3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)
Open accessAbstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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SLS is suitable for the fabrication of scaffolds with complex geometric shapes and is especially suitable for bone tissue scaffolds because of its high mechanical strength and porosity.
“This method is suitable for the fabrication of scaffolds with complex geometric shapes, and is especially suitable for the construction of bone tissue scaffolds because of its high mechanical strength and porosity [105, 106].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [105]
The Printing Process section (p. unavailable) describes how SLS produces objects, and the Properties of Printed Parts section (p. unavailable) discusses strength varying with print conditions. Searches for scaffolds, bone tissue, porosity, and complex geometries found no passage stating that SLS is suitable for complex-shaped scaffolds or especially suitable for bone scaffolds because of high strength and porosity. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Ebrahimi, Z., Irani, S., Ardeshirylajimi, A., & Seyedjafari, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15602-y · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Kafle, A., Luis, E., Silwal, R., Pan, H. M., Shrestha, P. L., & Bastola, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Kathmandu University (NP)
- Macau University of Science and Technology (MO)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shrestha, Pratisthit Lal
- Bastola, Anil Kumar
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-15
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 3101
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8470301
- OpenAlex
- W3200088187
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 5.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cronfa (Swansea University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- 3D printing, 4D printing, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, shape-changing polymers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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