOR T TAURI STARS USING NEARLY SIMULTANEOUS ULTRAVIOLET AND OPTICAL SPECTRA
Ingleby, L., Calvet, N., Herczeg, G., Blaty, A., Walter, F., Ardila, D., Alexander, R., Edwards, S., Espaillat, C. C., Gregory, S. G., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/112 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“DK Tau A, HN Tau A and RW Aur A all have companions at large separations of >1.4′′or ∼200 AU (Kraus et al. 2011; White & Ghez 2001), resolved by STIS.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Formation and Early Evolution of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
Luhman, K. L. (2012) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125528 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“…of wide binaries and their average separation decrease steadily from solar-mass stars to brown dwarfs (Konopacky et al. 2007; Kraus & Hillenbrand 2007, 2009a, 2012; Kraus et al. 2011b; Kraus, White & Hillenbrand 2006; Lafrenière et al. 2008; Neuhäuser et al. 2002, K. Todorov, in preparation).”
BackgroundResultTRANSITIONAL DISKS AS SIGNPOSTS OF YOUNG, MULTIPLANET SYSTEMS
Dodson-Robinson, S. E., & Salyk, C. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/2/131 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Kraus et al. (2011) also found no stellar companions in the inner holes of DM Tau, GM Aur, LkCa 15 and UX Tau A in their non-redundant aperture masking survey of the Taurus star-forming region.”
BackgroundA RESOLVED CENSUS OF MILLIMETER EMISSION FROM TAURUS MULTIPLE STAR SYSTEMS
Harris, R. J., Andrews, S. M., Wilner, D. J., & Kraus, A. L. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/751/2/115 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“…2009b) and radial velocity monitoring (e.g., Mathieu et al. 1997) to more specialized methods like lunar occultations (Simon et al. 1992, 1995; Richichi et al. 1999), speckle interferometry (Ghez et al. 1993; Leinert et al. 1993), and most recently aperture-mask interferometry (Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTHE GEMINI/NICI PLANET-FINDING CAMPAIGN: THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETS AROUND YOUNG MOVING GROUP STARS
Biller, B. A., Liu, M. C., Wahhaj, Z., Nielsen, E. L., Hayward, T. L., Males, J. R., Skemer, A. J. I., Close, L. M., Chun, M., Ftaclas, C., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/777/2/160 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“We adapt the method established in Allen (2007) and Kraus et al. (2011) for studying stellar binarity in the context of a direct imaging survey of exoplanets.”
MethodThey are small worlds after all: revised properties ofKeplerM dwarf stars and their planets
Gaidos, E. J., Mann, A. W., Kraus, A. L., & Ireland, M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw097 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“NRM data were analyzed following the method of Kraus et al. (2008) and Kraus et al. (2011).”
MethodSelf-citationThirty Meter Telescope Detailed Science Case: 2015
Skidmore, W. (2015) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/15/12/001 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A Neptune-sized transiting planet closely orbiting a 5–10-million-year-old star
David, T. J., Hillenbrand, L. A., Petigura, E. A., Carpenter, J. M., Crossfield, I. J. M., Hinkley, S., Ciardi, D. R., Howard, A. W., Isaacson, H. T., Cody, A. M., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18293 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SURVEY OF T TAURI STARS IN TAURUS
Furlan, E., Luhman, K. L., Espaillat, C. C., D’Alessio, P., Adame, L., Manoj, P., Kim, K. H., Watson, D. M., Forrest, W. J., McClure, M. K., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/195/1/3 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Scaling Relations Associated with Millimeter Continuum Sizes in Protoplanetary Disks
Andrews, S. M., Terrell, M., Tripathi, A., Ansdell, M., Williams, J. P., & Wilner, D. J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd9f · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Presuming a similar binary fraction as in the Taurus Class II population (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011), we could be missing up to ∼6–10 additional multiple systems in this sample.”
