Mapping Outflowing Gas in the Fermi Bubbles: A UV Absorption Survey of the Galactic Nuclear Wind*
Open accessAbstract
Using new ultraviolet (UV) spectra of five background quasars from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope, we analyze the low-latitude ( ) regions of the Fermi Bubbles, the giant gamma-ray-emitting lobes at the Galactic Center. We combine these data with previous UV and atomic hydrogen (H i) data sets to build a comprehensive picture of the kinematics and metal column densities of the cool outflowing clouds entrained in the Fermi Bubbles. We find that the number of UV absorption components per sight line decreases as a function of increasing latitude, suggesting that the outflowing clouds become less common with increasing latitude. The Fermi Bubble H i clouds are accelerated up to b ∼ 7°, whereas when we model the UV Fermi Bubbles clouds’ deprojected flow velocities, we find that they are flat or even accelerating with distance from the Galactic center. This trend, which holds in both the northern and southern hemispheres, indicates that the nuclear outflow accelerates clouds throughout the Fermi Bubbles or has an acceleration phase followed by a coasting phase. Finally, we note the existence of several blueshifted high-velocity clouds at latitudes exceeding ∼30°, whose velocities cannot be explained by gas clouds confined to the inside of the gamma-ray-defined Fermi Bubbles. These anomalous-velocity clouds are likely in front of the Fermi Bubbles and could be remnants from past nuclear outflows. Overall, these observations form a valuable set of empirical data on the properties of cool gas in nuclear winds from star-forming galaxies.
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“…in the Galactic center, many high-velocity clouds (HVCs) were detected (Collins et al. 2004, 2005; Di Teodoro et al. 2018; Lockman et al. 2020; Ashley et al. 2020), and two high-velocity molecular clouds (HVMCs) are also discovered inside the HVCs (Di Teodoro et al. 2020), but their origin…”
Unveiling the Origin of the Fermi/eRosita Bubbles
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., & Zweibel, E. G. (2023) · European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS) · doi:10.22323/1.423.0023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A New High-latitude H i Cloud Complex Entrained in the Northern Fermi Bubble
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., & Lockman, F. J. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/addd16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The UV and radio studies have revealed many properties of the Fermi Bubble HVCs, including their kinematics (Bordoloi et al. 2017, hereafter B17), H I masses (Di Teodoro et al. 2018), covering fraction (Ashley et al. 2020), and chemical composition (Ashley et al. 2022).”
Self-citationEvidence for powerful winds and the associated reverse shock as the origin of the Fermi bubbles
Fujita, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3312 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Signature of the Northern Galactic Center Region in Low-velocity UV Absorption
Soto, C., Ashley, T., Fox, A., & Bordoloi, R. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA Near-infrared Search for Molecular Gas in the Fermi Bubbles
Fox, A. J., Kumari, N., Ashley, T., Cazzoli, S., & Bordoloi, R. (2021) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ac205d · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling multiphase galactic outflows: A multifluid moving-mesh approach
Bollati, F., & Weinberger, R. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556959 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
To Survive or To Shatter: The Impact of Cosmic Rays on the Fate of Stripped Cold Clouds
Roy, M., Su, K.-Y., Tonnesen, S. K., Lu, Y. S., Hummels, C., & Ponnada, S. B. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae664f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…in the hot halo environment (e.g. McKee & Cowie 1975; Zhang et al. 2017), observations of multiphase outflows (e.g. Fluetsch et al. 2021; Ashley et al. 2020) and recent theoretical works (e.g. Li & Tonnesen 2020; Fielding et al. 2020; Gronke & Oh 2018) suggest that cold gas can survive…”
Fermi bubble clouds originate in both the disk and halo of the Milky Way
(2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01750-8
Fermi/eROSITA bubbles as relics of the past activity of the galaxy’s central black hole
Yang, H.-Y. K. (2024) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271825400048
Zhu, P.-X., Li, M., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ae0228
How Is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?
Su, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Du, F., Zhou, X., YAN, Q.-Z., & Chen, X. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2ea1
The role of magnetic fields in shaping γ-ray emission from the Fermi bubbles
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag169
Multi-physics galactic feedback on the multi-phase circumgalactic medium
Ji, S. (2026) · Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue · doi:10.1360/sspma-2026-0440
- Authors
- Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bordoloi, R., Lockman, F. J., Savage, B. D., & Karim, T.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2020-07-31
- Volume
- 898
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 128
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W3036996721
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Space Telescope Science Institute (15339)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, gas outflows, UV absorption, quasar absorption lines, gas kinematics, high-velocity clouds, Galactic Center
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