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Cited by 185Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPharmaceutical studies and practicesPharmacology and Obesity Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Adverse Effects of Pharmacotherapies for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology, Prevention and Management

Graham, Johnny, Coghill, David·2008·CNS Drugs
DOI 10.2165/00023210-200822030-00003
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Abstract

Medication for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is in widespread use globally. There is considerable data suggesting that overall, the adverse effect burden from this use is dose dependent and is in the mild to moderate category, but few comprehensive reviews exist of the epidemiology of adverse effects alone. This review provides a general and systems-specific summary of the scientific literature regarding adverse effect data for the drugs in general use for the treatment of ADHD. Although several areas lack definitive data, current evidence suggests that, for the majority of those treated for ADHD, the medications currently available pose little in the way of risk of significant harm. Epidemiological data suggest a low incidence of serious adverse effects, whilst the less serious adverse effects, such as insomnia and anorexia, are relatively common. Also, some specific areas of study suggest lower risks of harm than previously thought, e.g. tic disorders and seizures. However, pre-existing conditions and other interindividual differences may raise the risk of harmful adverse effects, which adds emphasis to the need for careful pretreatment assessment and monitoring. Potential but unlikely long-term treatment effects need to be investigated as carefully as possible, particularly with regard to cardiac sequelae and carcinogenesis. There are both overlaps and differences between the adverse effects of stimulants and nonstimulants, such as atomoxetine. For example, the latter shares the stimulant group's potential for changing cardiovascular parameters, but may not cause insomnia.

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  • Fewer than 10% of youth with ADHD have side effects from stimulant medication severe enough to stop treatment.

    “or experience significant side effects that prohibit continued use (< 10%; Graham & Coghill, 2008).”

    From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Graham & Coghill, 2008

  • ADHD drug adverse effects predominantly include neurological effects (headache, dizziness, insomnia, seizures), psychiatric effects (mood/anxiety, tics, psychotic symptoms), and gastroenterological effects including poor appetite and possible growth restriction.

    “These symptoms predominantly include neurological effects (headache, dizziness, insomnia, seizures); psychiatric effects (mood/anxiety, tics, psychotic symptoms); and gastroenterological effects including poor appetite and overlapping with possible growth restriction.”

    From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [49]

  • Hundreds of trials involving ADHD drugs indicate they are associated with a range of adverse effects that are generally acceptable because they are mild and/or temporary.

    “There are hundreds of trials involving the ADHD drugs, all of them indicating that they are associated with a range of adverse effects that are generally acceptable, because they are mild and/or temporary.”

    From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [49]

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Metadata

Authors
Graham, J., & Coghill, D.
Affiliations
University of Dundee (GB)
Corresponding author
Graham, Johnny
ORCID
Coghill, David
Venue
CNS Drugs
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2008
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
213-237
ISSN
1172-7047 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2165/00023210-200822030-00003
OpenAlex
W1994391757
Cited by
185
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • CNS Drugs (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, adverse drug reactions, stimulant medication, atomoxetine, non-stimulant medication, insomnia, anorexia, tic disorders, seizures, cardiovascular effects, carcinogenesis, long-term treatment outcomes, dose-dependent adverse effects, pre-treatment assessment
MeSH terms
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Antidepressive Agents, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Trials as Topic, Growth Disorders, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Propylamines

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