CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 320Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsNMR spectroscopy and applications

The “wet mind”: Water and functional neuroimaging

Open access
Bihan, Denis Le·2007·Physics in Medicine and Biology
DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/r02
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Functional neuroimaging has emerged as an important approach to study the brain and the mind. Surprisingly, although they are based on radically different physical approaches both positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make brain activation imaging possible through measurements involving water molecules. So far, PET and MRI functional imaging have relied on the principle that neuronal activation and blood flow are coupled through metabolism. However, a new paradigm has emerged to look at brain activity through the observation with MRI of the molecular diffusion of water. In contrast with the former approaches diffusion MRI has the potential to reveal changes in the intrinsic water physical properties during brain activation, which could be more intimately linked to the neuronal activation mechanisms and lead to an improved spatial and temporal resolution. However, this link has yet to be fully confirmed and understood. To shed light on the possible relationship between water and brain activation, this introductory paper reviews the most recent data on the physical properties of water and on the status of water in biological tissues, and evaluates their relevance to brain diffusion MRI. The biophysical mechanisms of brain activation are then reassessed to reveal their intimacy with the physical properties of water, which may come to be regarded as the 'molecule of the mind'.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/r02

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • This raises the possibility that rapid mechanical interactions between neighboring cells, such as dendritic-spine mechanics, contribute to information transfer, making diffusion MRI a unique complementary probe of brain activation.

    “This raises the possibility that rapid mechanical interactions between neighboring cells, such as dendritic-spine mechanics, contribute to information transfer, making diffusion MRI a unique complementary probe of brain activation, offering insights that complement electrophysiology and conventional functional imaging (Le Bihan, 2007).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Le Bihan, 2007

    The Conclusion (page not provided) describes diffusion MRI as an early marker of neuronal activation that could help investigate nonsynaptic mechanisms. The section “Evidence for cell swelling upon activation” says mechanical changes occur alongside electrical responses. Our copy does not specifically connect mechanical interactions between neighboring cells or dendritic-spine mechanics to information transfer, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • This reinforces the central thesis that diffusion MRI of the brain occupies a distinctive middle ground between anatomy and physiology.

    “This reinforces the central thesis that diffusion MRI of the brain occupies a distinctive middle ground between anatomy and physiology (Le Bihan, 2007).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Le Bihan, 2007

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 132

  1. Abbott B C, Hill A V and Howarth J V 1958 The positive and negative heat production associated with a single impulse Proc. R. Soc. B. 148 149-87
  2. Agre P, Nielsen S and Ottersen O P 2004 Towards a molecular understanding of water homeostasis in the brain Neuroscience 129 849-50 · DOI
  3. Aitken P G, Fayuk D, Somjen G G and Turner D A 1999 Use of intrinsic optical signals to monitor physiological changes in brain tissue slices Methods 18 91-103 · DOI
  4. Andrew R D, Fagan M, Ballyk B A and Rosen B 1989 Seizure susceptibility and the osmotic state Brain Res. 498 175-80 · DOI
  5. Assaf Y and Cohen Y 1998 Non-mono-exponential attenuation of water and N-acetyl aspartate signals due to diffusion in brain tissue J. Magn. Reson. 131 69-85 · DOI
  6. Assaf Y, Freidlin R Z, Rohde G K and Basser P J 2004 New modeling and experimental framework to characterize hindered and restricted water diffusion in brain white matter Magn. Reson. Med. 52 965-78 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Attwell D and Gibb A 2005 Neuroenergetics and the kinetic design of excitatory synapses Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 841-49 · DOI
