Cited by 751Impact of Technology on AdolescentsCyberloafing and Workplace BehaviorSexuality, Behavior, and Technology

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Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-employment Screening

Davis, Richard A., Flett, Gordon L., Besser, Avi·2002·CyberPsychology & Behavior

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Abstract

The current study introduced a theory-driven, multidimensional measure of problematic Internet use: the Online Cognition Scale (OCS). Undergraduate students (n = 211) in an industrial/organizational psychology course completed the OCS, along with measures of procrastination, rejection sensitivity, loneliness, depression, and impulsivity. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that problematic Internet use consists of four dimensions: diminished impulse control, loneliness/depression, social comfort, and distraction. As hypothesized, the OCS predicted all of the study variables in the expected directions. Representing a departure from previous research in this area, the current article focused on procrastination, impulsivity, and social rejection as key elements of problematic Internet use. Furthermore, interactive applications (e.g., chat) were most related to problematic Internet use, and scores on the OCS predicted being reprimanded at school or work for inappropriate Internet use. As a result, the utility of the OCS for both clinical assessment of Internet addiction and as an organizational preemployment screening measure to identify potential employees who are likely to abuse the Internet in the workplace (also known as "cyberslacking") were discussed.

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Perceived Stress and Internet Addiction Among Chinese College Students: Mediating Effect of Procrastination and Moderating Effect of Flow
Gong, Z., Wang, L., & Wang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632461 · Cited by 81
“Naturally, the Internet is considered to be a good tool for relieving perceived stress and a promoter of procrastination (Davis et al., 2002), which means that people will use the Internet to deliberately delay their actions, although this delay may lead to negative consequences.”
Background
The Relationship Between Trait Procrastination, Internet Use, and Psychological Functioning: Results From a Community Sample of German Adolescents
Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913 · Cited by 92
“Despite their conceptual differences, a key similarity of both problematic Internet use and Internet addiction lies in the central role of impaired control over Internet use which is a defining component of both concepts (Davis et al., 2002; Shaw and Black, 2008).”
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The relationship between coping style and Internet addiction among mainland Chinese students: A meta-analysis
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Conceptualizing Self-control on Problematic Social Media Use
Zahrai, K., Veer, E., Ballantine, P. W., & de Vries, H. P. (2021) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1177/1839334921998866 · Cited by 79
An empirical examination of the “Vicious Cycle” of Facebook addiction
Turel, O. (2015) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2015.11645775 · Cited by 68
“Rather, as argued in the Conceptual Background section, many other elements, such as personality, mental states, family, demographic and social factors can possibly explain the remaining variance in levels of addiction to using a hedonic IS [11, 12, 13, 20].”
Background
Neuroticism in the digital age: A meta-analysis
Marciano, L., Camerini, A.-L., & Schulz, P. J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100026 · Cited by 77
“The Online Cognition Scale by Davis, Flett, and Besser (2002) and the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (Chen, Weng, Su, Wu, & Yang, 2003) were utilised to assess Internet addiction and problematic Internet use.”
Method
Concurrent and Predictive Relationships Between Compulsive Internet Use and Substance Use: Findings from Vocational High School Students in China and the USA
Sun, P., Johnson, C. A., Palmer, P. H., Arpawong, T. E., Unger, J. B., Xie, B., Rohrbach, L. A., Spruijt‐Metz, D., & Sussman, S. Y. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9030660 · Cited by 69
“Various methods have been used to assess problematic internet use [7,29,33].”
Method
Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis
Werling, A. M., Kuzhippallil, S., Emery, S., Walitza, S., & Drechsler, R. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00007 · Cited by 68
World Wide Internet: Changing Societies, Economies and Cultures
Cardoso, G., Cheong, A. W. H., Cole, J. M., & Casber, U. (2009) · Cited by 65
French Validation of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS)
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Horn, A., Achab, S., Thorens, G., ZULLINO, D. F., & Billieux, J. (2012) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-012-9210-x · Cited by 65
“More precisely, the CIUS scores correlated significantly with two subscales of the OCS that measure diminished impulse control and loneliness/depression [19].”
Background
Internet Addiction: A Review
Pezoa-Jares, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s6-004 · Cited by 79
“There is no consensus among the various investigators as to how to call this phenomenon, and different terms have been proposed: Internet dependency [11], Internet addiction [12] , pathological Internet use [20], problematic Internet use [21], compulsive computer use [22], virtual addiction [23], Internet use disorder…”
Background
Problematic Facebook use and procrastination
Przepiórka, A., Błachnio, A., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.022 · Cited by 67
Internet Abuse: Emerging Trends and Lingering Questions
Morahan-Martin, J. M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511813740.004 · Cited by 68
Understanding the underlying factors of Internet addiction across cultures: A comparison study
Chen, L., & Nath, R. (2016) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2016.02.003 · Cited by 75
The Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2: Validation and test of the model to Facebook use
