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The status of varying constants: a review of the physics, searches and implications
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The observational evidence for the recent acceleration of the universe demonstrates that canonical theories of cosmology and particle physics are incomplete—if not incorrect—and that new physics is out there, waiting to be discovered. A key task for the next generation of laboratory and astrophysical facilities is to search for, identify and ultimately characterize this new physics. Here we highlight recent developments in tests of the stability of nature’s fundamental couplings, which provide a direct handle on new physics: a detection of variations will be revolutionary, but even improved null results provide competitive constraints on a range of cosmological and particle physics paradigms. A joint analysis of all currently available data shows a preference for variations of α and μ at about the two-sigma level, but inconsistencies between different sub-sets (likely due to hidden systematics) suggest that these statistical preferences need to be taken with caution. On the other hand, these measurements strongly constrain Weak Equivalence Principle violations. Plans and forecasts for forthcoming studies with facilities such as ALMA, ESPRESSO and the ELT, which should clarify these issues, are also discussed, and synergies with other probes are briefly highlighted. The goal is to show how a new generation of precision consistency tests of the standard paradigm will soon become possible.
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“ALMA measurements of absorption spectroscopy toward high-redshift quasars bound the variation ∆α = α(z = 0.89)-α 0 to |∆α/α 0 | < 0.55p.p.m [14] [15,16].”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
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Irastorza, I., & Redondo, J. (2018) · Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.05.003 · Cited by 873
On the cosmological implications of the string Swampland
Agrawal, P., Obied, G., Steinhardt, P., & Vafa, C. (2018) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.07.040 · Cited by 576
The $H_0$ Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
Schöneberg, N., Abellán, G. F., Sánchez, A. P., Witte, S. J., Poulin, V., & Lesgourgues, J. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.10291 · Cited by 463
The H0 Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
Schöneberg, N., Abell'an, G. F., Sanchez, A., Witte, S. J., Poulin, V., & Lesgourgues, J. (2021) · Physics reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2022.07.001 · Cited by 400
Yu, H.-B., Ratra, B., & Wang, F.-Y. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab0a2 · Cited by 298
“…back through Tripathi et al. (2017), Lonappan et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2017), Magana et al. (2017), Anagnostopoulos & Basilakos (2017), and Martins (2017). those found earlier, with the GP method H(z) constraints on zda being significantly weaker than those determined by using…”
MethodCapozzıello, S., D’Agostino, R., & Luongo, O. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271819300167 · Cited by 427
Pepe, F. A., Cristiani, S., Rebolo, R., Santos, N. C., Dekker, H., Cabral, A., Marcantonio, P. D., Figueira, P., Curto, G. L., Lovis, C., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038306 · Cited by 596
Self-citationDe Sitter vs Quintessence in String Theory
Cicoli, M., de Alwis, S., Maharana, A., Muia, F., & Quevedo, F. (2018) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201800079 · Cited by 211
“The tight bounds on fifthforces[12] and the time variation of fundamental constants,[13] provide strong constraints on the couplings of the quintessence field.”
BackgroundImproved Limits for Violations of Local Position Invariance from Atomic Clock Comparisons
Lange, R., Huntemann, N., Rahm, J. M., Sanner, C., Shao, H., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, C., Weyers, S., & Peik, E. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.011102 · Cited by 200
Sisyphus optical lattice decelerator
Chen, C.-C., Bennetts, S., Escudero, R. G., Schreck, F., & Pasquiou, B. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.023401 · Cited by 14
Roadmap towards the redefinition of the second
Dimarcq, N., Gertsvolf, M., Mileti, G., Bize, S., Oates, C. W., Peik, E., Calonico, D., Ido, T., Tavella, P., Meynadier, F., et al. (2023) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ad17d2 · Cited by 160
Analysis of atomic-clock data to constrain variations of fundamental constants
Sherrill, N., Parsons, A. O., Baynham, C. F. A., Bowden, W., Curtis, E. A., Hendricks, R., Hill, I. R., Hobson, R., Margolis, H. S., Robertson, B., et al. (2023) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aceff6 · Cited by 77
Improved BBN constraints on the variation of the gravitational constant
Alvey, J., Sabti, N., Escudero, M., & Fairbairn, M. (2020) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7727-y · Cited by 103
Do we have any hope of detecting scattering between dark energy and baryons through cosmology?