  8. Benedict W S, Gailar N and Plyler E K 1956 Rotational-vibration spectra in deuterated water vapour J. Chem. Phys. 24 1139-65 · DOI
  9. Bratton C B, Hopkins A L and Weinberg J W 1965 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance studies of living muscle Science 147 738-9 · DOI
  10. Buckley D L, Bui J D, Phillips M I, Zelles T, Inglis B A, Plant H D and Blackband S J 1999 The effect of ouabain on water diffusion in the rat hippocampal slice measured by high resolution NMR imaging Magn. Reson. Med. 41 137-42 · DOI
  11. Busch E, Gyngell M L, Eis M, Hoehn-Berlage M and Hossmann K-A 1996 Potassium-induced cortical spreading depressions during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: contribution to lesion growth assessed by diffusion-weighted NMR and biochemical imaging J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 1090-1099 · DOI
  12. Cameron I L, Hardman W E, Fullerton G D, Miseta A, Koszegi T, Ludany A and Kellermayer M 1996 Maintenance of ions, proteins and water in lens fiber cells before and after treatment with non-ionic detergents Cell Biol. Int. 20 127-37 · DOI
  13. Cameron I L, Kanal K M, Keener C R and Fullerton G D 1997 A mechanistic view of the non-ideal osmotic and motional behavior of intracellular water Cell Biol. Int. 21 99-13 · DOI
  14. Chang D C, Rorschach H E, Nichols B L and Hazlewood C F 1973 Implications of diffusion coefficient measurements for the structure of cellular water Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 204 434-43 · DOI
  15. Chen K C and Nicholson C 2000 Changes in brain cell shape create residual extracellular space volume and explain tortuosity behavior during osmotic challenge Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97 8306-11 · DOI
  16. Chin C L, Wehrli F W, Fan Y L, Hwang S N, Schwartz E D, Nissanov J and Hackney D B 2004 Assessment of axonal fiber tract architecture in excised rat spinal cord by localized NMR q-space imaging: simulations and experimental studies Magn. Reson. Med. 52 733-40 · DOI
  17. Chou K C 1992 Energy-optimized structure of antifreeze proteins and its binding mechanism J. Mol. Biol. 223 509-17 · DOI
  18. Clark C A and Le Bihan D 2000 Water diffusion compartmentation and anisotropy at high b values in the human brain Magn. Reson. Med. 44 852-59 · DOI
  19. Clegg J S 1984b Intracellular water and the cytomatrix: some methods of study and current views J. Cell Biol. 99 167s-71s · DOI
  20. Cohen L B, Keynes R D and Hille B 1968 Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity Nature 218 438-41 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Cohen Y and Assaf Y 2002 High b-value q-space analyzed diffusion-weighted MRS and MRI in neuronal tissues-a technical review NMR Biomed. 15 516-42 · DOI
  22. Collins K D 1995 Sticky ions in biological systems Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92 5553-7 · DOI
  23. Collins C M, Smith M B and Turner R 2004 Model of local temperature changes in brain upon functional activation J. Appl. Physiol. 97 2051-5 · DOI
  24. Colsenet R, Mariette F and Cambert M 2005 NMR relaxation and water self-diffusion studies in whey protein solutions and gels J. Agric. Food. Chem. 53 6784-90 · DOI
  25. Darquie A, Poline J B, Poupon C, Saint-Jalmes H and Le Bihan D 2001 Transient decrease in water diffusion observed in human occipital cortex during visual stimulation Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98 9391-5 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Denisov V P and Halle B 1996 Protein hydration dynamics in aqueous solution Faraday Discuss. 103 227-44 · DOI
  27. Dietzel I, Heinemann U, Hofmeijer G and Lux H D 1980 Transient changes in the size of the extracellular space in the sensorimotor cortex of cats in relation to stimulus-induced changes in potassium concentration Exp. Brain Res. 40 432-9 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Dijkhuizen R M, de Graaf R A, Tulleken K A F and Nicolay K 1999 Changes in the diffusion of water and intracellular metabolites after excitotoxic injury and global ischemia in neonatal rat brain J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19 341-9 · DOI
