The DOI matches its Crossref record; 152 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis
Open accessAbstract
With the Paris Agreement's ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although there has been significant progress in negative emissions research [260,540,575,580,707], the actual CO 2 removal industry is still in its infancy.”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [540]
In the citing paper
“Current research on NETs has come from two main strands: technology-focused studies that explore specific technical configurations, and integrated assessment models that investigate NETs in the context of global and long-term climate change mitigation.[3][4][5]”
From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In fact, to meet current climate goals, the continued growth of emissions indicated by current trends will increasingly lock energy system transformations into pathways that require large-scale NETs. 4”
From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“BECCS has been the first NET widely taken up in integrated assessment models 4 and shows some appealing characteristics.”
From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3 · Cited by 21,484
Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification
Freeman, L. C. (1978) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7 · Cited by 17,062
Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O’Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., et al. (2017) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 · Cited by 6,607
Self-citationGriggs, D., & Noguer, M. (2002) · Weather · doi:10.1256/004316502320517344 · Cited by 5,801
Mackay, A. W. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0015br · Cited by 5,592
Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5664 · Cited by 4,083
Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C
Rogelj, J., den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., Winkler, H., Schaeffer, R., Sha, F., Riahi, K., & Meinshausen, M. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18307 · Cited by 3,637 · cited 2×
“In fact, global GHG emissions will continue to grow until 2030 unless short-term ambition is ratcheted up by many countries (Rogelj et al 2016a, Meinshausen et al 2015, Schleussner et al 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSystematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide
Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470754887 · Cited by 3,586 · cited 3×
“Literature review methods are rarely discussed in the field of climate change research, despite their central importance to knowledge synthesis and policy-relevant assessments (Minx et al 2017a, Ringquist 2013, Petticrew and Roberts 2008, Petticrew and McCartney 2017, Higgins and Green 2008).”
BackgroundMethod
Research works printed but not linked: 37
- Baes C F, 1977, Am. Sci., 65, 310
- Blanford G J, 2013, EAERE Annual Conferences
- Ciais P ed Stocker T F, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Clarke L E ed Edenhofer O, 2014, Climate Change 2014 Mitigation Climate Change Contribution Working Group III to Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 413
- Edenhofer O ed Edenhofer O, 2014, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Flegal J A, 2017, Int. Environ. Agreements Polit. Law Econ., 1, 17
- Hamilton C, 2013, Earthmasters
- Hourcade J-C ed Bruce J P, 1996, Climate Change 1995, Economic and Social Dimensions Climate Change Contribution of Working Group III to Second Assessment Report
- IPCC ed Bruce J P, 1996, Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Watson R T, 1996, Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed McCarthy J J, 2001, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Metz B, 2001, Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Edenhofer O, 2011, Expert Meeting Report on Geoengineering
- IPCC ed Stocker T F, 2013, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Field C B, 2014, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Edenhofer O, 2014, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPCC ed Core Writing Team, 2014, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Jepma C J, 1995, Clim. Change, 31, 225
- Kauppi P, 2001, IPCC 3rd Assessment Report, 301
- Kolstad C, 2014, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 173
- Kriegler E, 2013, RoSE Proj. Potsdam Inst. Clim. Impact Res., 8
- Lenzi D, 2018, Glob. Sustain.
