THE MILKY WAY'S CIRCULAR-VELOCITY CURVE BETWEEN 4 AND 14 kpc FROM APOGEE DATA
Open accessAbstract
We measure the Milky Way's rotation curve over the Galactocentric range 4 kpc ≲ R ≲ 14 kpc from the first year of data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment. We model the line-of-sight velocities of 3365 stars in 14 fields with b = 0° between 30° ⩽ l ⩽ 210° out to distances of 10 kpc using an axisymmetric kinematical model that includes a correction for the asymmetric drift of the warm tracer population (σ R ≈ 35 km s −1 ). We determine the local value of the circular velocity to be V c ( R 0 ) = 218 ± 6 km s −1 and find that the rotation curve is approximately flat with a local derivative between −3.0 km s −1 kpc −1 and 0.4 km s −1 kpc −1 . We also measure the Sun's position and velocity in the Galactocentric rest frame, finding the distance to the Galactic center to be 8 kpc < R 0 < 9 kpc, radial velocity V R , ☉ = −10 ± 1 km s −1 , and rotational velocity V ϕ, ☉ = 242 +10 − 3 km s −1 , in good agreement with local measurements of the Sun's radial velocity and with the observed proper motion of Sgr A*. We investigate various systematic uncertainties and find that these are limited to offsets at the percent level, ∼2 km s −1 in V c . Marginalizing over all the systematics that we consider, we find that V c ( R 0 ) < 235 km s −1 at >99 % confidence. We find an offset between the Sun's rotational velocity and the local circular velocity of 26 ± 3 km s −1 , which is larger than the locally measured solar motion of 12 km s −1 . This larger offset reconciles our value for V c with recent claims that V c ≳ 240 km s −1 . Combining our results with other data, we find that the Milky Way's dark-halo mass within the virial radius is ∼8 × 10 11 M ☉ .
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This potentially explains why mass estimates based on fitting the rotation curve are systematically lower than determinations based on other methods.
“This potentially explains why mass estimates based on fitting the rotation curve (e.g. Bovy et al. 2012; Kafle et al. 2014) are systematically lower than determinations based on other methods”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Bovy et al. 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., Weinberg, M. D., Schneider, S., Carpenter, J. M., Beichman, C., Capps, R., Chester, T., Elias, J., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/498708 · Cited by 12,019 · see citing works
Self-citationA Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304888 · Cited by 9,917 · see citing works
THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER (WISE): MISSION DESCRIPTION AND INITIAL ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE
Wright, E. L., Eisenhardt, P. R. M., Mainzer, A. K., Ressler, M. E., Cutri, R. M., Jarrett, T., Kirkpatrick, J. D., Padgett, D., McMillan, R. S., Skrutskie, M., et al. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868 · Cited by 7,987 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499 · see citing works
A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical ClusteringPreprint
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. (1996) · Cited by 5,488 · see citing works
Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition
Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. (2008) · doi:10.1515/9781400828722 · Cited by 4,375 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The asymmetric drift in the plane of the Galaxy of a population of stars is given by (e.g., Binney & Tremaine 2008) Vc(R)Va(R) σ2R(R) = 1 2 [ X2 − 1− ∂ ln ( ν∗σ 2 R ) ∂ lnR ] , (4) assuming that the radial–vertical velocity moment σRZ = 0 in the Galactic plane, for symmetry reasons.”
MethodOn the Gravitational Stability of a Disk of Stars
Toomre, A. (1964) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/147861 · Cited by 3,349 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Q = σR κ/(3.36GΣ) (Toomre 1964)—for a flat rotation curve is Q = 1.72 ( σR 32 km s−1 ) ( Vc 220 km s−1 ) ( R 8 kpc )−1 ( Σ 50M⊙ pc−2 )−1 .”
