3D printed reversible shape changing components with stimuli responsive materials
Open accessAbstract
The creation of reversibly-actuating components that alter their shapes in a controllable manner in response to environmental stimuli is a grand challenge in active materials, structures, and robotics. Here we demonstrate a new reversible shape-changing component design concept enabled by 3D printing two stimuli responsive polymers-shape memory polymers and hydrogels-in prescribed 3D architectures. This approach uses the swelling of a hydrogel as the driving force for the shape change, and the temperature-dependent modulus of a shape memory polymer to regulate the time of such shape change. Controlling the temperature and aqueous environment allows switching between two stable configurations - the structures are relatively stiff and can carry load in each - without any mechanical loading and unloading. Specific shape changing scenarios, e.g., based on bending, or twisting in prescribed directions, are enabled via the controlled interplay between the active materials and the 3D printed architectures. The physical phenomena are complex and nonintuitive, and so to help understand the interplay of geometric, material, and environmental stimuli parameters we develop 3D nonlinear finite element models. Finally, we create several 2D and 3D shape changing components that demonstrate the role of key parameters and illustrate the broad application potential of the proposed approach.
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Hydrogel swelling force was used to induce internal stress in the SMP.
“Hydrogel swelling force was used to induce internal stress in the SMP.”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
A layer of hydrogel between the standard SMP and the elastomer bilayer allowed the structure to shift from one-way actuation to two-way actuation.
“Moreover, a layer of hydrogel between the standard SMP and the elastomer bilayer allowed the structure to shift from one-way actuation to two-way actuation.”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
The thermoviscoelastic approach has been applied to soft robotics and actuators, focusing on direct 4D printing, single-material structures, and composite structures.
“The thermoviscoelastic approach has been applied to soft robotics and actuators, e.g., focusing on direct 4D printing [211], single-material structures [215],and composite structures [208,252].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
Mao et al. developed SMP-based composite structures exhibiting the two-way SME by combining layers of SMPs and hydrogels.
“Similarly, Mao et al. [208] developed SMP-based composite structures exhibiting the two-way SME by combining layers of SMPs and hydrogels.”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
Mao et al. used both SMPs and hydrogels responding to thermal and aqueous stimuli, respectively, to switch between two stable configurations.
“Mao et al. [208] used both SMPs and hydrogels responding, respectively, to thermal and aqueous stimuli, to switch between two stable configurations.”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
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- Authors
- Mao, Y., Ding, Z., Yuan, C., Ai, S., Isakov, M., Wu, J., Wang, T., Dunn, M. L., & Qi, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration (CN)
- Beijing Jiaotong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dunn, Martin L.
- Qi, H. Jerry
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-04-25
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24761-24761
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4842966
- OpenAlex
- W2342974502
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 36.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1462895, 1462894, 1404621)
- National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation Singapore
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (CMMI-1462895, CMMI-1462894, 1462894, 1462895)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-13-1-0088, FA9550-)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Soft Robotics and Applications
- Keywords
- stimuli-responsive materials, shape memory polymers, hydrogels, 3D printing, hydrogel swelling, temperature-dependent modulus, bending and twisting, nonlinear finite element analysis, active materials, soft robotics
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