BackgroundMaury, A. J., André, P., Testi, L., Maret, S., Belloche, A., Hennebelle, P., Cabrit, S., Codella, C., Gueth, F., Podio, L., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833537 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“T-Tauri stars and Class II objects have a higher multiplicity fraction than their main-sequence descendants (Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundDynamical Formation of Close Binaries during the Pre-main-sequence Phase
Moe, M., & Kratter, K. M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa6d2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“We assume that the physical processes of disk and core fragmentation are relatively independent (Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundTRACING SLOW WINDS FROM T TAURI STARS VIA LOW-VELOCITY FORBIDDEN LINE EMISSION
Simon, M. N., Pascucci, I., Edwards, S., Feng, W., Gorti, U., Hollenbach, D., Rigliaco, E., & Keane, J. T. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/2/169 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Given that the sub-mm dust cavity of UX Tau A and DM Tau are ∼ 25 AU (Andrews et al. 2011; Kraus et al. 2011; Ingleby et al. 2013; Alcalá et al. 2014) and ∼ 19 AU (Andrews et al. 2011; Kraus et al. 2011; Ingleby et al. 2013) respectively, our results also imply that the [O i] 6300 Å NC traces gas…”
ResultMoe, M., & Kratter, K. M. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2328 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Placing the Spotted T Tauri Star LkCa 4 on an HR Diagram
Gully-Santiago, M., Herczeg, G. J., Czekala, I., Somers, G., Grankin, K. N., Covey, K. R., Donati, J. ‐., Alencar, S. H. P., Hussain, G. A. J., Shappee, B. J., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/200 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…with the Pipeline 19 The status for wide companions is less clear; see Stauffer et al. (1991); Itoh et al. (2008); Kraus & Hillenbrand (2009); Kraus et al. (2011); Herczeg & Hillenbrand (2014) 20 Some data, Python code, Starfish configuration files, and other documents related to this paper…”
BackgroundThe Stellar Membership of the Taurus Star-forming Region*
Luhman, K. L. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae831 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“They have been resolved as close pairs by Gaia and Kraus et al. (2011), respectively, which would explain the poor fits.”
BackgroundFormation of close binaries by disc fragmentation and migration, and its statistical modelling
Tokovinin, A. A., & Moe, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3299 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…close brown dwarf companions within P 100 d, commonly known as the brown dwarf desert, but that the frequency of brown dwarf companions increases with increasing separation (Grether & Lineweaver 2006; Kraus et al. 2008, 2011; Csizmadia et al. 2015; Shahaf & Mazeh 2019; Wagner, Apai & Kratter 2019).”
BackgroundMamajek, E. E., Quillen, A. C., Pecaut, M. J., Moolekamp, F., Scott, E. L., Kenworthy, M. A., Cameron, A. C., & Parley, N. R. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/72 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“The multiplicity of class I young stellar objects (YSOs) in embedded clusters and pre-MS stars in young associations is high and ranges from 20 to 60% for the ∼101.5- 102.5 AU separation range and mass ratios of ∼0.1-1 (see the comprehensive review by Duchene et al. 2007 and also Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialTHREE WIDE PLANETARY-MASS COMPANIONS TO FW TAU, ROXs 12, AND ROXs 42B
Kraus, A. L., Ireland, M., Cieza, L. A., Hinkley, S., Dupuy, T. J., Bowler, B. P., & Liu, M. C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/781/1/20 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationKurtovic, N. T., Pérez, L. M., Benisty, M., Zhu, Z., Zhang, S., Huang, J., Andrews, S. M., Dullemond, C. P., Isella, A., Bai, X., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf746 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
EMPIRICAL ISOCHRONES FOR LOW MASS STARS IN NEARBY YOUNG ASSOCIATIONS
(沈雷歌), G. J. H., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/1/23 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“The five benchmark associations are ordered in luminosity as expected from previous studies (e.g., see discussions in Mamajek 2008; Hillenbrand 2009; Kraus et al. 2011 and Fang et al. 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationOrigin of apparent period variations in eclipsing post-common-envelope binaries
Zorotovic, M., & Schreiber, M. R. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220321 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Indeed, very recently, Kraus et al. (2011, 2012) have presented results of a high-resolution imaging study of the Taurus Auriga star-forming region of mostly solar type stars (M ∼ 0.25 − 2.5M⊙) and compared the fraction of pre-MS stars hosting disks at different ages.”
InfluentialPerets, H. B., & Kratter, K. M. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/2/99 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The study by Kraus et al. (2011) suggests that this assumption is in good agreement with observations (though this was only checked for a small sample of triples).”