InfluentialThe 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Gunn, J. E., Siegmund, W. A., Mannery, E. J., Owen, R. E., Hull, C. L., Leger, R. F., Carey, L. N., Knapp, G. R., York, D. G., Boroski, W. N., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/500975 · Cited by 2,373 · see citing works
Self-citationEisenstein, D. J., Weinberg, D. H., Agol, E., Aihara, H., Prieto, C. A., Anderson, S. F., Arns, J. A., Aubourg, É., Bailey, S., Balbinot, E., et al. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/72 · Cited by 2,182 · see citing works
Self-citationModel atmospheres for G, F, A, B, and O stars
Kurucz, R. L. (1979) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/190589 · Cited by 2,033 · see citing works
Local kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., Alexander, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., & Ott, T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/692/2/1075 · Cited by 1,779 · see citing works
Ghez, A. M., Salim, S., Weinberg, N. N., Lu, J. R., Do, T., Dunn, J. K., Matthews, K., Morris, M. R., Yelda, S., Becklin, E. E., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/592738 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
Marigo, P., Girardi, L., Bressan, A., Groenewegen, M. A. T., Silva, L., & Granato, G. L. (2008) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078467 · Cited by 1,553 · see citing works
Self-citationPietrinferni, A., Cassisi, S., Salaris, M., & Castelli, F. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422498 · Cited by 1,417 · see citing works
Color Transformations for the 2MASS Second Incremental Data Release
Carpenter, J. M. (2001) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/320383 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Local stellar kinematics from Hipparcos data
Dehnen, W., & Binney, J. J. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01600.x · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Marigo, P., Girardi, L., Bressan, A., et al. (2007) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0711.4922 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
Self-citationNaiman, J. (2016) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · doi:10.15781/t2r22b · Cited by 860 · see citing works
New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s)
Casagrande, L., Schönrich, R. A., Asplund, M., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016276 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Reid, M., Menten, K., Zheng, X.-W., Brunthaler, A., Moscadelli, L., Xu, Y., Zhang, B., Sato, M., Honma, M., Hirota, T., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/1/137 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
The Spitzer/GLIMPSE Surveys: A New View of the Milky Way
Churchwell, E., Babler, B., Meade, M., Whitney, B., Benjamin, R., Indebetouw, R., Cyganowski, C., Robitaille, T., Povich, M., Watson, C., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/597811 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*. II. The Mass of Sagittarius A*
Reid, M. J., & Brunthaler, A. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/424960 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Local stellar kinematics from hipparcos dataPreprint
Dehnen, W., & Binney, J. J. (1998) · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Xue, X.-X., Rix, H., Zhao, G., Fiorentin, P. R., Naab, T., Steinmetz, M., van den Bosch, F. C., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., Bell, E. F., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589500 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Self-citationColor Transformations for the 2MASS Second Incremental Data ReleasePreprint
Carpenter, J. M. (2001) · Cited by 704 · see citing works
ΛCDM‐based Models for the Milky Way and M31. I. Dynamical Models
Klypin, A. A., Zhao, H., & Somerville, R. S. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/340656 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Kerr, F. J., & Lynden-Bell, D. (1986) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/221.4.1023 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Girardi, L., Groenewegen, M. A. T., Hatziminaoglou, E., & da Costa, L. N. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042352 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the kinematics of Galactic Centre gas
Binney, J., Gerhard, O. E., Stark, A. A., Bally, J., & Uchida, K. I. (1991) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/252.2.210 · Cited by 619 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the Milky Way is known to have some non-axisymmetric structures, such as the central bar (Blitz & Spergel 1991; Binney et al. 1991), spiral arms (e.g., Drimmel & Spergel 2001), and a potentially triaxial halo (Law et al. 2009), that may influence the measurement performed in this paper.”
