Cited by 751Impact of Technology on AdolescentsCyberloafing and Workplace BehaviorSexuality, Behavior, and Technology

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Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-employment Screening

Davis, Richard A., Flett, Gordon L., Besser, Avi·2002·CyberPsychology & Behavior

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Abstract

The current study introduced a theory-driven, multidimensional measure of problematic Internet use: the Online Cognition Scale (OCS). Undergraduate students (n = 211) in an industrial/organizational psychology course completed the OCS, along with measures of procrastination, rejection sensitivity, loneliness, depression, and impulsivity. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that problematic Internet use consists of four dimensions: diminished impulse control, loneliness/depression, social comfort, and distraction. As hypothesized, the OCS predicted all of the study variables in the expected directions. Representing a departure from previous research in this area, the current article focused on procrastination, impulsivity, and social rejection as key elements of problematic Internet use. Furthermore, interactive applications (e.g., chat) were most related to problematic Internet use, and scores on the OCS predicted being reprimanded at school or work for inappropriate Internet use. As a result, the utility of the OCS for both clinical assessment of Internet addiction and as an organizational preemployment screening measure to identify potential employees who are likely to abuse the Internet in the workplace (also known as "cyberslacking") were discussed.

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BackgroundResultInfluential
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Müller, S., Fieseler, C., Meckel, M., & Suphan, A. (2017) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439317715716 · Cited by 10
“The procrastination construct was derived from Davis et al. (2002).”
User Characteristics of Vaguebookers versus General Social Media Users
Berryman, C., McHugh, B. C., Wiśniewski, P., Ferguson, C., & Negy, C. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21902-4_13 · Cited by 7
Affective and Cognitive Factors of Internet User Behaviour
Berezovskaya, I. P., Shipunova, O. D., Kedich, S., & Popova, N. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65857-1_5 · Cited by 7
Social Media’s Potential in Improving the Mental Well-Being of the Unemployed
Suphan, A., Feuls, M., & Fieseler, C. (2012) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32850-3_2 · Cited by 7
A Review of Research on Problematic Internet Use and Well-Being
Breslau, J. A., Aharoni, E., Pedersen, E. R., & Miller, L. L. (2015) · Cited by 7
Problematic use of mobile phones : measuring the behaviour, its motivational mechanism, and negative consequences
James, D. (2012) · QUT Business School · Cited by 7
Mobile phone addiction
Chi, L., & Liang, J. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.ch053 · Cited by 115
Towards Diagnosing and Mitigating Behavioral Cyber Risks
Pugnetti, C., Björck, A., Schönauer, R., & Casián, C. (2024) · Risks · doi:10.3390/risks12070116 · Cited by 6
Factors of Workplace Procrastination: A Systematic Review
Musteață, I., & Holman, A. C. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14060380 · Cited by 11
What role do self-regulatory mechanisms play in the risky use of digital media by adolescents?
Hrbáčková, K., Hladík, J., & Šafránková, A. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1675778 · Cited by 6
The associations between destructive parenting practice and addiction behaviors in internet and smartphone: A three-level meta-analysis
Zhang, Q., & Ma, X. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107537 · Cited by 7
Do privacy concerns determine online information disclosure? The case of internet addiction
Thompson, N., Ahmad, A., & Maynard, S. B. (2021) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-11-2020-0190 · Cited by 6
Ergenlerde internette oyun bağımlılığı düzeyi ve algılanan sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkide oyun süresinin ve işlevsel olmayan inanışın aracı rolü
Yavuz, O., & Erden, S. (2021) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.969479 · Cited by 6
Problematic Technology Use: The impact of personality and continued use
Phillips, B., & Shipps, B. (2022) · Journal of the Southern Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/3jsis.00021 · Cited by 6
Internet Addiction as a Moderator of the Relationship between Cyberhate Severity and Decisional Forgiveness
Mróz, J., & Kaleta, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105844 · Cited by 8
Uso problemático de Internet y procrastinación en estudiantes: un meta-análisis
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S. (2022) · European Journal of Education and Psychology · doi:10.32457/ejep.v15i1.1815 · Cited by 8
Motor impulsivity and problematic online behaviours among university students: the potential mediating role of coping style
Sánchez-Fernández, M., & Mas, M. D. L. M. B. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05766-3 · Cited by 7