ResultPROTOPLANETARY DISK MASSES FROM STARS TO BROWN DWARFS
Mohanty, S., Greaves, J., Mortlock, D. J., Pascucci, I., Scholz, A., Thompson, M., Apai, D., Lodato, G., & Looper, D. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/2/168 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“(1) R10a, and references therein; (2) Reipurth & Zinnecker 1993; (3) AW05, and references therein; (4) Kraus et al. 2011, and references therein; (5) Chauvin et al. 2005; (6) Andrews et al. 2010, and references therein; and (7) Looper et al. 2010a.”
BackgroundBatygin, K., & Adams, F. C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/778/2/169 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Indeed, such external perturbations are likely if the majority of stars of interest (i.e., solar-type stars) are born in binary or multiple systems (Ghez et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2011; Marks & Kroupa 2012).”
BackgroundON THE TRANSITIONAL DISK CLASS: LINKING OBSERVATIONS OF T TAURI STARS AND PHYSICAL DISK MODELS
Espaillat, C. C., Ingleby, L., Hernández, J., Furlan, E., D'Alessio, P., Calvet, N., Andrews, S., Muzerolle, J., Qi, C., & Wilner, D. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/747/2/103 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Stellar companions can also clear the inner disk (Artymowicz & Lubow 1994) but many stars harboring transitional disks are single stars (Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMEASURING PROTOPLANETARY DISK ACCRETION WITH H I PFUND β
Salyk, C., Herczeg, G. J., Brown, J. M., Blake, G. A., Pontoppidan, K. M., & van Dishoeck, E. F. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/769/1/21 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Two circumbinary disks, CoKu Tau/4 (7.8 AU; Ireland & Kraus 2008) and ROXs42c (23 AU; Kraus et al. 2011), also do not show Pfβ emission, although it should be noted that this does not appear to be universally true, as close binary DP Tau (projected separation 15.5 AU Kraus et al. 2011) has detectable Pfβ emission.”
BackgroundInfluentialClose Companions around Young Stars
Kounkel, M., Covey, K. R., Moe, M., Kratter, K. M., Suárez, G., Stassun, K. G., Román-Zúñiga, C., Hernandez, J., Kim, J. S., Ramírez, K. P., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab13b1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscovery of an equal-mass ‘twin’ binary population reaching 1000 + au separations
El-Badry, K., Rix, H., Tian, H., Duchêne, G., & Moe, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2480 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This is true especially at wider separations, where the separation distribution of young binaries is roughly log-uniform, but that of field stars declines more steeply (e.g. Connelley et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundStellar companions to exoplanet host stars: Lucky Imaging of transiting planet hosts
Bergfors, C., Brandner, W., Daemgen, S., Biller, B., Hippler, S., Janson, M., Kudryavtseva, N., Geissler, K., Henning, T., & Kohler, R. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts019 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“We adapt the Bayesian statistical analysis method established in Allen (2007) and utilized as well in Kraus et al. (2011) to our survey for binarity of exoplanet host stars.”
MethodPiso, A.-M., Öberg, K. I., Birnstiel, T., & Murray-Clay, R. A. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/2/109 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Degree of Alignment between Circumbinary Disks and Their Binary Hosts
Czekala, I., Chiang, E., Andrews, S. M., Jensen, E. L. N., Torres, G., Wilner, D. J., Stassun, K. G., & Macintosh, B. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab287b · Cited by 122 · see citing works
On the Diversity of Asymmetries in Gapped Protoplanetary Disks
van der Marel, N., Birnstiel, T., Garufi, A., Ragusa, E., Christiaens, V., Price, D. J., Sallum, S., Muley, D., Francis, L., & Dong, R. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc3ba · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Because TWHya and HD163296 do not have a resolved inner gas gap, no values are provided here.”
BackgroundInfluentialON THE ORIGIN OF PLANETS AT VERY WIDE ORBITS FROM THE RECAPTURE OF FREE FLOATING PLANETS
Perets, H. B., & Kouwenhoven, M. B. N. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/750/1/83 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…systems formation to be in the range Observations of the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region show a wide binary frequency of ∼ 5− 10 % in the range 1000 − 5000 AU (Kraus et al. 2011), which is 2-3 times larger than found in the fractal models, and even higher compared with the homogeneous models.”