BackgroundMassachusetts-Stony Brook Galactic plane CO survey - The Galactic disk rotation curve
Clemens, D. P. (1985) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/163386 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Dehnen, W. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301226 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Three‐dimensional Structure of the Milky Way Disk: The Distribution of Stars and Dust beyond 0.35R⊙
Drimmel, R., & Spergel, D. N. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/321556 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Casagrande, L., Schoenrich, R., Asplund, M., et al. (2011) · Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1103.4651 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF MONO-ABUNDANCE SUB-POPULATIONS OF THE MILKY WAY DISK
Bovy, J., Rix, H., Liu, C., Hogg, D. W., Beers, T. C., & Lee, Y. S. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/2/148 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Spiral Structure of Disk Galaxies. III. Comparison with Observations
Lin, C. C., Yuan, C., & Shu, F. H. (1969) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/149907 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Direct evidence for a bar at the Galactic center
Blitz, L., & Spergel, D. N. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/170535 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Koposov, S. E., Rix, H.-W., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/712/1/260 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Galactic disk mass-budget : I. stellar mass-function and density
Chabrier, G. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/321401 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The Distribution of Nearby Stars in Velocity Space Inferred from [ITAL]Hipparcos[/ITAL] Data
Dehnen, W. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300364 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The Galactic disk mass-budget : I. stellar mass-function and densityPreprint
Chabrier, G. (2001) · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The masses of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies
Watkins, L. L., Evans, N. W., & An, J. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16708.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
ON THE LOCAL DARK MATTER DENSITY
Bovy, J., & Tremaine, S. D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/756/1/89 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the local dark matter densityPreprint
Bovy, J., & Tremaine, S. D. (2016) · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the mass-to-light ratio of the local Galactic disc and the optical luminosity of the Galaxy
Flynn, C., Holmberg, J., Portinari, L., Fuchs, B., & Jahreiß, H. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10911.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
S$\mathsf{^4}$N: A spectroscopic survey of stars in the solar neighborhood
Prieto, C. A., Barklem, P. S., Lambert, D. L., et al. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035801 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Girardi, L., Williams, B. F., Gilbert, K. M., Rosenfield, P., Dalcanton, J. J., Marigo, P., Boyer, M. L., Dolphin, A., Weisz, D. R., Melbourne, J., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1030 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE MILKY WAY HAS NO DISTINCT THICK DISK
Bovy, J., Rix, H.-W., & Hogg, D. W. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/751/2/131 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic kinematics of Cepheids from Hipparcos proper motions
Feast, M. W., & Whitelock, P. A. (1997) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/291.4.683 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Kinematics and history of the solar neighbourhood revisited
Aumer, M., & Binney, J. J. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15053.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Milky Way, an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy: Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies
Hammer, F., Puech, M., Chemin, L., Flores, H., & Lehnert, M. D. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/516727 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
THE M31 VELOCITY VECTOR. II. RADIAL ORBIT TOWARD THE MILKY WAY AND IMPLIED LOCAL GROUP MASS
van der Marel, R. P., Fardal, M., Besla, G., Beaton, R. L., Sohn, S. T., Anderson, J., Brown, T., & Guhathakurta, P. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/8 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Fich, M., & Tremaine, S. D. (1991) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.29.090191.002205 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Majewski, S. R., Zasowski, G., & Nidever, D. L. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/739/1/25 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationThe uncertainty in Galactic parameters
McMillan, P. J., & Binney, J. J. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15932.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Theoretical isochrones compared to 2MASS observations: Open clusters at nearly solar metallicity
Bonatto, C., Bica, E., & Girardi, L. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034638 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationKinematics and chemical properties of the old disk of the Galaxy
Lewis, J. R., & Freeman, K. C. (1989) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/114963 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
GALACTIC MASERS AND THE MILKY WAY CIRCULAR VELOCITY
Bovy, J., Hogg, D. W., & Rix, H. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/704/2/1704 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic rotation and solar motion from stellar kinematics
Schönrich, R. A. (2012) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The rotation curve of the Milky Way to 2.5 R[SUB]0[/SUB] from the thickness of the H I layer
Merrifield, M. R. (1992) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/116168 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
EVIDENCE FOR A TRIAXIAL MILKY WAY DARK MATTER HALO FROM THE SAGITTARIUS STELLAR TIDAL STREAM
