A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Neurofeedback, Methylphenidate, and Physical Activity on Event-Related Potentials in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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OBJECTIVE: Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback (NF) is considered a nonpharmacological alternative for medication in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparisons of the behavioral efficacy of NF and medication have produced inconsistent results. EEG measures can provide insight into treatment mechanisms, but have received little consideration. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), effects of NF were compared with methylphenidate (MPH), and physical activity (PA) in children with ADHD on event-related potential (ERP) indices of response inhibition, which are involved in ADHD psychopathology. METHODS: Using a multicenter three way parallel group RCT design, 112 children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994 ) diagnosis of ADHD, between 7 and 13 years of age, were initially included. NF training consisted of 30 sessions of theta/beta training at Cz over a 10 week period. PA training was a semiactive control group, matched in frequency and duration. MPH was titrated using a double-blind placebo controlled procedure in 6 weeks, followed by a stable dose for 4 weeks. ERP measures of response inhibition, N2 and P3, were available for 81 children at pre- and postintervention (n = 32 NF, n = 25 MPH, n = 24 PA). RESULTS: Only the medication group showed a specific increase in P3 amplitude compared with NF (partial eta-squared [ηp(2) ] = 0.121) and PA (ηp(2) = 0.283), which was related to improved response inhibition. Source localization of medication effects on P3 amplitude indicated increased activation primarily in thalamic and striatal nuclei. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that simultaneously compared NF with stimulant treatment and a semiactive control group. Only stimulant treatment demonstrated specific improvements in brain function related to response inhibition. These results are in line with recent doubts on the efficacy and specificity of NF as treatment for ADHD. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Train Your Brain? Exercise and Neurofeedback Intervention for ADHD, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544 , Ref. No. NCT01363544.
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Psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate, are widely prescribed to ameliorate ADHD symptoms, at least in improving attention span and reducing distractibility.
“Psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate, are widely prescribed to ameliorate ADHD symptoms, at least in improving attention span and reducing distractibility (Janssen et al., 2016).”
From Overlapping and differential neuropharmacological mechanisms of stimulants and nonstimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A comparative neuroimaging analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Janssen et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M., Geladé, K., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Yulius (NL)
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Corresponding author
- Janssen, Tieme Willem Pieter
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 344-353
- ISSN
- 1044-5463 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8992
- OpenAlex
- W2276946606
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 6.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw (157 003 012)
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurofeedback, methylphenidate, physical activity, event-related potentials, response inhibition, P300 amplitude, N2 component, stimulant medication, children, non-pharmacological treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Double-Blind Method, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Exercise, Treatment Outcome, Neurofeedback
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