BackgroundResolved Young Binary Systems and Their Disks
Akeson, R. L., Jensen, E. L. N., Carpenter, J., Ricci, L., Laos, E., Nogueira, N. F., & Suen-Lewis, E. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaff6a · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Accretion Rates for T Tauri Stars Using Nearly Simultaneous Ultraviolet and Optical SpectraPreprint
Ingleby, L. D., Calvet, N., Herczeg, G. J., Blaty, A., Walter, F. M., Ardila, D. R., Alexander, R. D., Edwards, S., Espaillat, C. C., Gregory, S. G., et al. (2013) · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationKerr, R. M. P., Rizzuto, A. C., Kraus, A. L., & Offner, S. S. R. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0251 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationThe mass budget of planet-forming discs: isolating the epoch of planetesimal formation
Najita, J., & Kenyon, S. J. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1994 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Although the Taurus-Auriga class II sample is nearly complete for spectral types earlier than M8–M9, binary samples are relatively incomplete for stars with spectral types later than roughly M4 (Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodThe statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity: the effects of opacity
Bate, M. R. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu795 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“In the TaurusAuriga star-forming region, Kraus et al. (2011) report a flat mass ratio distribution for primaries in the range 0.7 − 2.5 M , but for primaries in the mass range 0.25− 0.7 M they find a bias toward equal-mass systems.”
BackgroundInfluentialProtoplanetary Disks in ρ Ophiuchus as Seen from ALMA
Cox, E. G., Harris, R. J., Looney, L. W., Chiang, H.-F., Chandler, C., Kratter, K. M., Li, Z.-Y., Pérez, L. M., & Tobin, J. J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa97e2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“…decreased likelihood of an infrared excess in multiple systems as opposed to isolated stars (reflecting absence of an inner disk, Cieza et al. 2009; Kraus et al. 2011) or decreased millimeter-wave continuum emission (reflecting loss of material in either the inner or outer disk, Jensen et al.…”
BackgroundOrigin of apparent period variations in eclipsing post-common-envelope binaries
Zorotovic, M., & Schreiber, M. R. (2013) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220321/pdf · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dieterich, S. B., Henry, T. J., Golimowski, D. A., Krist, J. E., & Tanner, A. M. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/64 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…(Figure 10), new developments in the hydrodynamical simulations of star cluster formation (Bate 2009, 2011), and new observations of young stellar clusters (Kraus et al. 2008, 2011; Evans et al. 2012), we re-examine the nature of the IMF discontinuity at masses close to the hydrogen burning limit.”
BackgroundA CLOSER LOOK AT THE LkCa 15 PROTOPLANETARY DISK
Andrews, S. M., Rosenfeld, K., Wilner, D. J., & Bremer, M. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/742/1/l5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Highcontrast imaging has ruled out stellar and brown dwarf companions around LkCa 15, hinting that the gap may be opened by a young giant planet (Thalmann et al. 2010; Pott et al. 2010; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundCurrie, T., Marois, C., Cieza, L. A., Mulders, G. D., Lawson, K., Cáceres, C., Ruiz-Rodriguez, D. A., Wisniewski, J. P., Guyon, O., Brandt, T. D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1b42 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“The contrasts of these recovered planets are similar to limits achieved for diskless stars with SAM in Kraus et al. (2011) and Lacour et al. (2011).”
Self-citationKrolikowski, D. M., Kraus, A. L., & Rizzuto, A. C. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0632 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationObservations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks
Andrews, S. M. (2015) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/683178 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…2012), and so the operating hypothesis is that the observed structures are produced by dynamical interactions with very faint (e.g., Pott et al. 2010; Kraus et al. 2011), presumably planetary-mass, companions (although more massive stellar companions must be ruled out; e.g., Ireland & Kraus 2008).”
BackgroundThe Greater Taurus–Auriga Ecosystem. I. There is a Distributed Older Population
Kraus, A. L., Herczeg, G. J., Rizzuto, A. C., Mann, A. W., Slesnick, C. L., Carpenter, J. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., & Mamajek, E. E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa62a0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Our analysis of the HIRES data is very similar to the methods described in Kraus et al. (2011b) and Kraus et al. (2014).”