- Luderer G, 2016, Policy Findings from the ADVANCE Project
- Lukacs M, 2012, The Guardian Oct 15
- Minx J C, 2017, Environ. Res. Lett., 12
- Minx J, 2017, Environ. Res. Lett., 12
- Morrow D R, 2016, Public Aff. Q., 30, 83
- Nabuurs G J ed Metz B, 2007, Forestry climate change 2007: mitigation Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- National Academy of Sciences, 1992, Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base
- National Research Council, 1983, Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee
- Petticrew M, 2008, Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences
- Rickels W, 2011, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der Debatte zu Climate Engineering
- Shepherd J, 2009, Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty
- Shindell D ed Stocker T F, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 659
- Shrader-Frechette K S ed Maltais A, 2015, Biomass Incineration: Scientifically and Ethically Indefensible The Ethics of Climate Governance, 155
- Smith P ed Metz B, 2007, Climate change 2007: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Strefler J, 2018, Enivron. Res. Lett., 13, 4
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–864 of 864
An, K., Heine, M., Hanes, R. J., Roberts, B., & Lamers, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5251998
Hee, N. V., Tendeloo, M. V., Vasilakou, K., Niron, H., Struyf, E., Hartmann, J., Vicca, S., Nimmegeers, P., & Vlaeminck, S. E. (2025) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104412
Self-citationCarbon Removal, Climate Impacts, and Equity: Insights From Expert Elicitation
Sylvan, D., & Howard, P. H. (2025) · Journal of Climate Resilience and Justice · doi:10.1162/crcj_a_00015
Potencial de captura de CO2 atmosférico por intemperismo aprimorado em Mato Grosso: estudo de casos
de Moraes, A. J. S., Pierosan, R., Martins, É. D. S., Muniz, V. H. S. A., & de Lima, M. F. (2025) · Pesquisas em Geociências · doi:10.22456/1807-9806.143683
Hubris and Humility in the Face of Climate Overshoot
Fulvi, D., & Wodak, J. (2025) · Nature and Culture · doi:10.3167/nc.2025.200203
Some Fiscal Implications of Green Energy Transitions
Fedderke, J. W., & Bogetić, Ž. (2025) · Journal of Development Perspectives · doi:10.5325/jdevepers.5.1-2.0001
A systematic review of carbon sink pathways and deployment strategies
Ma, J., Zhou, Y., He, L., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2026) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105517 · Cited by 1
Evaluating CO2 Removal Technologies: A Life Cycle Assessment for Effective Climate Change Mitigation
Meril, D., Raju, P., Sugantham, F., & Santhanam, P. (2025) · Sustainable development and biodiversity · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0409-1_21
A co, jeśli zrównoważony rozwój nie działa? Krytyka zrównoważonego rozwoju i możliwe ścieżki naprzód
Rok, J. (2025) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323568001.pp.179-204
Global Research Trends in Ethical Debates on Renewable Energy Technology: A Bibliometric Analysis
Ren, H., & Cao, F. (2025) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01036-0_108
Ali, A., El‐Ghali, M. A. K., Nasir, S. J., & Moustafa, M. S. H. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1
Poetra, R. P., Hartmann, J., Hagens, M., Nipper, I. S., Rieder, L., & Moras, C. A. (2026) · npj Materials Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s44296-026-00116-9
Self-citationA Comparative Review of terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods
Lieber, A., Morrow, C., Stabile, J., & Hornbostel, K. (2025) · Carbon Capture Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100550 · Cited by 3
von Cossel, M., Hieber, C. E., Iqbal, Y., Berwanger, E., Lebendig, F., Müller, M., & Jablonowski, N. D. (2025) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202501001
A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Carbon Dioxide Removal and Utilization Techniques
Ali, A. A., Mohammed, H. N., & Ahmed, S. M. R. (2025) · Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences · doi:10.25130/tjes.32.4.11
Electricity generation from biomass
Filho, F. B. D., Palácio, J. C. E., Venturini, O. J., Lora, E. E. S., & Bertel, Q. R. Q. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-16084-4.00016-x
Müller-Hansen, F., Fritz, L., Lück, S., Sovacool, B. K., & Minx, J. C. (2025) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ae0099
Self-citationCarbon Cycle Dynamics: Sources, Sinks, and Fluxes in Changing Climates
Aravind, K. (2025) · International Journal of Pure Science Research Studies (IJPSRS) · doi:10.63090/ijpsrs/3139.8995.0004
Building Interpretable Climate Emulators for Economics