Vagnozzi, S., Visinelli, L., Mena, O., & Mota, D. F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa311 · Cited by 95
Distorted neutrino oscillations from time varying cosmic fields
Krnjaic, G., Machado, P., & Necib, L. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.075017 · Cited by 70
Rational approximations of f ( R ) cosmography through Pad'e polynomials
Capozzıello, S., D’Agostino, R., & Luongo, O. (2018) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/05/008 · Cited by 72
Kinematic model-independent reconstruction of Palatini f(R) cosmology
Capozzıello, S., D’Agostino, R., & Luongo, O. (2018) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-018-2483-0 · Cited by 62
Continuous Guided Strontium Beam with High Phase-Space Density
Chen, C.-C., Bennetts, S., Escudero, R. G., Pasquiou, B., & Schreck, F. (2019) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.12.044014 · Cited by 45
“Cold-atom sensors are tackling fundamental questions such as detecting dark matter or dark energy [3–6], gravitational waves, [7–10] and variations of fundamental constants [11,12], as well as making precision measurements of physical constants [13–16].”
Electroweak baryogenesis from temperature-varying couplings
Ellis, S. A. R., Ipek, S., & White, G. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)002 · Cited by 50
“2 . There exist strong constraints on the variation of the EM coupling from astrophysical data, taken at redshifts between 1 <z<4. A meta-analysis of recent measurements yields a weighted mean [47] EM EM astro, ’17 = ( 0:64 0:65) 10 6 ; (5.10) which is consistent with zero at 1˙, while a previous analysis [48] f…”
MethodInfluentialThe swampland conjecture and the Higgs expectation value
Hamaguchi, K., Ibe, M., & Moroi, T. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2018)023 · Cited by 47
Primordial nucleosynthesis with varying fundamental constants
Martins, C. J. A. P. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039605 · Cited by 13
“…have recently proposed a solution belonging to the fourth category, relying on the spacetime variation of nature’s fundamental Article published by EDP Sciences A47, page 1 of 11 couplings, which is unavoidable in most extensions of the standard model (Damour et al. 2002; Uzan 2011; Martins 2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationNews from the Swampland — constraining string theory with astrophysics and cosmology
Schöneberg, N., Vacher, L., Dias, J. D. F., Carvalho, M. C., & Martins, C. J. A. P. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/10/039 · Cited by 41
Self-citationHart, L., & Chluba, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2777 · Cited by 36
Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology
Uzan, J.-P. (2025) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/s41114-025-00059-y · Cited by 36
Hidden sectors in string theory: kinetic mixings, fifth forces and quintessence
Acharya, B., Maharana, A., & Muia, F. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep03(2019)048 · Cited by 34
“The most stringent bounds on the time variation of fundamental constants are for the the fine structure constant [121], from the onset of domination of dark energy domination one requires δα / α < 10−6.”
BackgroundThe minimally extended Varying Speed of Light (meVSL)
Lee, S. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/08/054 · Cited by 43
Said, J. L., Mifsud, J., Parkinson, D., Saridakis, E. N., Sultana, J., & Adami, K. Z. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/047 · Cited by 33
“om the archival astrophysical data measurements from quasar absorption lines observed at the Keck (K) observatory [94] and with the VLT (V) [95], along with a set of 21 dedicated new measurements (N) [60,96{103], and the constraint from the Oklo (O) natural nuclear reactor at an eective redshift of z= 0:14 [88]. We re…”
BackgroundMethodHart, L., & Chluba, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3697 · Cited by 28
Cosmology and fundamental physics with the ELT-ANDES spectrograph
Martins, C. J. A. P., Cooke, R., Liske, J., Murphy, M., Noterdaeme, P., Schmidt, T., Alcaniz, J., Alves, C., Balashev, S., Cristiani, S., et al. (2023) · Experimental astronomy (Print) · doi:10.1007/s10686-024-09928-w · Cited by 29
“It is therefore important to experimentally and/or observationally test for variations in fundamental constants in different ways and as a function of as many time-scales, distance-scales and environmental parameters as possible – see (Uzan, 2011; Martins, 2017) for recent reviews of theoretical…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA new era of fine structure constant measurements at high redshift
Milaković, D., Lee, C.-C., Carswell, R. F., Webb, J. K., Molaro, P. P., & Pasquini, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3217 · Cited by 43
“Recent reviews of varying constants are given by Uzan (2011); Martins (2017).”