MethodSelf-citationKraus, A. L., Cody, A. M., Covey, K. R., Rizzuto, A. C., Mann, A. W., & Ireland, M. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/807/1/3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Our analysis of the HIRES data is very similar to the methods described in Kraus et al. (2011b) and Kraus et al. (2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPROBING STELLAR ACCRETION WITH MID-INFRARED HYDROGEN LINES
Rigliaco, E., Pascucci, I., Duchêne, G., Edwards, S., Ardila, D. R., Grady, C., Mendigutía, I., Montesinos, B., Mulders, G. D., Najita, J. R., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/801/1/31 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
New pre-main-sequence stars in the Upper Scorpius subgroup of Sco–Cen
Rizzuto, A. C., Ireland, M., & Kraus, A. L. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv207 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“This estimate was based on the expected multiplicity statistics of G, K and M-type stars, taken from Kraus et al. (2011), which indicates ∼50% of solar type stars have a companion.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Origin and Evolution of Transition Discs: Successes, Problems, and Open Questions
Owen, J. E. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2016.2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…with high mm-fluxes (by expelling material to large radius, reducing the mm-flux) are well above the current sensitivity levels of direct imaging studies of transition discs which currently are readily capable of detecting 10 MJ objects (Kraus et al. 2011; Kraus & Ireland 2012; Kraus et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialEnoch, M. L., Corder, S., Duchêne, G., Bock, D. C. ‐., Bolatto, A. D., Culverhouse, T. L., Kwon, W., Lamb, J. W., Leitch, E. M., Marrone, D. P., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/195/2/21 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nielsen, E. L., Liu, M. C., Wahhaj, Z., Biller, B. A., Hayward, T. L., Boss, A. P., Bowler, B. P., Kraus, A. L., Shkolnik, E. L., Tecza, M., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/750/1/53 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In addition, we plot JHK photometry for a list of spectroscopically confirmed Taurus members that do not possess circumstellar disks (Luhman et al. 2010) or known binary companions (Kraus et al. 2011, 2012).”
MethodSelf-citationMAPPING THE SHORES OF THE BROWN DWARF DESERT. III. YOUNG MOVING GROUPS
Evans, T. M., Ireland, M., Kraus, A. L., Martinache, F., Stewart, P. N., Tuthill, P., Lacour, S., Carpenter, J. M., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/2/120 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the results of Kraus et al. (2011), who obtained a lower bound of 3.9+2.6−1.2% for the frequency of substellar companions over the range 5– 5000AU by combining the results of their aperture masking survey of Taurus-Auriga members with previous direct imaging results.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationJovanovic, N., Tuthill, P., Norris, B. R. M., Gross, S., Stewart, P., Charles, N., Lacour, S., Ams, M., Lawrence, J. S., Lehmann, A., et al. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21997.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“This technique has been responsible for a series of recent high profile discoveries (Kraus et al. 2008, 2011), including the first two newborn substellar companions captured in the process of formation (Huelamo et al. 2011; Kraus & Ireland 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBINARY FORMATION MECHANISMS: CONSTRAINTS FROM THE COMPANION MASS RATIO DISTRIBUTION
Reggiani, M., & Meyer, M. R. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/1/60 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…of binary properties in the field (e.g. Fischer & Marcy (1992), Reid & Gizis (1997) for M dwarfs, Metchev & Hillenbrand (2009) and Raghavan et al. (2010) for solar-type stars) and in clusters or associations (e.g. Leinert et al. 1993; Ghez et al. 1993; Patience et al. 2002; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodDupuy, T. J., Kratter, K. M., Kraus, A. L., Isaacson, H. T., Mann, A. W., Ireland, M., Howard, A. W., & Huber, D. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/1/80 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Indeed, observations of the occurrence of protoplanetary disks among single stars versus binaries has shown that disks exist but are much less common among <40 AU binaries (e.g., Ghez et al. 1997; White & Ghez 2001; Cieza et al. 2009; Kraus et al. 2011, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDemographics of transition discs in Ophiuchus and Taurus
Najita, J., Andrews, S. M., & Muzerolle, J. C. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv839 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The binarity of the latter population is now fairly well known (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSparse aperture masking at the VLT
Lacour, S., Tuthill, P., Amico, P., Ireland, M., Ehrenreich, D., Huélamo, N., & Lagrange, A. ‐. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116712 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“These results confirm previous detection limits obtained by the same aperture masking technique on the Keck telescope (Kraus et al. 2011; Hinkley et al. 2011) In terms of scientific impact, this observational domain is important because it corresponds to a few astronomical units at a hundred…”
ResultSelf-citationProtoplanetary Disks in ρ Ophiuchus as Seen from ALMAPreprint
Cox, E. G., Harris, R. J., Looney, L. W., Chiang, H.-F., Chandler, C., Kratter, K., Li, Z.-Y., Perez, L., & Tobin, J. J. (2017) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Howard, C., Sandell, G., Vacca, W. D., Duchêne, G., Mathews, G. S., Augereau, J. ‐., Barrado, D., Dent, W. R. F., Eiroa, C., Grady, C. A., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/776/1/21 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“To this end, we have compiled the multiplicity properties of each system in our sample (Kenyon, Gomez & Whitney 2008; Kraus et al. 2011; White et al. 2013, in preparation).”