Eftekhari, A., Folini, D., Friedl, A., Kübler, F., Scheidegger, S., & Schenk, O. (2025) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueaf131 · Cited by 2
Sustainable Finance Instruments and Mechanisms
Küfeoğlu, S. (2025) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10440-3_4
A techno-economic overview direct air capture of carbon dioxide
Kuru, T., Khaleghi, K., Daigle, H. C., Livescu, S., & Rui, Z. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15761-5.00013-2
Applications toward decarbonization, net zero, and energy transition efforts
Saldaña, J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15761-5.00010-7 · Cited by 2
Long-Term Evolution of the Ozone Layer Under CMIP7 Scenarios
Tkachenko, M. A., & Rozanov, E. (2026) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos17010092
“…decline from 830 to 350 ppm between 2100 and 2200—trajectory requiring large-scale negative emission technology deployment of 10–20 Gt C/year [30,31]—stratospheric temperature at 50 hPa recovers partially (+1.3 K from minimum of − 2.6 K, representing approximately 50% recovery in HO…”
InfluentialTemporary carbon dioxide removal to offset short-lived climate forcersPreprint
He, Y. H., Riahi, K., Gidden, M., Piao, S. L., Wang, T., & Gasser, T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8806497/v1
Carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering on American green clay tennis courts
Pavia, F. J., & Lambert, J. E. (2026) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2026.106737
Prudhomme, R. (2019) · doi:10.70675/f9f72d21zc7a4z48c8zb777z332bc1633679
“vation under mitigation scenarios A portfolio of mitigation strategies reduces side-effects on biodiversity and food security compared to siloed strategies and allows several SDGs to be achieved simultaneously (Bertram et al. 2018, Humpenöder et al. 2018, Minx et al. 2018, Obersteiner et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSchippers, E. J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bc6750b0z7582z4e83zb3b0z94ce5654b9ea · Cited by 1
Delerce, S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b7725389z4779z48ddz9393zba3923920a17
Assessment of climate change mitigation options
Gaucher, Y. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2350cf9dze74az43ebz99bdzdb1c28d97d96
Microbial contributions to carbon cycling and sequestration
Gupta, V., Kumar, K., Yadav, M., Yadav, P., Dubey, V. K., Yadav, R. K., Saxena, V., Rao, D. P., & Gupta, G. P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34272-1.00014-8
Muñoz, H. J., Korili, S. A., & Gil, A. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.177028
The state of macroalgae carbon dioxide removal: insights from a methodology development team
Martocello, D. E., Storwick, T., & Buchwald, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2026.1761760
Advances and emerging directions in thermal energy storage for concentrated solar power systems
Chenniappan, T., Devarajan, Y., Rajendran, N. K., Santhosh, M. B., Ali, S., Dash, A. K., Paliwal, R. K., Jayabal, R., & Mishra, R. (2026) · International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering · doi:10.1515/ijcre-2025-0225
Fofrich, R., Chiu, A., & Ordway, E. M. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag123
“While there is a growing body of evidence on the land-use ramifications of biotic negative-emission technologies (5, 13, 32 – 34), much of this research has focused on land-use conversion, carbon sequestration rates, and potential conflicts with agricultural systems at the global scale (1 – 4, 35,…”
Nishiura, O., Fujimori, S., & Oshiro, K. (2026) · Energy and Climate Change · doi:10.1016/j.egycc.2026.100250
Seralta, C., Schippers, E. J., Pérez, Y., & da Costa, P. (2026) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2026.2678303
Kavindi, G. A. G., & Tang, L. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44581-1.00030-2
The Value of Reversible Carbon Storage in a Zero-Emissions World
Mayer, A. C., Dumortier, J., Hausfather, Z., Pett‐Ridge, J., & Slessarev, E. W. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c00333 · Cited by 2
Large-Scale Carbon Removal Will Create Public Health, Economic, and Climate Trade-Offs
Javadi, P., O’Rourke, P. E., Fuhrman, J., Loughlin, D. H., Doney, S. C., Shobe, W., Ferreira, J., & Clarens, A. F. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c17950
Alcalá-Espinosa, E., & Peña, A. (2026) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy16131223
“This pattern is consistent with the mainstreaming of negative-emission concepts and the expanded relevance of land-based carbon pathways in net-zero policy discussions [54,55].”
