Cited by 116Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlECG Monitoring and Analysis

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Photoplethysmography sampling frequency: pilot assessment of how low can we go to analyze pulse rate variability with reliability?

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Choi, A, Shin, H·2017·Physiological Measurement

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Abstract

Pulse rate variability (PRV) analysis appears as the first alternative to heart rate variability analysis for wearable devices; however, there is a constraint on computational load and energy consumption for the limited system resources available to the devices. Considering that adjustment of the sampling frequency is one of the strategies for reducing computational load and power consumption, this study aimed to investigate the influence of sampling frequency ( f s ) on PRV analysis and to find the minimum sampling frequency while maintaining reliability. We generated 5000, 2500, 1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 Hz down-sampled photoplethysmograms from 10 kHz-sampled PPGs and derived time- and frequency-domain variables of the PRV. These included AVNN, SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, total power, VLF, LF, HF, LF/HF, nLF and nHF for each down-sampled signal. Derived variables were compared with heart rate variability of the 10 kHz-sampled electrocardiograms, and then statistically investigated using one-way ANOVA test and Bland–Altman analysis. As a result, significant differences ( P < 0.05) were found for SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, TP, HF, LF/HF, nLF and nHF, but not for AVNN, VLF and LF. Based on the post hoc tests, it was found that the NN50 and pNN50, SDSD and RMSSD, LF/HF and nHF, SDNN, TP and nLF analysis had significant differences at f s ⩽ 20 Hz, f s ⩽ 15 Hz, f s ⩽10 Hz; f s = 5 Hz, respectively. In other words, a significant difference was not seen for any variable if the f s was greater than 25 Hz. Consequently, our pilot study suggests that analysis of variability in the time and frequency domain from pulse rate obtained through PPG may be potentially as reliable as that derived from the analysis of the electrocardiogram, provided that f s ⩾25 Hz sampling frequency is used.

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Authors: Choi, A., & Shin, H.
Affiliations: Gachon University (KR)
Chonnam National University (KR)
Corresponding author: Choi, A
Shin, H
ORCID: Choi, A
Shin, H
Venue: Physiological Measurement
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Published: 2017-02-23
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 586-600
ISSN: 0967-3334 (ISSN-L)
1361-6579
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa5efa
OpenAlex: W2586184806
Cited by: 116
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 4.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Physiological Measurement (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036535)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
Keywords: photoplethysmography, pulse rate variability, sampling frequency, downsampling, wearable devices, heart rate variability, signal reliability, power consumption, computational load, time and frequency domain analysis, electrocardiogram comparison
MeSH terms: Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pilot Projects, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Photoplethysmography, Young Adult

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Photoplethysmography sampling frequency: pilot assessment of how low can we go to analyze pulse rate variability with reliability?

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