Law, D. R., Majewski, S. R., & Johnston, K. V. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/1/l67 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationThe uncertainty in Galactic parametersPreprint
Mcmillan, P. J., & Binney, J. J. (2010) · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Extended H i Rotation Curve and Mass Distribution of M31
Claude Carignan, A., Chemin, L., Huchtmeier, W. K., & Lockman, F. J. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/503869 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Galactic Spheroid and Old Disk
Freeman, K. C. (1987) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.003131 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Disentangling the Hercules Stream
Bensby, T., Oey, M. S., Feltzing, S., & Gustafsson, B. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/512014 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wilson, J. C., Hearty, F., Skrutskie, M. F., Majewski, S. R., Schiavon, R. P., Eisenstein, D. J., Gunn, J., Blank, B., Henderson, C., Smee, S. A., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.856708 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Woerden, H. C., Allen, R. J., & Burton, W. B. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5291-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
THE VERTICAL MOTIONS OF MONO-ABUNDANCE SUB-POPULATIONS IN THE MILKY WAY DISK
Bovy, J., Rix, H., Hogg, D. W., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., & Zhang, L. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/115 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationZasowski, G., Majewski, S. R., Indebetouw, R., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/707/1/510 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of a radial velocity gradient in the extended local disc with RAVE
Siebert, A., Famaey, B., Minchev, I., et al. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18037.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
On the ellipticity of the Galactic disk
Kuijken, K. H., & Tremaine, S. D. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173635 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Milky Way Rotation Curve and Its Vertical Derivatives: Inside the Solar Circle
Levine, E. S., Heiles, C., & Blitz, L. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/587444 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
On the age heterogeneity of the Pleiades, Hyades, and Sirius moving groups
Famaey, B., Siebert, A., & Jorissen, A. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078979 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Gunn, J. E., Knapp, G. R., & Tremaine, S. D. (1979) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/112525 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A recent Lindblad resonance in the solar neighbourhood
Sellwood, J. A. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17305.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Galactic Velocity Models and the Interpretation of 21-cm Surveys
Kerr, F. J. (1961) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/123.4.327 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hogg, D. W., Blanton, M. R., Roweis, S. T., et al. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/431572 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of a radial velocity gradient in the extended local disc with RAVE
Siebert, A., Famaey, B., Minchev, I., et al. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Kinematics of the Galactic Halo
Sirko, E., Goodman, J., Knapp, G. R., Brinkmann, J., Ivezić, Ž., Knerr, E. J., Schlegel, D. J., Schneider, D. P., & York, D. G. (2004) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/381486 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Motions of the Stars Within 20 Parsecs of the Sun.
Strömberg, G. (1946) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/144830 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Bovy, J., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/717/2/617 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSimple Distribution Functions for Stellar Disks
Dehnen, W. (1999) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Carlin, J. L., Majewski, S. R., Casetti‐Dinescu, D. I., Law, D. R., Girard, T. M., & Patterson, R. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/1/25 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationBovy, J., Hogg, D. W., & Roweis, S. T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/2/1794 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the age heterogeneity of the Pleiades, Hyades and Sirius moving groups
Famaey, B., Siebert, A., & Jorissen, A. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078979/pdf · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The global properties of the Galaxy. I - The H I distribution outside the solar circle
Knapp, G. R., Tremaine, S. D., & Gunn, J. E. (1978) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/112367 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tracing the Hercules stream around the GalaxyPreprint
Bovy, J. (2016) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTRACING THE HERCULES STREAM AROUND THE GALAXY
Bovy, J. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/725/2/1676 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Fundamental Galactic Parameters with Stellar Tidal Streams and SI M P l a n e tQ u e s t
Majewski, S. R., Law, D. R., Polak, A. A., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500195 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationShuter, W. L. H. (1982) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/199.1.109 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Large and kinematically unbiased samples of G and K type stars. I - The dwarfs
Eggen, O. J. (1986) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/114226 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Foreman-Mackey, D. T., Hogg, D. W., Lang, D., et al. (2012) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1202.3665 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationExtreme Positive Velocities of Neutral Hydrogen in the Southern Milky Way
Jackson, P., & Kerr, F. J. (1981) · Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. 2008, Galactic Dynamics (2nd ed.; Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press)
- Frinchaboy, P. M. 2008, PhD thesis, Univ.