  29. Douek P, Turner R, Pekar J, Patronas N J and Le Bihan D 1991 MR color mapping of myelin fiber orientation J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15 923-9 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Dudek F E, Yasumura T and Rash J E 1998 'Non-synaptic' mechanisms in seizures and epileptogenesis Cell Biol. Int. 22 793-805 · DOI
  31. Duong T Q, Sehy J V, Yablonskiy D A, Snider B J, Ackerman J J H and Neil J J 2001 Extracellular apparent diffusion in the rat brain Magn. Reson. Med. 45 801-10 · DOI
  32. Finney J L 2004 Water? What's so special about it? Phil. Trans. R. B 359 1145-63 · DOI
  33. Fisher I R, Gamble R A and Middlehurst J 1981 The Kelvin equation and the condensation of water Nature 290 575-6 · DOI
  34. Fitter J, Lechner R E and Dencher N A 1999 Interactions of hydration water and biological membranes studied by neutron scattering J. Phys. Chem. B 103 8036-50 · DOI
  35. Fullerton G D and Amurao M R 2006 Evidence that collagen and tendon have monolayer water coverage in the native state Cell Biol. Int. 30 56-65 · DOI
  36. Fullerton G D, Kanal K M and Cameron I L 2006 On the osmotically unresponsive water compartment in cells Cell Biol. Int. 30 74-7 · DOI
  37. Garcia-Perez A I, Lopez-Beltran E A, Kluner P, Luque J, Ballesteros P and Cerdan S 1999 Molecular crowding and viscosity as determinants of translational diffusion of metabolites in subcellular organelles Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 362 329-38 · DOI
  38. Gershon N D, Porter K R and Trus B L 1985 The cytoplasmic matrix: its volume and surface area and the diffusion of molecules through it Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82 5030-34 · DOI
  39. Glynn I M 2002 A hundred years of sodium pumping Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64 1-18 · DOI
  40. Gorbach A M, Heiss J, Kufta C, Sato S, Fedio P, Kammerer W A, Solomon J and Oldfield E H 2003 Intraoperative infrared functional imaging of human brain Ann. Neurol. 54 297-309 · DOI
  41. Grannick S 1991 Motions and relaxations of confined liquids Science 253 1374-9 · DOI
  42. Hagiwara S, Chichibu S and Naka K-i 1964 The effects of various ions on resting and spike potentials of barnacke muscle fibers J. Gen. Physiol. 48 163-79 · DOI
  43. Hazlewood C F, Rorschach H E and Lin C 1991 Diffusion of water in tissues and MRI Magn. Reson. Med. 19 214-6 · DOI
  44. Hofmeister F 1888 Zur lehre von der wirkung der salze Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 24 247-60 · DOI
  45. Holthoff K and Witte O W 1998 Intrinsic optical signals in vitro: a tool to measure alterations in extracellular space with two-dimensional resolution Brain Res. Bull. 47 649-55 · DOI
  46. Holthoff K and Witte O W 2000 Directed spatial potassium redistribution in rat neocortex Glia 29 288-92 · DOI
  47. Horn R G and Israelachvili J 1981 Direct measurement of structural forces between two surfaces in a nonpolar liquid J. Chem. Phys. 75 1400-11 · DOI
  48. Howarth J V, Ritchie J M and Stagg D 1979 The initial heat production in garfish olfactory nerve fibres Proc. R. Soc. B 205 347-67
  49. Hubley M J, Rosanske R C and Moerland T S 1995 Diffusion coefficients of ATP and creatine phosphate in isolated muscle: pulsed gradient 31P NMR of small biological samples NMR Biomed. 8 72-8 · DOI
  50. Huppert T J, Hoge R D, Diamond S G, Franceschini M A and Boas D A 2006 A temporal comparison of BOLD, ASL, and NIRS hemodynamic responses to motor stimuli in adult humans Neuroimage 29 368-82 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Inoue I, Kobatake Y and Tasaki I 1973 Excitability, instability and phase transitions in squid axon membrane under internal perfusion with dilute salt solutions Biochim. Biophys. Acta 307 471-7 · DOI
  52. Israelachvili J and Wennerstrom H 1996 Role of hydration and water structure in biological and colloidal interactions Nature 379 219-25 · DOI
  53. Israelachvili J N and McGuiggan P M 1988 Forces between surfaces in liquids Science 241 795-800 · DOI
  54. Iwasa K and Tasaki I 1980 Mechanical changes in squid giant axons associated with production of action potentials Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95 1328-31 · DOI
  55. Iwasa K, Tasaki I and Gibbons R C 1980 Swelling of nerve fibers associated with action potentials Science 210 338-9 · DOI
  56. Karger J, Pfeifer H and Heink W 1988 Principles and application of self-diffusion measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance Adv. Magn. Reson. 12 1-89