BackgroundGalaxy clusters and a possible variation of the fine structure constant
Colaço, L. R., Holanda, R. F. L., Silva, R., & Alcaniz, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/03/014 · Cited by 29
The mass effect — variations of the electron mass and their impact on cosmology
Schöneberg, N., & Vacher, L. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/03/004 · Cited by 21
“The current status of late time measurements of possible shifts in the proton-electron mass-ratio µ using QSO can be found in [88, Tab.”
InfluentialLee, S. (2022) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2023.101286 · Cited by 16
Consistency of local and astrophysical tests of the stability of fundamental constants
Martins, C. J. A. P., & Vila Miñana, M. (2019) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2019.100301 · Cited by 15
Self-citationA study of space–time variation of the gravitational constant using high-resolution quasar spectra
Le, T. D. (2021) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-021-02803-5 · Cited by 19
Viscosity and diffusion in life processes and tuning of fundamental constants
Trachenko, K. (2023) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/acfd3e · Cited by 14
Steady-state magneto-optical trap of fermionic strontium on a narrow-line transition
Escudero, R. G., Chen, C.-C., Bennetts, S., Pasquiou, B., & Schreck, F. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.033159 · Cited by 19
Fadeev, P., Berengut, J. C., & Flambaum, V. V. (2022) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.105.l051303 · Cited by 14
Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago
Wilczynska, M. R., Webb, J. K., Bainbridge, M., Barrow, J. D., Bosman, S. E. I., Carswell, R. F., Dąbrowski, M. P., Dumont, V., Lee, C.-C., Leite, A. C., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay9672 · Cited by 13
“Comparing quasar measurements with high-precision terrestrial experiments provides stringent constraints on any possible spacetime variations of the fine-structure constant, as predicted by some theoretical models (7, 11, 16, 46, 47).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThomson scattering: one rate to rule them all
Greene, K., & Cyr-Racine, F.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/10/065 · Cited by 23
Variations in fundamental constants at the cosmic dawn
Lopez-Honorez, L., Mena, O., Palomares-Ruiz, S., Villanueva-Domingo, P., & Witte, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/06/026 · Cited by 13
MICROSCOPE’s view at gravitation
Bergé, J. (2023) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/acd203 · Cited by 12
Cosmological bound on neutrino masses in the light of H0 tension
Sekiguchi, T., & Takahashi, T. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.083516 · Cited by 12
Varying fine-structure constant cosmography
Martins, C., Ferreira, F., & Marto, P. V. (2022) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137002 · Cited by 11
Self-citationA model-independent test of speed of light variability with cosmological observations
Rodrigues, G., & Bengaly, C. A. P. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/07/029 · Cited by 14
Liu, Z.-E., Liu, W., 张, T.-J. 同. Z., Zhai, Z., & Bora, K. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2150 · Cited by 13
“Since then, some theoretical and experimental investigations allowing spacetime variation of fundamental constants have been put into effect (Uzan 2011, 2003; Martins 2017; Wang & Chen 2020).”