Chemical Engineering at a Crossroads: The Discipline Must Lead the Carbon-Neutral Revolution
Leonzio, G. (2026) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.06.010
Fertilizer planning strategies supporting low-emission transitions in regulated agricultural systems
Bamogo, C., Oudani, M., Belhadi, A., Dellagi, S., & Achour, Z. (2026) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1080/01605682.2026.2691991
Multifootprint optimization of integrated negative emissions technology portfolios
Migo-Sumagang, M. V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21721-0.00012-0
Residual emissions may perpetuate community-scale inequalities in US air pollution
Bergero, C., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q., Ou, Y., McJeon, H., Edwards, M. R., Nock, D. S., Azevedo, I. L., & Davis, S. J. (2026) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02675-0 · Cited by 1
Taştan, B. E. (2026) · Communications Faculty of Science University of Ankara Series C Biology Geological Engineering and Geophysical Engineering · doi:10.53447/communc.1878854
Peltola, P., Bajamundi, C., Hakala, J., Komatsuzaki, Y., & Maeda, K. (2026) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104731
Campo, F. P., Dolci, G., Grosso, M., Renforth, P., van der Spek, M. W., Foteinis, S., Zeichen, M. M., Borghesi, R., & Caserini, S. (2026) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104742
Clean air––Breathing new life into a threatened atmosphere
Fassihi, R., & Samouei, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-52574-2.00002-1
Durable carbon dioxide removal efficiency of wood vault-enhanced afforestation
Garces, J. I. T., Tan, R. R., Aviso, K. B., Promentilla, M. A. B., & Pausta, C. M. (2026) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-026-02734-w
“CDR techniques, also known as negative emissions technologies (NETs), use different physical, chemical, or biological pathways to deliberately transfer carbon from the atmosphere into alternative carbon stocks (Minx et al. 2018).”
Yarali, S., Rohani, A., Bayati, M. R., & Abhari, M. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102238
Tang, Z. Y., Chen, S., Wu, Y., Ji, Y., Wang, T., Wang, R. Q., & Jiang, L. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128762
Bigestans, D., Cardin, M., Dowell, N. M., Shah, N., & Smith, J. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128828
Kumar, Y., Pathak, D. P., & Sangwai, J. S. (2026) · ACS ES&T Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsestengg.6c00002
Fitzpatrick, N., Fritz, L., & Sovacool, B. K. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117470
Sri, S. K., Bhakiyathu Saliha, B., Bama, K. S., Boomiraj, K., Sumathi, C., Guru, G., Sanjivkumar, V., Muthiah, M., Prasad, J. V., Singh, V. K., et al. (2026) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104973
Alrbai, M., Al‐Dahidi, S., Kalidasan, B., Farhan, A. F., Alshriadeh, M., Kharabsheh, S., Ismail, O. A., Ayadi, O., & Lee, J. (2026) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2026.103581
Ruett, J., Abdelshafy, A., & Walther, G. (2026) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2026.102180
Rump, M., Lannig, G., Bock, C., Benthien, A., Pogoda, B., Antoni, D., & Gerdts, G. (2026) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108439
Marcos, A., & Árvai, J. (2026) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2026.103238
Quinan, M. P., Celestian, A. J., Rollins, N. E., Steiner, Z., & Berelson, W. M. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.10.017
Capocelli, M., Ballini, E., & Luberti, M. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101997
Metadata
- Authors
- Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Fuss, S., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., de Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., Khanna, T., Lenzi, D., Luderer, G., Nemet, G. F., Rogelj, J., Smith, P., Vicente Vicente, J. L., Wilcox, J., & del Mar Zamora Dominguez, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- Corresponding author
- Minx, Jan C
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-05-21
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 063001
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2803435903
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 16
- FWCI
- 41.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC/FFR2/3)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01LS1610B, 03EK3046B)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG EXEC 177, DFG SPP 1689)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P019455/1, NE/P019900/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Keywords
- negative emissions technologies, climate change mitigation, Paris Agreement, 1.5 °C warming target, 2 °C warming limit, ocean fertilization, implementation barriers, climate policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