Assunção, R. S., & Matos, P. M. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.007 · Cited by 67
Delay discounting, risk-taking, and rejection sensitivity among individuals with Internet and Video Gaming Disorders
Weinstein, A. M., Abu, H. B., Timor, A., & Mama, Y. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.081 · Cited by 72
“That in turn makes it harder for them to develop relationships outside the computer environment (Davis et al, 2002).”
Background
Screening for Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: Validation of the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS)
Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J., Zhang, C., Kraninger, K., Christakis, D. A., & Moreno, M. A. (2015) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.001 · Cited by 62
The Impact of Internet Addiction on Life Satisfaction and Life Engagement in Young Adults
Shahnaz, I., & Karim, A. K. M. R. (2014) · Universal Journal of Psychology · doi:10.13189/ujp.2014.020902 · Cited by 64
“They claimed that the more interactive an Internet function was, the more addictive it would be to the users [7,23,67-69].”
Background
How is problematic smartphone use related to adolescent depression? A moderated mediation analysis
Wang, P., Liu, S., Zhao, M., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Chu, X., Wang, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104384 · Cited by 69
Internet Addiction, Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms Amongst Medical Students in Delhi, India
Gupta, R., Taneja, N., Anand, T., Gupta, A., Gupta, R., Jha, D., & Singh, S. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00697-2 · Cited by 66
“1998) The terms “problematic internet use” (Davis et al. 2002) pathological internet use (Block 2008; Pies 2009; Holden 2010) and “internet addiction” (Young 1996; Young et al.”
Background
Cultural Correlates of Internet Addiction
Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Benvenuti, M., Ciobanu, A. M., Şenol-Durak, E., Durak, M., Giannakos, M. N., Mazzoni, E., Pappas, I. O., et al. (2019) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0667 · Cited by 63
Maximizing social outcomes? Social zapping and fear of missing out mediate the effects of maximization and procrastination on problematic social networks use
Müller, S. M., Wegmann, E., Stolze, D., & Brand, M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106296 · Cited by 76
EUPI-a: Escala de Uso Problemático de Internet en adolescentes. Desarrollo y validación psicométrica
Boubeta, A. R., Salgado, P. G., Folgar, M. I., Gallego, M. A., & Mallou, J. V. (2015) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.193 · Cited by 64
Effects of materialism on problematic smartphone dependency among adolescents: The role of gender and gratifications
Gentina, É., & Rowe, F. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102134 · Cited by 62
Evaluation and early detection of problematic Internet use in adolescents
Salgado, P. G., Boubeta, A. R., Tobío, T. B., Mallou, J. V., & Couto, C. B. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.109 · Cited by 62
“…carried out from a sample of 2,339 students from Galicia, a short scale (8 items) developed from the main previous tests (Beranuy et al., 2009; Davis et al., 2002; Echeburúa et al., 2009; García del Castillo et al., 2008; Young, 1998a; Young, 1998b) is presented as a screening instrument with…”
Background
Young Adult Depression and Anxiety Linked to Social Media Use: Assessment and Treatment
Bettmann, J. E., Anstadt, G., Casselman, B., & Ganesh, K. (2020) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-020-00752-1 · Cited by 80
“Clinicians also need to assess whether clients use social media to avoid negative emotional states like boredom, loneliness, or stress, or to meet needs associated with current interpersonal problems (Andreassen et al. 2016; Burke et al. 2010; Davis et al. 2002; van de Eijnden et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in a Sample of Cypriot High School Students: The Rasch Measurement Perspective
Panayiotis Panayides, A., & Walker, M. J. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i3.474 · Cited by 61
Self-Compassion and Internet Addiction.
İskender, M., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2011) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 60
Internet addiction and loneliness as predictors of internet gaming disorder in adolescents
Traş, Z. (2019) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2019.3768 · Cited by 63
Internet-Related Disorders: Development of the Short Compulsive Internet Use Scale
Besser, B., Rumpf, H., Bischof, A., Meerkerk, G., Higuchi, S., & Bischof, G. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0260 · Cited by 59
Negative and positive impact of internet addiction on young adults: Empericial study in Malaysia
Alam, S. S., Hashim, N. M. H. N., Ahmad, M., Wel, C. A. C., Nor, S. M., & Omar, N. A. (2014) · Intangible Capital · doi:10.3926/ic.452 · Cited by 58
Risk-taking behavior and academic self-efficacy as variables accounting for problematic internet use in adolescent university students
Odacı, H. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.011 · Cited by 57

Authors: Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
ORCID: Davis, Richard A.
Flett, Gordon L.
Venue: CyberPsychology & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 331-345
ISSN: 1094-9313 (ISSN-L)
1557-8364
DOI: 10.1089/109493102760275581
OpenAlex: W2086020439
Cited by: 750
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 18.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: CyberPsychology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Keywords: problematic internet use, internet addiction, pre-employment screening, cyberloafing, procrastination, impulsivity, rejection sensitivity, loneliness, depression, distraction, online chat, scale validation, workplace internet use
MeSH terms: Adult, Cognition, Decision Making, Organizational, Employment, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Personnel Selection, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Behavior, Addictive, Internet

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Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-employment Screening

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