MethodDonati, J. ‐., Hebrard, E., Hussain, G. A. J., Moutou, C., Grankin, K. N., Boisse, I., Morin, J., Gregory, S. G., Vidotto, A. A., Bouvier, J., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1679 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“LkCa 4 is a single star, showing no spectroscopic or imaging evidence for a companion (e.g. White & Ghez 2001; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEARLY EXCITATION OF SPIN-ORBIT MISALIGNMENTS IN CLOSE-IN PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Spalding, C., & Batygin, K. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/1/42 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Although a significantly elevated fraction of multi-stellar systems in young star clusters is observationally established (Ghez et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2011), it seems natural to additionally expect a corresponding correlation between hot Jupiter spin-orbit misalignments and the existence of…”
BackgroundFaint disks around classical T Tauri stars: Small but dense enough to form planets
Piétu, V., Guilloteau, S., Folco, E. D., Dutrey, A., & Boehler, Y. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322388 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…would be required to restrict the disk sizes (in line and continuum) to the observed values, while no companion has been found at such distances with typical contrast limits of about∆m ≃ 5 from IR/optical studies of these stars (e.g. Ghez et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2011, for even closer companions).”
BackgroundMULTIPLE STAR FORMATION TO THE BOTTOM OF THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION
Kraus, A. L., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/757/2/141 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Our models predict that we should find only one background star with separation ρ 2′′ and brightness K 19 in Taurus, so the candidates inside this limit all seem very promising as potential analogs to 2M1207b.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Formation and Evolution of Wide-orbit Stellar Multiples In Magnetized Clouds
Lee, A. T., Offner, S. S. R., Kratter, K. M., Smullen, R., & Li, P. S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab584b · Cited by 74 · see citing works
THE DISPERSAL OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AROUND BINARY STARS
Alexander, R. D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/757/2/l29 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Kraus et al. (2011, 2012) found 10 Class II/III binaries in Taurus-Auriga with projected separations less than 50AU and detected disks (either circumstellar or circumbinary).”
BackgroundSUBSTELLAR-MASS COMPANIONS TO THE K-GIANTS HD 240237, BD +48 738, AND HD 96127
Gettel, S., Wolszczan, A., Niedzielski, A., Nowak, G., Adamów, M., Zieliński, P., & Maciejewski, G. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/1/28 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“A more exotic scenario could be envisioned, in which the inner planet forms in the standard manner, while the outer companion arises from a gravitational instability in the circumstellar disk at the time of the star formation (e.g. Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundThe Central 1000 au of a Pre-stellar Core Revealed with ALMA. I. 1.3 mm Continuum Observations
Caselli, P., Pineda, J. E., Zhao, B., Walmsley, M. C., Keto, E., Tafalla, M., Chacón-Tanarro, A., Bourke, T. L., Friesen, R., Galli, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0700 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Magnetic activity and hot Jupiters of young Suns: the weak-line T Tauri stars V819 Tau and V830 Tau
Donati, J. ‐., Hébrard, E., Hussain, G. A. J., Moutou, C., Malo, L., Grankin, K. N., Vidotto, A. A., Alencar, S. H. P., Gregory, S. G., Jardine, M., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1837 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Both are well studied single wTTSs (from direct imaging and spectroscopic monitoring, e.g., Kraus et al. 2011; Nguyen et al. 2012) and bona fide members of the Taurus L1495 dark cloud (Xiao et al. 2012), showing clear photometric variations of large amplitudes (Grankin et al. 2008; Xiao et al.…”
BackgroundThe BEBOP radial-velocity survey for circumbinary planets
Martin, D., Triaud, A., Udry, S., Marmier, M., Maxted, P., Cameron, A., Hellier, C., Pepe, F., Pollacco, D., Ségransan, D., et al. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833669 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This has led to the coining of the phrase “brown dwarf desert” to represent the paucity of companion masses in between the planetary and stellar domains (Marcy & Butler 2000; Grether & Lineweaver 2006; Sahlmann et al. 2011; Kraus et al. 2011; Cheetham et al. 2015).”