BackgroundConstraints on variation in the speed of light based on gravitational constant constraints
Eaves, R. E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1493 · Cited by 13
Variation in the fine-structure constant and the distance-duality relation
Gonçalves, R. S., Landau, S. J., Alcaniz, J. S., & Holanda, R. F. L. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/06/036 · Cited by 28
The Serendipitous Axiodilaton: A Self-Consistent Recombination-Era Solution to the Hubble Tension
Smith, A., Mylova, M., van de Bruck, C., Burgess, C. P., & di Valentino, E. (2025) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.13544 · Cited by 10
Probing fundamental constant oscillation in the Galactic Center with S-Star Spectroscopy
Bai, Z., Cardoso, V., Chen, Y., Tuan, D., Hees, A., Xiao, H.-Y., & Xue, X. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/08/005 · Cited by 10
Quantum sensing using atomic clocks for nuclear and particle physics
Kawasaki, A. (2025) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0273813 · Cited by 4
Variational Vibrational States of Methanol (12D).
Sunaga, A., Avila, G., & Mátyus, E. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00647 · Cited by 10
Le, T. D. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cjph.2021.07.004 · Cited by 15
Le, T. D. (2021) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2021.01.001 · Cited by 10
Colaço, L. R., Landau, S. J., Gonzalez, J. E., Spinelly, J., & Santos, G. L. F. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/08/062 · Cited by 12
Portable Frequency Stabilized Lasers for Quantum Technologies Using Digital Techniques
Chau, H. K., Bridges, C., & Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3285974 · Cited by 10
“[13], [14], and for the newly developed field of relativity”
BackgroundToda, Y., & Seto, O. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.102035 · Cited by 8
Jiang, L.-H., Pan, Z., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Blum, R., Brooks, D., Claybaugh, T., de la Macorra, A., Dey, A., Doel, P., et al. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad47b4 · Cited by 8
“On the other hand, modern theories beyond the Standard Model predict or even require the variation of the fundamental constants (Martins 2017).”
BackgroundVarying fundamental constants meet Hubble
Chluba, J., & Hart, L. (2023) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.12083 · Cited by 8
Variation of the fine structure constant in light of recent helium abundance measurement
Seto, O., Takahashi, T., & Toda, Y. (2023) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.023525 · Cited by 8
Runaway dilaton models: Improved constraints from the full cosmological evolution
Vacher, L., Schöneberg, N., Dias, J. D. F., Martins, C. J. A. P., & Pimenta, F. (2023) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.104002 · Cited by 8
Self-citationVariation of fundamental constants and white dwarfs
Landau, S. J. (2019) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921320000447 · Cited by 9
“The weighted mean of all recent dedicated measurements which span the redshift range 1 z 2.4 is (Martins 2017): ( Δα α ) = –0.64± 0.65 × 10–6, (3.3) showing no variation in α.”
BackgroundInfluentialVarying Physical Constants, Astrometric Anomalies, Redshift and Hubble Units
Gupta, R. P. (2019) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies7020055 · Cited by 8
Incompatibility of fine-structure constant variations at recombination with local observations
Vacher, L., & Schöneberg, N. (2024) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.103520 · Cited by 7
“Fine-structure: we use the spectroscopic measurement points of quasars (QSO) from various datasets [59–62] as well as a prior from the Oklo natural nuclear reactor [63], and the updated bound on the time variation of α of Eq.”
MethodLemos, T., Gonçalves, R. S., Carvalho, J. C., & Alcaniz, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/059 · Cited by 11
Fundamental Physical Constants: Search Results and Variation Descriptions
Bronnikov, K. A., Иващук, В. Д., & Khrushchev, V. V. (2022) · Measurement Techniques · doi:10.1007/s11018-022-02062-z · Cited by 8
Syme, A.-M., Mousley, A., Cunningham, M., & McKemmish, L. (2020) · Australian journal of chemistry (Print) · doi:10.1071/ch19448 · Cited by 7
Astrophysical and local constraints on string theory: Runaway dilaton models
Martins, C., & Vacher, L. (2019) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.123514 · Cited by 7
Self-citationConstraining late-time transitions in the dark energy equation of state
Martins, C., & Colomer, M. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833313 · Cited by 7
“Two such promising examples are tests of the stability of fundamental couplings (Martins 2017) and direct measurements of the expansion of the universe (Liske et al. 2008; Martins et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlves, C., Leite, A. C., Martins, C., Silva, T., Berge, S., & Silva, B. A. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.023522 · Cited by 7
Self-citationNguyen, H. K. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14082-4 · Cited by 7
Exploring secular variation of the gravitational constant from high-resolution quasar spectra
Le, T. D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65484-5 · Cited by 8
Searching for a secular variation of the gravitational constant using strong gravitational fields
Le, T. D. (2023) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-023-03173-w · Cited by 7
“Our expected results have led to a limit on the cosmic deviation of G , which provides an upper bound on the variation of the gravitational constant over cosmic space–time, exceeding that obtained by previous studies [29–35].”
