Engagement in Mindfulness Practices by U.S. Adults: Sociodemographic Barriers
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of sociodemographic factors on mindfulness practices. METHODS: National Health Interview Survey Alternative Medicine Supplement data were used to examine sociodemographic predictors of engagement in meditation, yoga, tai chi, and qigong. RESULTS: Greater education was associated with mindfulness practices (odds ratio [OR], 4.02 [95% confidence interval [CI], 3.50-4.61]), men were half as likely as women to engage in any practice, and lower engagement was found among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. CONCLUSION: Vulnerable population groups with worse health outcomes were less likely to engage in mindfulness practices.
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National Health Interview Survey data show that education level, race/ethnicity, and sex/gender predict engagement with mindfulness practices.
“For example, National Health Interview Survey data show that education level, race/ethnicity, and sex/gender (here we refer to sex/gender differences to indicate agnosticism over whether differences in mindfulness engagement between men and women reflect biologically or socially influenced differences or a complex combination) predict engagement with mindfulness practices.33”
From Randomized, wait-list–controlled pilot study of app-delivered mindfulness for patients reporting chronic pain (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Contreras-Pérez, M. E., Alessi, S. M., Langwerden, R. J., Morris, S. L., & Wagner, E. F. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107759 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pham, T. V., Kincade, M., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Xiao, W., Chi, F.-F., Xu, Y., Sun, L., Zhong, Q., Xue, J., & Chen, S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02347-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Innovative Model to Add Mindfulness to Total Worker Health Training
Kuehl, K., Elliot, D. L., DeFrancesco, C., McGinnis, W., Ek, S., Horne, A. V., Kempany, K., & Garg, B. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003261 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Berg, C. J., Donastorg, Y., Pérez, M., Gómez, H., Karver, T. S., Galai, N., Sibinga, E. M. S., Barrington, C., & Kerrigan, D. L. (2024) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2024.2437695 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Who Wants to be Mindful? Personality Predictors of Meditation Practice
Ryakhovskaya, Y., Dam, N. T. V., & Smillie, L. D. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02526-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Olano, H. A., Kachan, D., Tannenbaum, S. L., Mehta, A., Annane, D., & Lee, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Olano, Henry A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-102
- ISSN
- 1075-5535 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7708
- PMC
- PMC4326023
- OpenAlex
- W2015944910
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 10.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (F30AG040886)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2R01OH003915)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness practice, meditation, yoga, Tai Chi, qigong, sociodemographic barriers, educational attainment, gender differences, racial and ethnic disparities, vulnerable populations, complementary and alternative medicine use
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Yoga, Meditation, Tai Ji, Vulnerable Populations, Mindfulness, Qigong
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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