  57. Kellermayer M, Ludany A, Jobst K, Szucs G, Trombitas K and Hazlewood C F 1986 Cocompartmentation of proteins and K+ within the living cell Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83 1011-5 · DOI
  58. Kroenke C D, Ackerman J J H and Yablonskiy D A 2004 On the nature of the NAA diffusion attenuated MR signal in the central nervous system Magn. Reson. Med. 52 1052-59 · DOI
  59. Kusano K and Tasaki I 1990a Heat generation associated with synaptic transmission in the mammalian superior cervical ganglion J. Neurosci. Res. 25 249-55 · DOI
  60. Kusano K and Tasaki I 1990b Mechanical changes associated with synaptic transmission in the mammalian superior cervical ganglion J. Neurosci. Res. 25 243-48 · DOI
  61. Kwong K K, Belliveau J W and Chesler D A 1992 Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89 5675-79 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Lapid H, Agmon N, Petersen M K and Voth G A 2005 A bond-order analysis of the mechanism for hydrated proton mobility in liquid water J. Chem. Phys. 122 14506 · DOI
  63. Latour L L, Hasegawa Y, Formato J E, Fisher M and Sotak C H 1994a Spreading waves of decreased diffusion coefficient after cortical stimulation in the rat brain Magn. Reson. Med. 32 189-98 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Latour L L, Svoboda K, Mitra P P and Sotak C H 1994b Time-dependent diffusion of water in a biological model system Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 91 1229-33 · DOI
  65. Le Bihan D 1995 Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure NMR Biomed. 8 375-86 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Le Bihan D 2003 Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 469-80 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Le Bihan D, Mangin J F, Poupon C, Clark C A, Pappata S and Molko N 2001 Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 13 534-46 · DOI · Paper page
  68. LeBihan D and van Zijl P 2002 From the diffusion coefficient to the diffusion tensor NMR Biomed. 15 431-34 · DOI
  69. Ling G N 1965 The physical state of water in living cell and model systems Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 125 401-17 · DOI
  70. Ling G N, Miller C and Ochsenfeld M M 1973 The physical state of solutes and water in living cells according to the association-induction hypothesis Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 204 6-50 · DOI
  71. Ling G N, Ochsenfeld M M and Karreman G 1967 Is the cell membrane a universal rate-limiting barrier to the movement of water between the living cell and its surrounding medium J. Gen. Physiol. 50 1807-20 · DOI
  72. Ling G N and Walton C L 1976 What retains water in living cells Science 191 293-95 · DOI
  73. Logothetis N K and Wandell B A 2004 Interpreting the BOLD signal Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66 735-69 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Lu H, Soltysik D A, Ward B D and Hyde J S 2005 Temporal evolution of the CBV-fMRI signal to rat whisker stimulation of variable duration and intensity: a linearity analysis Neuroimage 26 432-40 · DOI
  75. Luby-Phelps K, Taylor D L and Lanni F 1986 Probing the structure of cytoplasm J. Cell Biol. 102 2015-22 · DOI
  76. Macvicar B A, Feighan D, Brown A and Ransom B 2002 Intrinsic optical signals in the rat optic nerve: role for K+ uptake via NKCC1 and swelling of astrocytes Glia 37 114-23 · DOI
  77. Magistretti P J and Pellerin L 1999 Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 354 1155-63 · DOI
  78. Mancuso A, Derugin N, Ono Y, Hara K, Sharp F R and Weinstein P R 1999 Transient MRI-detected water apparent diffusion coefficient reduction correlates with c-fos mRNA but not hsp70 mRNA induction during focal cerebral ischemia in rats Brain Res. 839 7-22 · DOI
  79. Mangia S, Giove F, Bianciardi M, Di Salle F, Garreffa G and Maraviglia B 2003 Issues concerning the construction of a metabolic model for neuronal activation J. Neurosci. Res. 71 463-67 · DOI
  80. Manz B, Chow P S and Gladden L F 1999 Echo-planar imaging of porous media with spatial resolution below 100 µm J. Magn. Reson. 136 226-30 · DOI
  81. Marx D, Tuckerman M E, Hutter J and Parrinello M 1999 The nature of the hydrated excess proton in water Nature 397 601-4 · DOI
  82. Mazur P 1970 Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems Science 168 939-49 · DOI
  83. Metuzals J and Tasaki I 1978 Subaxolemmal filamentous network in the giant nerve fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei L.) and its possible role in excitability J. Cell Biol. 78 597-621 · DOI
