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Cited by 259Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesCosmology and Gravitation Theories

THE M31 VELOCITY VECTOR. II. RADIAL ORBIT TOWARD THE MILKY WAY AND IMPLIED LOCAL GROUP MASS

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van der Marel, Roeland P., Fardal, Mark, Besla, Gurtina, Beaton, Rachael L., Sohn, Sangmo Tony, Anderson, Jay, Brown, Tom, Guhathakurta, Puragra·2012·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/8
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Abstract

We determine the velocity vector of M31 with respect to the Milky Way and use this to constrain the mass of the Local Group, based on Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements of three fields presented in Paper I. We construct N -body models for M31 to correct the measurements for the contributions from stellar motions internal to M31. This yields an unbiased estimate for the M31 center-of-mass motion. We also estimate the center-of-mass motion independently, using the kinematics of satellite galaxies of M31 and the Local Group, following previous work but with an expanded satellite sample. All estimates are mutually consistent, and imply a weighted average M31 heliocentric transverse velocity of ( v W , v N ) = (− 125.2 ± 30.8, −73.8 ± 28.4) km s −1 . We correct for the reflex motion of the Sun using the most recent insights into the solar motion within the Milky Way, which imply a larger azimuthal velocity than previously believed. This implies a radial velocity of M31 with respect to the Milky Way of V rad, M31 = −109.3 ± 4.4 km s −1 , and a tangential velocity of V tan, M31 = 17.0 km s −1 , with a 1σ confidence region of V tan, M31 ⩽ 34.3 km s −1 . Hence, the velocity vector of M31 is statistically consistent with a radial (head-on collision) orbit toward the Milky Way. We revise prior estimates for the Local Group timing mass, including corrections for cosmic bias and scatter, and obtain M LG ≡ M MW, vir + M M31, vir = (4.93 ± 1.63) × 10 12 M ☉ . Summing known estimates for the individual masses of M31 and the Milky Way obtained from other dynamical methods yields smaller uncertainties. Bayesian combination of the different estimates demonstrates that the timing argument has too much (cosmic) scatter to help much in reducing uncertainties on the Local Group mass, but its inclusion does tend to increase other estimates by ∼10%. We derive a final estimate for the Local Group mass from literature and new considerations of M LG = (3.17 ± 0.57) × 10 12 M ☉ . The velocity and mass results at 95% confidence imply that M33 is bound to M31, consistent with expectation from observed tidal deformations.

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Crossref · 10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/8

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  • Such a tilt can be a result of a westward CGM wind due to the relative motion (v_cgm-wind ∼50 km/s) of the MW in the local galaxy group medium.

    “Such a tilt can be a result of a westward CGM wind due to the relative motion ( v cgm -wind ∼ 50 km s -1 ) of the MW in the local galaxy group medium (van der Marel et al. 2012).”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as van der Marel et al. 2012

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Authors
van der Marel, R. P., Fardal, M., Besla, G., Beaton, R. L., Sohn, S. T., Anderson, J., Brown, T., & Guhathakurta, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
  • University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2012-06-08
Volume
753
Issue
1
Pages
8
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/8
OpenAlex
W2110691121
Cited by
259
References
108
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 6
FWCI
12.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1009652, NAS 5-26555)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Keywords
M31, Local Group mass, radial velocity, proper motions, Milky Way, head-on collisions, N-body simulations, center-of-mass motion, satellite galaxies, timing argument, M33, M32, M101, M104

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