- Kuijken, K., & Tremaine, S. 1991, in Dynamics of Disk Galaxies, ed. B. Sundelius (Göteborg: Göteborg Univ. Press), 257
- Schönrich, R. 2012, MNRAS, in press (arXiv:1207.3079) · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
Majewski, S. R., Schiavon, R. P., Frinchaboy, P. M., Prieto, C. A., Barkhouser, R., Bizyaev, D., Blank, B., Brunner, S., Burton, A., Carrera, R., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa784d · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., Zheng, X. W., Dame, T. M., Xu, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, B., Sanna, A., Sato, M., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/783/2/130 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
McMillan, P. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2759 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Read, J. I. (2014) · Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/6/063101 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A.-C., Hogg, D. W., Rix, H.-W., & Ness, M. K. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationPortail, M., Gerhard, O., Wegg, C., & Ness, M. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2819 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Most studies assume that the DM halo is well described by an NFW profile (Navarro et al. 1996, 1997) and constrain the profile by two parameters, such as total mass and concentration (e.g. McMillan 2011; Bovy et al. 2012; Eilers et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodSTARS, GAS, AND DARK MATTER IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
McKee, C. F., Parravano, A., & Hollenbach, D. J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/814/1/13 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Transient spiral structure and the disc velocity substructure in Gaia DR2
Hunt, J. A. S., Hong, J., Bovy, J., Kawata, D., & Grand, R. J. J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2532 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
Erkal, D., Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., Xue, X.-X., Koposov, S. E., Bird, S. A., Liu, C., Simion, I. T., Yang, C., Zhang, L., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1828 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5–25 kpc Using Luminous Red Giant Branch Stars
Zhou, Y., Li, X., Huang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acadd9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The slight spin of the old stellar halo
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., Koposov, S. E., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1301 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mapping the Milky Way Disk with Gaia DR3: 3D Extended Kinematic Maps and Rotation Curve to ≈30 kpc
Wang, H.-F., Chrobáková, Ž., López-Corredoira, M., & Sylos Labini, F. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca27c · Cited by 70 · see citing works
ASSESSING ASTROPHYSICAL UNCERTAINTIES IN DIRECT DETECTION WITH GALAXY SIMULATIONS
Sloane, J. D., Buckley, M. R., Brooks, A. M., & Governato, F. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/1/93 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Koop, O., Antoja, T., Helmi, A., Callingham, T. M., & Laporte, C. F. P. (2024) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450911 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Generalized Rotation Curves of the Milky Way from the GAIA DR3 Data Set: Constraints on Mass Models
Sylos Labini, F. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad88f1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bovy, J., Allende Prieto, C., Beers, T. C., Bizyaev, D., da Costa, L. N., Cunha, K., Ebelke, G. L., Eisenstein, D. J., Frinchaboy, P. M., García Pérez, A. E., Girardi, L., Hearty, F. R., Hogg, D. W., Holtzman, J., Maia, M. A. G., Majewski, S. R., Malanushenko, E., Malanushenko, V., Mészáros, S., Nidever, D. L., O'Connell, R. W., O'Donnell, C., Oravetz, A., Pan, K., Rocha-Pinto, H. J., Schiavon, R. P., Schneider, D. P., Schultheis, M., Skrutskie, M., Smith, V. V., Weinberg, D. H., Wilson, J. C., & Zasowski, G.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Advanced Study (US)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Texas Christian University (US)
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (BR)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- New Mexico State University (US)
- National Observatory (BR)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- International Gemini Observatory (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bovy, Jo
- ORCID
- Bovy, Jo
- Beers, Timothy C.
- Bizyaev, Dmitry
- Eisenstein, Daniel J.
- Frinchaboy, Peter M.
- Girardi, Léo
- Hearty, Fred R.
- Hogg, David W.
- Holtzman, Jon
- Maia, Marcio A. G.
- Majewski, Steven R.
- Mészáros, Szabolcs
- Nidever, David L.
- O'Connell, Robert W.
- Pan, Kaike
- Schiavon, Ricardo P.
- Schneider, Donald P.
- Schultheis, Mathias
- Skrutskie, Michael
- Smith, Verne V.
- Weinberg, David H.
- Wilson, John C.
- Zasowski, Gail
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-10-29
- Volume
- 759
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2059104746
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 22.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0822648, 0216783)
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Yale University
- Vanderbilt University
- Princeton University
- Ohio State University
- California Institute of Technology
- Harvard University
- University of Washington (08-22648)
- Johns Hopkins University
- Carnegie Mellon University
- University of Portsmouth
- New Mexico State University
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 26555)
- York University
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Office of Science
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way rotation curve, circular velocity, APOGEE, galactocentric distance, asymmetric drift, halo mass, solar motion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