  84. Meyer F B 1989 Calcium, neuronal hyperexcitability and ischemic injury Brain Res. Rev. 14 227-43 · DOI
  85. Moonen C T W, Pekar J, De Vleeschouwer M H M, Van Gelderen P, Van Zijl P C M and Des Pres D 1991 Restricted and anisotropic displacement of water in healthy cat brain and in stroke studied by NMR diffusion imaging Magn. Reson. Med. 19 327-32 · DOI
  86. Moseley M E, Cohen Y and Mintorovitch J 1990b Early detection of regional cerebral ischemic injury in cats: evaluation of diffusion and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy Magn. Reson. Med. 14 330-46 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Mulkern R V et al 1999 Multi-component apparent diffusion coefficients in human brain NMR Biol. 12 51-62 · DOI
  88. Muller V, Birbaumer N, Preissl H, Braun C and Lang F 2002 Effects of water on cortical excitability in humans Eur. J. Neurosci. 15 528-38 · DOI
  89. Naundorf B, Wolf F and Volgushev M 2006 Unique features of action potential initiation in cortical neurons Nature 440 1060-3 · DOI · Paper page
  90. Nicholson C and Sykova E 1998 Extracellular space structure revealed by diffusion analysis Trends Neurosci. 21 207-15 · DOI · Paper page
  91. Norris D G, Niendorf T and Leibfritz D 1994 Healthly and infarcted brain tissues studied at short diffusion times: the origins of apparent restriction and the reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient NMR Biomed. 7 304-10 · DOI
  92. Novikov E G, Van Dusschoten D and Van As H 1998 Modeling of self-diffusion and relaxation time NMR in multi-compartment systems J. Magn. Reson. 135 522-8 · DOI
  93. O'Shea J M, Williams S R, van Bruggen N and GardnerMedwin A R 2000 Apparent diffusion coefficient and MR relaxation during osmotic manipulation in isolated turtle cerebellum Magn. Reson. Med. 44 427-32 · DOI · Paper page
  94. Pauling L 1945 The adsorption of water by proteins J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67 555-7 · DOI
  95. Peppiatt C M, Howarth C, Mobbs P and Attwell D 2006 Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes Nature 443 700-4 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Phillips J M and Nicholson C 1979 Anion permeability in spreading depression investigated with ion-sensitive microelectrodes Brain Res. 173 567-71 · DOI
  97. Pissis P, Anagnostopoulou-Konsta A and Apekis L 1987 A dielectric study of the state of water in plant stems J. Exp. Bot. 38 1528-40 · DOI
  98. Pollack G H 2001 Is the cell a gel-and why does it matter? Japan. J. Physiol. 51 649-60 · DOI
  99. Pollack G H 2003 The role of aqueous interfaces in the cell Adv. Coll. Interface Sci. 103 173-96 · DOI
  100. Posner M I, Peterson S E, Fox P T and Raichle M E 1988 Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain Science 240 1627-31 · DOI
  101. Prielmeier F X, Lang E W, Speedy R J and Ludemann H 1987 Diffusion in supercooled water to 300 MPa Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1128-31 · DOI
  102. Rorschach H E, Chang D C, Hazlewood C F and Nichols B L 1973 The diffusion of water in striated muscle Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 204 445-52 · DOI
  103. Schrade P, Klein H, Egry I, Ademovic Z and Klee D 2001 Hydrophobic volume effects in albumin solutions J. Coll. Interface Sci. 234 445-7 · DOI
  104. Schwartzkroin P A, Baraban S C and Hochman D W 1998 Osmolarity, ionic flux, and changes in brain excitability Epilepsy Res. 32 275-85 · DOI
  105. Sciortino F, Geiger A and Stanley H E 1991 Effect of defects on molecular mobility in liquid water Nature 354 218-21 · DOI
  106. Sciortino F, Geiger A and Stanley H E 1992 Network defects and molecular mobility in liquid water J. Chem. Phys. 96 3857-65 · DOI
  107. Sehy J V, Ackerman J J H and Neil J J 2002a Apparent diffusion of water, ions, and small molecules in the Xenopus oocyte is consistent with Brownian displacement Magn. Reson. Med. 48 42-51 · DOI
  108. Sehy J V, Ackerman J J H and Neil J J 2002b Evidence that both fast and slow water ADC components arise from intracellular space Magn. Reson. Med. 48 765-70 · DOI
  109. Seksek O, Biwersi J and Verkman A S 1997 Translational diffusion of macromolecule-sized solutes in cytoplasm and nucleus J. Cell Biol. 138 131-42 · DOI
  110. Shelton D P 2000 Collective molecular rotation in water and other simple liquids Chem. Phys. Lett. 325 513-6 · DOI