“This approach would be in line with previous studies that find that maladaptive cognitive motivation related to Internet use as a form of stress coping predict GPIU in university students (Tian et al., 2017), and mediate the relationship between personality traits and GPIU (Tian et al., 2019), as well as the "distract…”
Avaliação da equivalência semântica da versão em português (Brasil) da Online Cognition Scale
Silva, H. R. D. S. E., Areco, K. C. N., Bandiera‐Paiva, P., Galvão, P. V. M., Garcia, A. N. D. M., & da Silveira, D. X. (2014) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00153413 · Cited by 6
“Respostas * (1) Strongly disagree (2) Moderately disagree (3) Slightly disagree (4) Neither agree nor disagree (5) Slightly agree (6) Moderately agree (7) Strongly agree (1) Discordo totalmente (2) Discordo moderadamente (3) Discordo levemente (4) Não concordo, nem discordo (5) Concordo levemente (6) Concordo moderada…”
Time Management of Internet Dependency among University Students and its Impact on Academic Performance
Omoyi, A. D., & Momoh, M. (2013) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 6
Why They Become Addicted: Relationship between Microblogging Usage and Addiction
Li, Q., Guo, X., & Sun, C. (2013) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.610 · Cited by 6
Reliability and construct validity of the Online Cognition Scale in the Portuguese (Brazil) version (OCS-BR)
Silva, H. R. D. S. E., Areco, K. C. N., Bandiera‐Paiva, P., Galvão, P. V. M., Garcia, A. N. D. M., & da Silveira, D. X. (2017) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000146 · Cited by 7
“85, a score that was closer to the one that was possible to be calculated in study of Davis et al.(13), in which RC = 0.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Internet Gaming Disorder
Rokkum, J., Blanco-Herrera, J., Faulhaber, M., & Gentile, D. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_9
“Davis, Flett, and Besser [32] mention social rejection as a drive for PIU, which leads to utilizing the Internet for escaping from the stressors of daily life.”
Öğrenci Hemşirelerin İnternet Bağımlılık Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler
Erbi̇l, N., Gümüşay, M., & SALMAN, E. (2020) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.714737 · Cited by 6
Examination of non-cognitive variables affecting academic achievement: a conceptual model proposal
Durak, H. Y., Gökalp, Z. Ş., Seki, T., Sarıtepeci, M., & Dilmaç, B. (2022) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-022-01580-w · Cited by 9
“It was reported in various studies that procrastination or AP increases the probability of displaying problematic behaviors such as problematic smartphone and social media use (e.g. Davis et al. 2002; Rozgonjuk et al. 2016).”
Background
Disability in young people, increases the risk of excessive Internet use?
Martínez, R. S. (2015) · RUA, Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2542.0329 · Cited by 6
Project massive: the social and psychological impact of online gaming
Kraut, R. E., & Seay, A. F. (2006) · Cited by 6
Game appropriation :where does the gamer fit?
Herodotou, C. (2009) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · Cited by 6
Organizational Aspects of Cyberloafing
Bortolani, E., & Favretto, G. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch467 · Cited by 6
Internet addiction and academic procrastination among Chinese rural junior high school students: a moderated mediation model examining the roles of psychological and environmental factors
Qi, Y., Zhu, W., An, Z., Lu, Q., Zhao, M., Zhang, T., Zong, J., Xue, P., & Gao, Y. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06164-1 · Cited by 9
“While this immediate satisfaction may provide short-term relief, it simultaneously undermines self-regulation resources, impairing students ’ ability to complete academic tasks effectively (Davis et al., 2002).”
Predicting Digital Addiction Patterns with Machine Learning for Personalised Mental Health Support
Ibitoye, A. O., Ravindran, S., Afe, O. F., & Abiodun, A. O. (2025) · Journal of Social Computing · doi:10.23919/jsc.2025.0020 · Cited by 5
Problematic Linkages in Adolescents
Boursier, V., & Manna, V. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8900-6.ch015 · Cited by 5

Authors: Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
ORCID: Davis, Richard A.
Flett, Gordon L.
Venue: CyberPsychology & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 331-345
ISSN: 1094-9313 (ISSN-L)
1557-8364
DOI: 10.1089/109493102760275581
OpenAlex: W2086020439
Cited by: 750
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 18.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: CyberPsychology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Keywords: problematic internet use, internet addiction, pre-employment screening, cyberloafing, procrastination, impulsivity, rejection sensitivity, loneliness, depression, distraction, online chat, scale validation, workplace internet use
MeSH terms: Adult, Cognition, Decision Making, Organizational, Employment, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Personnel Selection, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Behavior, Addictive, Internet

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Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-employment Screening

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