Increasing dimension of structures by 4D printing shape memory polymers via fused deposition modeling
Abstract
Abstract The main objective of this paper is to introduce a 4D printing method to program shape memory polymers (SMPs) during fabrication process. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) as a filament-based printing method is employed to program SMPs during depositing the material. This method is implemented to fabricate complicated polymeric structures by self-bending features without need of any post-programming. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate feasibility of one-dimensional (1D)-to 2D and 2D-to-3D self-bending. It is shown that 3D printed plate structures can transform into masonry-inspired 3D curved shell structures by simply heating. Good reliability of SMP programming during printing process is also demonstrated. A 3D macroscopic constitutive model is established to simulate thermo-mechanical features of the printed SMPs. Governing equations are also derived to simulate programming mechanism during printing process and shape change of self-bending structures. In this respect, a finite element formulation is developed considering von-Kármán geometric nonlinearity and solved by implementing iterative Newton–Raphson scheme. The accuracy of the computational approach is checked with experimental results. It is demonstrated that the theoretical model is able to replicate the main characteristics observed in the experiments. This research is likely to advance the state of the art FDM 4D printing, and provide pertinent results and computational tool that are instrumental in design of smart materials and structures with self-bending features.
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The phase transition approach has been applied to soft robotics and actuators, focusing on approaches that avoid the programming step and on single-material structures.
“The phase transition approach has been applied to soft robotics and actuators, e.g., focusing on to the approaches that avoid the need of the programming step (see Section 3) [212,213] and to single-material structures [219].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [213]
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Near-infrared light-driven programmable shape memory polymer for self-shaping 3D printing methods
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- Authors
- Hu, G. F., Damanpack, A. R., Bodaghi, M., & Liao, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Liao, W H
- Venue
- Smart Materials and Structures
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-11-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 125023
- ISSN
- 0964-1726 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-665X
- OpenAlex
- W2765671589
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 8.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Smart Materials and Structures (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Project ID: 3132823)
- Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. CUHK 14202016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- 4D printing, shape memory polymers, fused deposition modeling, thermomechanical behavior, curved shell structures, von Kármán nonlinearity, constitutive modeling, finite element formulation, smart materials
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