  111. Silvestrelli P L and Parrinello M 1999 Structural, electronic, and bonding properties of liquid water from first principles J. Chem. Phys. 111 3572-80 · DOI
  112. Sotak C H 2002 The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of ischemic brain injury-a review NMR Biomed. 15 561-9 · DOI
  113. Sotak C H 2004 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water and its relationship to cell volume changes in pathological states Neurochem. Int. 45 569-82 · DOI
  114. Sukstanskii A L, Yablonskiy D A and Ackerman J J H 2004 Effects of permeable boundaries on the diffusion-attenuated MR signal: insights from a one-dimensional model J. Magn. Reson. 170 56-66 · DOI
  115. Takagi S, Obata K and Tsubokawa H 2002 GABAergic input contributes to activity-dependent change in cell volume in the hippocampal CA1 region Neurosci. Res. 44 315-24 · DOI
  116. Tanghe A, Van Dijck P and Thevelein J M 2006 Why do microorganisms have aquaporins? Trends Microbiol. 14 78-85 · DOI
  117. Tanner J E 1978 Transient diffusion in a system partitioned by permeable barriers: application to NMR measurements with a pulsed field gradient J. Chem. Phys. 69 1748-54 · DOI
  118. Tasaki I 1999 Rapid structural changes in nerve fibers and cells associated with their excitation processes Japan. J. Physiol. 49 125-38 · DOI
  119. Tasaki I 2005 Repetitive abrupt structural changes in polyanionic gels: a comparison with analogous processes in nerve fibers J. Theor. Biol. 236 2-11 · DOI
  120. Tasaki I and Byrne P M 1987 Heat production associated with synaptic transmission in the bullfrog spinal cord Brain Res. 407 386-9 · DOI
  121. Tasaki I and Byrne P M 1991 Demonstration of heat production associated with spreading depression in the amphibian retina Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174 293-7 · DOI
  122. Vuilleumier R and Borgis D 1999 Transport and spectroscopy of the hydrated proton: a molecular dynamics study J. Chem. Phys. 111 4251-66 · DOI
  123. Vuilleumier R and Borgis D 2006 Molecular dynamics of an excess proton in water using a non-additive valence bond force yield J. Mol. Struct. 436 555-65 · DOI
  124. Wang N, Butler J P and Ingber D E 1993 Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton Science 260 1124-7 · DOI
  125. Warach S and Baron J C 2004 Neuroimaging Stroke 35 351-3 · DOI
  126. Whittam R 1961 Active cation transport as a pace-maker of respiration Nature 191 603-4 · DOI
  127. Williams R J P 1970 The biochemistry of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium Chem. Soc. Q. Rev. 24 331-65 · DOI
  128. Wojcieszyn J W, Schlegel R A, Wu E S and Jacobson K A 1981 Diffusion of injected macromolecules within the cytoplasm of living cells Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78 4407-10 · DOI
  129. Xu X and Yeung E S 1998 Long-range electrostatic trapping of single-protein molecules at liquid-solid interface Science 281 1650-3 · DOI
  130. Yablonskiy D A, Ackerman J J H and Raichle M E 2000 Coupling between changes in human brain temperature and oxidative metabolism during prolonged visual stimulation Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 97 7603-8 · DOI
  131. Yablonskiy D A, Bretthorst G L and Ackerman J J H 2003 Statistical model for diffusion attenuated MR signal Magn. Reson. Med. 50 664-9 · DOI
  132. Zhong J, Petroff O A C, Prichard J W and Gore J C 1993 Changes in water diffusion and relaxation properties of rat cerebrum during status epilepticus Magn. Reson. Med. 30 241-6 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bihan, D. L.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Bihan, Denis Le
ORCID
Bihan, Denis Le
Venue
Physics in Medicine and Biology
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2007-03-09
Volume
52
Issue
7
Pages
R57-R90
ISSN
  • 0031-9155 (ISSN-L)
  • 1361-6560
DOI
10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/r02
OpenAlex
W2171038012
Cited by
320
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
FWCI
3.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physics in Medicine and Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › NMR spectroscopy and applications
Keywords
diffusion MRI, brain activation, physical properties of water, water diffusion, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging
MeSH terms
Biophysics, Brain, Brain Mapping, Diffusion, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Neurons, Software, Water, Stroke, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review