ResultCoupling quintessence kinetics to electromagnetism
Barros, B. J., & da Fonseca, V. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/06/048 · Cited by 7
2.7 years of beta-decay-rate ratio measurements in a controlled environment.
McKnight, Q., Bergeson, S., Peatross, J., & Ware, M. (2018) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.09.021 · Cited by 6
The mystery of alpha and the isotopes
Webb, J. K., Lee, C.-C., Milaković, D., Flambaum, V. V., Dzuba, V. A., & Magueijo, J. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slaf012 · Cited by 5
New analysis of SNeIa Pantheon Catalog: Variable speed of light as an alternative to dark energy
Nguyen, H. K. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/005 · Cited by 5
Non-parametric reconstruction of the fine structure constant with galaxy clusters
Ferreira, M., Holanda, R. F. L., Gonzalez, J. E., Colaço, L. R., & Nunes, R. C. (2024) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13468-0 · Cited by 7
Ratio-preserving approach to cosmological concordance
Greene, K., & Cyr-Racine, F. (2024) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.043524 · Cited by 5
Constraints on extended Bekenstein models from cosmological, astrophysical, and local data
Vacher, L., Dias, J. D. F., Schöneberg, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Vinzl, S., Nesseris, S., Cañas-Herrera, G., & Martinelli, M. (2022) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.083522 · Cited by 5
Self-citationBoas, J. M. V., Magano, D., Martins, C., Barbecho, A., & Serrano, C. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937123 · Cited by 5
“…stability of α, we use both the Webb et al. (2011) data set (a large data set of 293 archival data measurements) and the smaller but more recent data set of 24 dedicated measurements (Martins 2017; Murphy & Cooksey 2017), which are expected to have a better control of possible systematic errors.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationVarying constants driven baryogenesis
Leszczyńska, K., Da̧browski, M. P., & Denkiewicz, T. (2019) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6744-1 · Cited by 5
Measuring the speed of light with cosmological observations: current constraints and forecasts
Santos, J., Bengaly, C. A. P., de Morais, J. E. F., & Gonçalves, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/11/062 · Cited by 7
“A possible route to propose alternative models to the SCM consists on studying the variability of the fundamental constants of nature, as discussed in [12–15].”
Jiang, L.-H., Fu, S.-Q., Wang, F.-G., Bosman, S., Cai, Z., Jun, H., Pan, Z., Sun, F., Yang, J.-Y., & Zhang, H.-N. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adad5b · Cited by 4
“Fundamental physical constants do not vary in space and time in the framework of the Standard Model of particle physics.”
Kalita, S., & Uniyal, A. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/accf1c · Cited by 4
“There are other bounds obtained from different cosmological data, which can be found in Davis & Hamdan (2015), Kraiselburd et al. (2015), Martins (2017), Mosquera & Civitarese (2017), and Hart & Chluba (2018).”
