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The status of varying constants: a review of the physics, searches and implications
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The observational evidence for the recent acceleration of the universe demonstrates that canonical theories of cosmology and particle physics are incomplete—if not incorrect—and that new physics is out there, waiting to be discovered. A key task for the next generation of laboratory and astrophysical facilities is to search for, identify and ultimately characterize this new physics. Here we highlight recent developments in tests of the stability of nature’s fundamental couplings, which provide a direct handle on new physics: a detection of variations will be revolutionary, but even improved null results provide competitive constraints on a range of cosmological and particle physics paradigms. A joint analysis of all currently available data shows a preference for variations of α and μ at about the two-sigma level, but inconsistencies between different sub-sets (likely due to hidden systematics) suggest that these statistical preferences need to be taken with caution. On the other hand, these measurements strongly constrain Weak Equivalence Principle violations. Plans and forecasts for forthcoming studies with facilities such as ALMA, ESPRESSO and the ELT, which should clarify these issues, are also discussed, and synergies with other probes are briefly highlighted. The goal is to show how a new generation of precision consistency tests of the standard paradigm will soon become possible.
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“ALMA measurements of absorption spectroscopy toward high-redshift quasars bound the variation ∆α = α(z = 0.89)-α 0 to |∆α/α 0 | < 0.55p.p.m [14] [15,16].”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
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Items 101–133 of 133
Search for periodic modulations of the rate of double- β decay of Mo100 in the NEMO-3 detector
Arnold, R., Augier, C., Barabash, A. S., Basharina-Freshville, A., Blondel, S., Blot, S., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Breier, R., Brudanin, V., et al. (2021) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.104.l061601 · Cited by 1
On the nature of fundamental physical constants
Mareš, J., Špička, V., & Hubík, P. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02191-4 · Cited by 1
Late Time Magnetogenesis from Ultralight Scalar Dark Matter
Kamali, V., & Brandenberger, R. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00443 · Cited by 1
“See the reviews [21–23].”
Varying fundamental constants cosmography
Martins, C. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.102047 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, in many (though not all) theoretical paradigms varying fundamental couplings and dynamical dark energy are actually related, so observational constraints on the former lead to constraints on the latter [8, 9].”
InfluentialSelf-citationAn investigation of a varying G through Strong Lensing and SNe Ia observations
Holanda, R. F. L., Ferreira, M., & Gonzalez, J. E. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2025.139756 · Cited by 3
Probing fundamental physics using compact astrophysical objects
Kolonia, E.-A., Martins, C. J. A. P., & Gourgouliatos, K. (2025) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.083017 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAlbuquerque, R., Holanda, R., Mendonça, I. R. R., & da Silva, P. S. R. (2025) · Astroparticle physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103090 · Cited by 1
Varying fundamental constants and dark energy in the ESPRESSO era
Martins, C. (2021) · The Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting · doi:10.1142/9789811269776_0330 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVariation of physical constants and electron–positron oscillations: Zitterbewegung in a plane wave
Fiordilino, E. (2021) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02086-4 · Cited by 1
Goetz, A., & Secrest, J. (2021) · Reports on mathematical physics · doi:10.1016/s0034-4877(21)00057-4 · Cited by 1
Probing Time-Dependent Fundamental Constants with Nucleosynthesis in Population III Stars
Mori, K., & NOMOTO, K. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12030404 · Cited by 3
Primordial nucleosynthesis with varying fundamental constants
Clara, M., & Martins, C. J. A. P. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937211 · Cited by 52
“The preferred variations are at the ten parts per million level, which would be compatible will current constraints at lower redshifts, a summary of which can be found in Martins (2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationNew Physics Searches Using Precision Spectroscopy
Orzel, C. (2018) · Advances in atomic, molecular, and optical physics · doi:10.1016/bs.aamop.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1
Obstacles to realizing Quintessence from String Theory
Skrzypek, T. (2020) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00027387 · Cited by 1
Paul, A., & Paban, S. (2026) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2026)188
“…there are constraints on the time variation of Newton’s gravitational constant: local measurements using Lunar Laser Ranging and globular clusters imply | ˙ G/G 0 | ≲ 10 − 14 yr − 1 ,and Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) bounds, assuming constant ˙ G , give | ˙ G/G 0 | ≲ 10 − 12 yr − 1 [15,16].”
