The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
PROBING THE FERMI BUBBLES IN ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION: A SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNATURE OF THE MILKY WAY'S BICONICAL NUCLEAR OUTFLOW
Open accessAbstract
Giant lobes of plasma extend ≈55° above and below the Galactic center, glowing in emission from gamma rays (the Fermi Bubbles) to microwaves and polarized radio waves. We use ultraviolet absorption-line spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope to constrain the velocity of the outflowing gas within these regions, targeting the quasar PDS 456 (ℓ, b = 10 4, +11 2). This sightline passes through a clear biconical structure seen in hard X-ray and gamma-ray emission near the base of the northern Fermi Bubble. We report two high-velocity metal absorption components, at v LSR = −235 and +250 km s −1 , which cannot be explained by co-rotating gas in the Galactic disk or halo. Their velocities are suggestive of an origin on the front and back side of an expanding biconical outflow emanating from the Galactic center. We develop simple kinematic biconical outflow models that can explain the observed profiles with an outflow velocity of ≳900 km s −1 and a full opening angle of ≈110° (matching the X-ray bicone). This indicates Galactic center activity over the last ≈2.5–4.0 Myr, in line with age estimates of the Fermi Bubbles. The observations illustrate the use of UV spectroscopy to probe the properties of swept-up gas venting into the Fermi Bubbles.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The model also recovers the kinematics of the warm absorption clouds ( v los ∼ ± 200 km s -1 ) as discussed in section 2.5.2 (also Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Fox et al. 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Veilleux, S., Cecil, G. N., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2005) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150610 · Cited by 1,464
Self-citationMurray, N., Quataert, E., & Thompson, T. A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/426067 · Cited by 1,038
Reid, M., Menten, K., Zheng, X.-W., Brunthaler, A., Moscadelli, L., Xu, Y., Zhang, B., Sato, M., Honma, M., Hirota, T., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/1/137 · Cited by 799
GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756
ROSAT Survey Diffuse X‐Ray Background Maps. II.
Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Freyberg, M. J., McCammon, D., Plucinsky, P. P., Sanders, W. T., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Trumper, J., & Voges, W. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304399 · Cited by 602 · cited 2×
“…this sightline is the only AGN direction in our sample that passes through the biconical region of enhanced ROSAT 1.5 keV X-ray emission centered on the GC (Snowden et al. 1997), where the γ-ray emission is also strong since the direction intersects the base of the northern FB (Su et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPutman, M. E., Peek, J. E. G., & Joung, M. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125612 · Cited by 496
THE COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH
Green, J. C., Froning, C. S., Osterman, S., Ebbets, D. C., Heap, S. H., Leitherer, C., Linsky, J. L., Savage, B. D., Sembach, K. R., Shull, J. M., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/1/60 · Cited by 486
Self-citationMicrowave Interstellar Medium Emission Observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Finkbeiner, D. P. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/423482 · Cited by 331
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64 · Cited by 328
Shopbell, P. L., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305108 · Cited by 318
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Heckman, 2002, Extragalactic Gas at Low Redshift, 292
- McCourt, 2014, MNRAS
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Angelis, A. D., Tatischeff, V., Tavani, M., Oberlack, U., Grenier, I. A., Hanlon, L., Walter, R., Argan, A., von Ballmoos, P., Bulgarelli, A. A., et al. (2017) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-017-9533-6 · Cited by 234
Danforth, C. W., Keeney, B. A., Tilton, E. M., Shull, J. M., Stocke, J. T., Stevans, M., Pieri, M. M., Savage, B. D., France, K., Syphers, D., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/111 · Cited by 190
Self-citationMusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) – III. Galactic wind properties using background quasars
Schroetter, I., Bouché, N., Zabl, J., Contini, T., Wendt, M., Schaye, J., Mitchell, P., Muzahid, S., Marino, R. A., Bacon, R. M., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2822 · Cited by 120
Richter, P., Nuza, S. E., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Lehner, N., Bekhti, N. B., Fechner, C., Wendt, M., Howk, J. C., Muzahid, S., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630081 · Cited by 119
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, A. J., Bordoloi, R., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Hernandez, S., Kim, T.-S., Benjamin, R. A., Bowen, D. V., & Tumlinson, J.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Andrew J.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2015-01-19
- Volume
- 799
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L7
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2114344995
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 10.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, biconical outflow, ultraviolet absorption lines, PDS 456, outflow velocity, Galactic halo
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
