Coverage for Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Nonintensive Therapies: An Evidence-Based Approach to Policymaking

Aleppo, Grazia; Hirsch, Irl B.; Parkin, Christopher G.; McGill, Janet; Galindo, Rodolfo; Kruger, Davida F.; Levy, Carol J.; Forlenza, Gregory P.; Umpierrez, Guillermo E.; Grunberger, George; Bergenstal, Richard M.

doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0268

Cited by 34Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and Education

Coverage for Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Nonintensive Therapies: An Evidence-Based Approach to Policymaking

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Aleppo, Grazia, Hirsch, Irl B., Parkin, Christopher G., McGill, Janet, Galindo, Rodolfo, Kruger, Davida F., Levy, Carol J., Forlenza, Gregory P. +3 more·2023·Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics

DOI 10.1089/dia.2023.0268PMC PMC10611973

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Abstract

Numerous studies have demonstrated the clinical benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) who are treated with intensive insulin regimens. Based on this evidence, CGM is now a standard of care for individuals within these diabetes populations and widely covered by commercial and public insurers. Moreover, recent clinical guidelines from the American Diabetes Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinology now endorse CGM use in individuals treated with nonintensive insulin regimens. However, despite increasing evidence supporting CGM use for individuals treated with less-intensive insulin therapy or noninsulin medications, insurance coverage is limited or nonexistent. This narrative review reports key findings from recent randomized, observational, and retrospective studies investigating use of CGM in T2D individuals treated with basal insulin only and/or noninsulin therapies and presents an evidence-based rationale for expanding access to CGM within this population.

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CGM use in a broader population is accumulating research and clinical support, given its association with improved glycaemic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress.
“CGM use in a broader population is accumulating research and clinical support, given its association with improved glycaemic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and diabetes‐related distress. 58”
From Continuous glucose monitoring in noninsulin‐treated type 2 diabetes: A critical review of reported trials with an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [58]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

[3]International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2021. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition [Last accessed: January 31, 2023].
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Authors: Aleppo, G., Hirsch, I. B., Parkin, C. G., McGill, J., Galindo, R., Kruger, D. F., Levy, C. J., Forlenza, G. P., Umpierrez, G. E., Grunberger, G., & Bergenstal, R. M.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
University of Washington (US)
CGParkin Communications, Inc., Henderson, Nevada, USA.
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
University of Miami (US)
Henry Ford Health (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
University of Colorado Denver (US)
Grady Memorial Hospital (US)
Grunberger Diabetes Institute (US)
Park Nicollet Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Parkin, Christopher G.
ORCID: Aleppo, Grazia
Hirsch, Irl B.
Parkin, Christopher G.
McGill, Janet
Galindo, Rodolfo
Kruger, Davida F.
Levy, Carol J.
Forlenza, Gregory P.
Umpierrez, Guillermo E.
Grunberger, George
Bergenstal, Richard M.
Venue: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2023-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 10
Pages: 741-751
ISSN: 1520-9156 (ISSN-L)
1557-8593
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2023.0268
PMC: PMC10611973
OpenAlex: W4384818544
Cited by: 34
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 2
FWCI: 1.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer
AstraZeneca
Sanofi
Emory University
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Northwestern University
Insulet Corporation
MannKind Corporation
Dexcom
Nevro
Novo Nordisk
Roche Diabetes Care
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002378)
Abbott Diabetes Care
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK123384-3, K23DK123384, P30DK111024)
National Center for Research Resources
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, type 2 diabetes, insurance coverage, health policy, basal insulin, diabetes technology access, evidence-based policy
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Retrospective Studies, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Insulin, Regular, Human

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Coverage for Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Nonintensive Therapies: An Evidence-Based Approach to Policymaking

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