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PROBING THE FERMI BUBBLES IN ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION: A SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNATURE OF THE MILKY WAY'S BICONICAL NUCLEAR OUTFLOW
Open accessAbstract
Giant lobes of plasma extend ≈55° above and below the Galactic center, glowing in emission from gamma rays (the Fermi Bubbles) to microwaves and polarized radio waves. We use ultraviolet absorption-line spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope to constrain the velocity of the outflowing gas within these regions, targeting the quasar PDS 456 (ℓ, b = 10 4, +11 2). This sightline passes through a clear biconical structure seen in hard X-ray and gamma-ray emission near the base of the northern Fermi Bubble. We report two high-velocity metal absorption components, at v LSR = −235 and +250 km s −1 , which cannot be explained by co-rotating gas in the Galactic disk or halo. Their velocities are suggestive of an origin on the front and back side of an expanding biconical outflow emanating from the Galactic center. We develop simple kinematic biconical outflow models that can explain the observed profiles with an outflow velocity of ≳900 km s −1 and a full opening angle of ≈110° (matching the X-ray bicone). This indicates Galactic center activity over the last ≈2.5–4.0 Myr, in line with age estimates of the Fermi Bubbles. The observations illustrate the use of UV spectroscopy to probe the properties of swept-up gas venting into the Fermi Bubbles.
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“The model also recovers the kinematics of the warm absorption clouds ( v los ∼ ± 200 km s -1 ) as discussed in section 2.5.2 (also Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Fox et al. 2015
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“The twin-component HVC structure was seen by Fox et al. (2015) toward the QSO PDS 456 lying close to the GC, and interpreted in terms of a signature of a biconical outflow.”
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“When preparing the Fox et al. (2015) manuscript and considering additional HST observations, we became aware of the extremely interesting HST archival spectroscopic observations for the sightline to the star LS 4825 (CD −30 15464), a luminous B1 Ib−II star lying 21±5 kpc away in the direction…”
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Self-citationUrsino, E., Galeazzi, M., & Liu, W.-H. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/816/1/33 · Cited by 7
The CGM–GRB Study. I. Uncovering the Circumgalactic Medium around GRB Hosts at Redshifts 2–6
Gatkine, P. R., Veilleux, S., & Cucchiara, A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab31ae · Cited by 15
The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VII. FeII* Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies
Finley, H., Bouché, N., Contini, T., Paalvast, M., Boogaard, L., Maseda, M. V., Bacon, R. M., Blaizot, J., Brinchmann, J., Épinat, B., et al. (2017) · HAL · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.09195 · Cited by 14
Feeding and Feedback in the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 120
Tombesi, F., Mushotzky, R. F., Reynolds, C. S., Kallman, T. R., Reeves, J. N., Braito, V., Ueda, Y., Leutenegger, M. A., Williams, B. J., Stawarz, Ł., et al. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.23310 · Cited by 14
Marra, R., Churchill, C. W., Kacprzak, G. G., Nielsen, N. M., Trujillo-Gomez, S., & Lewis, E. A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3735 · Cited by 14
Quasars Probing Quasars. X. The Quasar Pair Spectral Database
Findlay, J., Prochaska, J. X., Hennawi, J., Fumagalli, M., Myers, A., Bartle, S., Chehade, B., DiPompeo, M., Shanks, T., Lau, M., et al. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 14
Caught in the Act: A Metal-rich High-velocity Cloud in the Inner Galaxy
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Ashley, T., Massa, D. L., Jenkins, E. B., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Bordoloi, R., & Kim, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaaa5 · Cited by 13
Self-citationSpatially resolved gas flows around the Milky Way
Clark, S., Bordoloi, R., & Fox, A. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac504 · Cited by 13
Self-citationFermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
Mondal, S., Keshet, U., Sarkar, K. C., & Gurwich, I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1084 · Cited by 13
Feeding and Feedback in the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 120
Tombesi, F., Mushotzky, R. F., Reynolds, C. S., Kallman, T., Reeves, J. N., Braito, V., Ueda, Y., Leutenegger, M. A., Williams, B. J., Stawarz, Ł., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6342 · Cited by 17
Fermi bubbles: high-latitude X-ray supersonic shell
Keshet, U., & Gurwich, I. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1533 · Cited by 13
Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Cashman, F. H., Lockman, F. J., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., & Karim, T. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01720-0 · Cited by 12
Self-citationBuie, E., Gray, W. J., Scannapieco, E. S., & Safarzadeh, M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9535 · Cited by 12
IceCube Constraints on the Fermi Bubbles
Sherf, N., Keshet, U., & Gurwich, I. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa894f · Cited by 10
Crawford, S. M., Crause, L. A., Depagne, É., Iłkiewicz, K., Schröder, A. C., Kuhn, R. B., Hettlage, C., Colmenero, E. R., Kniazev, A. Y., & Väisänen, P. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2232653 · Cited by 9
Metal Enrichment in the Fermi Bubbles as a Probe of their Origin
Inoue, Y., Nakashima, S., Tahara, M., Kataoka, J., Totani, T., Fujita, Y., Sofue, Y., 中島, 真., 田原, 将., 片岡, 淳., et al. (2015) · JAXA Repository (JAXA) · Cited by 8
CO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
Su, Y., Zhang, S.-Y., Yang, J., Yan, Q.-Z., Sun, Y., Wang, H.-C., Zhang, S.-B., Chen, X.-P., Chen, Z., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac63b3 · Cited by 7
PANGU: a wide field gamma-ray imager and polarimeter
Wu, X., Walter, R., Su, M., Ambrosi, G., Azzarello, P., Böttcher, M., Chang, J., Chernyakova, M., Fan, Y.-Z., Farnier, C., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2231871 · Cited by 6
Probing the Halo Gas Distribution in the Inner Galaxy with Fermi Bubble Observations
Zhang, R.-Y., & Guo, F.-L. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfdb1 · Cited by 5
QUIJOTE scientific results – VI. The Haze as seen by QUIJOTE
Guidi, F., Génova-Santos, R., Rubiño-Martín, J., Peel, M., Fernández-Torreiro, M., López-Caraballo, C., Vignaga, R., de la Hoz, E., Vielva, P., Watson, R., et al. (2023) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3468 · Cited by 3
A galactic breeze origin for the Fermi bubbles emission
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3517 · Cited by 5
Emission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles
Owen, E. R., & Yang, H.-Y. K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac119 · Cited by 10
Not gone with the wind: survival of high-velocity molecular clouds in the galactic centre
Zhang, M., & Li, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3408 · Cited by 4
The AGN Jet Model of the Fermi Bubbles
Guo, F.-L. (2016) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921316012023 · Cited by 4
X-Rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center Chimney
Mackey, S., Morris, M., Ponti, G., Anastasopoulou, K., & Mondal, S. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad3248 · Cited by 2
The Starburst Acceleration of High-velocity Clouds in the Galactic Center
Zhang, M.-F., Li, M., & Zhu, P.-X. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb619
Excess Galactic Molecular Absorption Toward the Radio Galaxy 3C 111
Tombesi, F., Reynolds, C. S., Mushotzky, R. F., & Behar, E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa71a4 · Cited by 3
Galactic Cosmic-Rays in a Breeze
Giacinti, G., & Taylor, A. (2017) · Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2018.07.010 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, A. J., Bordoloi, R., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Hernandez, S., Kim, T.-S., Benjamin, R. A., Bowen, D. V., & Tumlinson, J.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Andrew J.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2015-01-19
- Volume
- 799
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L7
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2114344995
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 10.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, biconical outflow, ultraviolet absorption lines, PDS 456, outflow velocity, Galactic halo
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