BackgroundGalaxy clusters, cosmic chronometers and the Einstein equivalence principle
Mendonça, I. R. R., Bora, K., Holanda, R., & Desai, S. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/10/084 · Cited by 4
Astrocook: a thousand recipes to cook a spectrum
Cupani, G., Calderone, G., Cristiani, S., Marcantonio, P. D., D'Odorico, V., & Taffoni, G. (2018) · Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation · doi:10.1117/12.2312093 · Cited by 4
A model for time-evolution of coupling constants
Lee, T. (2023) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138424 · Cited by 3
Fine-structure constant constraints on late-time dark energy transitions
Martins, C., & Colomer, M. (2019) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.02.039 · Cited by 3
“stical analysis including data from astrophysical (spectroscopic) tests of the stability of . (For a recent summary of the methodology 4 behind these tests and their current observational status, see [15].) We will use all the currently available measurements: the Webb et al. [34] dataset (a large dataset of 293 archi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLight scalar dark matter coupled to a trace of energy-momentum tensor
Belokon', A., & Tokareva, A. (2018) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.101.103535 · Cited by 3
“This variations in principle can be measured directly in different experiments such as atomic clocks (see [9] for a recent review).”
BackgroundThe fine-structure constant: a review of measurement results and possible space-time variations
Bronnikov, K., Ivashchuk, V., & Khruschov, V. V. (2025) · Measurement techniques · doi:10.1007/s11018-025-02433-2 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, astronomical observations indicate the possibility of spatial variations in the fine-structure constant [6].”
Observational constraints on vectorlike dark energy
Coelho, C., Gschrey, A.-L. Y., & Martins, C. J. A. P. (2025) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.043543 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCosmic microwave background search for fine-structure constant evolution
Tohfa, H. M., Crump, J. H., Baker, E., Hart, L., Grin, D., Brosius, M., & Chluba, J. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.103529 · Cited by 13
On the heat evolution of the early Universe
Bronnikov, K., Kalinin, M., & Khruschov, V. V. (2023) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.12883 · Cited by 2
“[22, 23] considered the restrictions obtained to date on long-term variations of the gravitational constant, the fine structure constant, and the proton-to-electron mass ratio.”
BackgroundForecasts analysis on varying- α theories from gravitational wave standard sirens
Colaço, L. R., Holanda, R. F. L., Nunes, R. C., & Gonzalez, J. E. (2023) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2023.102911 · Cited by 7
The dynamics of vacuum, gravity and matter: Implications on the fundamental constants
Solà, J. (2024) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x24410161 · Cited by 6
“This does not mean, however, that the leptonic part can be neglected in (23), as previously noted.”
ResultGupta, R. S., Jaeckel, J., & Spannowsky, M. (2023) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2023)026 · Cited by 5
“As we consider only breaking of time translation invariance, our results can be compared to models with a time variation of fundamental constants [10]–including those that aim to explain dark energy [24–26]- or wavelike dark matter (WLDM) models [28, 29] where such time variation arises dynamically from an underlying…”
ResultMartins, C., Cristiani, S., Cupani, G., D'Odorico, V., Santos, R. G., Leite, A. C., Marques, C. M. J., Milakovic̀, D., Molaro, P., Murphy, M., et al. (2022) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.123507 · Cited by 2
Self-citationVariation of the Fine-Structure Constant in Model Systems for Singlet Fission.
Hansmann, A., & Berger, R. (2020) · Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04685 · Cited by 2
Radiatively corrected Kaluza-Klein masses in an aether compactification
Oliveira, R., Pinzul, A., Anacleto, M., Passos, E., Brito, F. A., & Holanda, O. (2020) · doi:10.1103/physrevd.102.075008 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Martins, C. J. A. P.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Martins, C J A P
- ORCID
- Martins, C J A P
- Venue
- Reports on Progress in Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-11-02
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 126902
- ISSN
- 0034-4885 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6633
- OpenAlex
- W2748851033
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Reports on Progress in Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- FCT/MCTES (Portugal) and POPH/FSE (IF/00064/2012)
- FCT (PTDC/FIS/111725/2009)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- variation of fundamental constants, fine-structure constant, muon anomalous magnetic moment, weak equivalence principle violation, fundamental physics tests, cosmic acceleration, precision spectroscopy, ALMA, espresso, Extremely Large Telescope
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