Quest for time variation of Planck constant
Fiordilino, E. (2021) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-01031-1
Emergent Materialism and the Nature of Natural Laws
Romero, G., & Pérez-Jara, J. (2026) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-026-10045-4
Distance duality relation in symmetric teleparallel gravity
D’Agostino, R. (2026) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2026.140702
Revisiting the constancy of the speed of light: Galaxy cluster mass bias implications
Holanda, R., Ferreira, M., Gonzalez, J. E., & Pereira, S. H. (2026) · Astroparticle physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2026.103249
A Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Consistency Test of the CCC+TL Cosmology
Gupta, R. P., & Samaras, N. (2026) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe12070193
“A key structural ingredient of CCC is the invariant ratio G / c 3 = γ , motivated by the form of the Einstein–Hilbert action, which requires the prefactor c 3 / G to be time-independent if the gravitational field equations are to retain their standard form.”
Temperature-Induced Redshift and the Hubble Tension
Postavaru, O., & Craciun, V. M. (2025) · Brazilian journal of physics · doi:10.1007/s13538-025-01835-5
“Consequently, there is a vast investigation of the fact that the variation of constants with dimensional units has no physical meaning [23].”
A speed limit on tachyon fields from cosmological and fine-structure data
Dias, J. D. F., Schöneberg, N., Vacher, L., Martins, C. J. A. P., & Vinzl, S. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/11/030
“However, these two approaches are often equivalent under certain limits, such that modifying the gravity Lagrangian can be understood as the addition of new fields [11].”
Self-citationFine structure constant measurements in quasar absorption systemsPreprint
Milaković, D. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.01071
On the time dependence of the photon Compton wavelength
Fiordilino, E. (2022) · Indian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1007/s12648-022-02474-1
Examining Temporal Variation of the Fermi Coupling Constant using SNe Ia Light Curves
Rana, A., Thapar, V., Hari Prasad, S. V., & Sanjai, S. E. (2022) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.10065
Is the θ¯ Parameter of QCD Constant?
Hooman Davoudiasl, A., Gehrlein, J., & Szafron, R. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.129.161802 · Cited by 3
Constraints on the spatial variation of Planck constant
Fiordilino, E. (2021) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01768-3
Applied Scientific Demiurgy I – Entrance Examination Information Sheet
Martín, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Humanistic Mathematics · doi:10.5642/jhummath.201902.29
The Einstein Equivalence Principle
Will, C. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316338612.003
Research progress on precision measurement based on optical clocks
Xiaotong, L., Jin, C., & Hong, C. S. (2025) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.75.20251594 · Cited by 1
Distinguishing between FLRW and Taub-NUT Cosmologies
Mcgruder, C. (2026) · Journal of Modern Physics · doi:10.4236/jmp.2026.177036
Metadata
- Authors
- Martins, C. J. A. P.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Martins, C J A P
- ORCID
- Martins, C J A P
- Venue
- Reports on Progress in Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-11-02
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 126902
- ISSN
- 0034-4885 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6633
- OpenAlex
- W2748851033
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Reports on Progress in Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- FCT/MCTES (Portugal) and POPH/FSE (IF/00064/2012)
- FCT (PTDC/FIS/111725/2009)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- variation of fundamental constants, fine-structure constant, muon anomalous magnetic moment, weak equivalence principle violation, fundamental physics tests, cosmic acceleration, precision spectroscopy, ALMA, espresso, Extremely Large Telescope
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