BackgroundOn the Mass Function, Multiplicity, and Origins of Wide-orbit Giant Planets
Wagner, K., Apai, D., & Kratter, K. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1904 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The dynamical significance of triple star systems in star clusters
Leigh, N. W. C., & Geller, A. M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt617 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The mean system masses for the TaurusAuriga sample (derived using the component masses given in Table 5 of Kraus et al. 2011) for the binaries, triples, quadruples, quintuple, and sextuple, respectively, are 1.0 ± 0.1 M⊙, 1.3 ± 0.1 M⊙, 2.0 ± 0.3 M⊙, 2.9 M⊙, and 3.2 M⊙.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLoyd, R. O. P., & France, K. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
THE κ ANDROMEDAE SYSTEM: NEW CONSTRAINTS ON THE COMPANION MASS, SYSTEM AGE, AND FURTHER MULTIPLICITY
Hinkley, S., Pueyo, L. A., Faherty, J. K., Oppenheimer, R., Mamajek, E. E., Kraus, A. L., Rice, E. L., Ireland, M., David, T. J., Hillenbrand, L. A., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/153 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The data analysis follows the same prescription as in Kraus et al. (2008); Hinkley et al. (2011a); Kraus et al. (2011), so we refer the reader to these works.”
MethodSelf-citationThe SEEDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets Around Young Stellar Objects
Uyama, T., Hashimoto, J., Kuzuhara, M., Mayama, S., Akiyama, E., Currie, T., Livingston, J. H., Kudo, T., Kusakabe, N., Abe, L., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/106 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Although the targets of Kraus et al. (2008, 2011) overlap with ours, this study is the first large-scale and systematic exploration of exoplanets around YSOs.”
MethodResultGap, shadows, spirals, and streamers: SPHERE observations of binary-disk interactions in GG Tauri A
Keppler, M., Penzlin, A., Benisty, M., van Boekel, R., Henning, T. K., van Holstein, R. G., Kley, W., Garufi, A., Ginski, C., Brandner, W., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038032 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Almost half of all main-sequence solar-type stars are found in binary or higher-order multiple systems (e.g., Raghavan et al. 2010; Duchêne & Kraus 2013), and it is thought that the fraction of multiple systems is even higher among pre-main sequence stars (e.g., Duchêne 1999; Kraus et al. 2011).”
When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
Sharda, P., & Krumholz, M. R. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2921 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS AROUND BINARY STARS IN TAURUS
Akeson, R. L., & Jensen, E. L. N. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/784/1/62 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“′′05; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProtoplanetary Disk Masses from Radiative Transfer Modeling: A Case Study in Taurus
Ballering, N. P., & Eisner, J. A. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab0a56 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Spatial segregation of dust grains in transition disks
Villenave, M., Benisty, M., Dent, W. R. F., Ménard, F., Garufi, A., Ginski, C., Pinilla, P., Pinte, C., Williams, J. P., de Boer, J., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834800 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Kraus et al. (2008, 2011) performed a high-resolution imaging studies of Taurus-Auriga and Upper Sco star-forming regions to identify companions down to 8 to 12 MJ .”
Method
- Authors
- Kraus, A. L., Ireland, M. J., Martinache, F., & Hillenbrand, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-17
- Volume
- 731
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1996452021
- Semantic Scholar
- d9092295d91fdf71df1f34481bdbff65a7fb02f1
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 16.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- California Institute of Technology
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- U.S. Naval Observatory (NAS 5-26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- brown dwarf desert, multiple star formation, Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, binary companion, binary separation distribution, disk fragmentation, substellar companions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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