The proinflammatory cytokine-induced IRG1 protein associates with mitochondria
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are essential cytokines for successful clearance of microbial infections. Activation of macrophages by synergistic effects of these cytokines leads to induction of antimicrobial effector systems like reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Strikingly, IFN-gammaR(-/-) and TNFRp55(-/-) mice are considerably more susceptible to infections than inducible nitric oxide synthase(-/-) and p47phox(-/-) mice. Thus we applied transcriptome-profiling studies to identify genes synergistically upregulated by IFN-gamma and TNF in macrophages which are potentially involved in the defense against intracellular pathogens. From a total of 234 regulated genes we found 35 genes that were upregulated by combined effects of IFN-gamma and TNF and were at least 2-fold induced. The majority of these genes are involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. However, we found several genes were poorly characterized with regard to immunological functions. As a prototypic TNF- and IFN-gamma-coregulated gene we characterized the expression and the subcellular localization of immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) in murine macrophages. IRG1 is highly upregulated in murine ANA-1 macrophages by several proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, as well as in spleen and lung of Listeria monocytogenes or Toxoplasma gondii infected mice, respectively. Furthermore, this study identifies 35 genes that constitute the IFN-gamma/TNF-triggered effector program in innate immunity.
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Mammalian CAD is localized to mitochondria in murine macrophages.
“Mammalian CAD is localized to mitochondria in murine macrophages (38)”
From Immunoresponsive Gene 1 and Itaconate Inhibit Succinate Dehydrogenase to Modulate Intracellular Succinate Levels (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
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“In the murine macrophage, IRG1/CAD is exclusively localized to mitochondria, which are of bacterial origin (Degrandi et al., 2009).”
Background
- Authors
- Degrandi, D., Hoffmann, R., Beuter-Gunia, C., & Pfeffer, K.
- Affiliations
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-68
- ISSN
- 1079-9907 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7465
- OpenAlex
- W1994691573
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Keywords
- IRG1, interferon-gamma, TNF-α, macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, gene co-regulation, subcellular localization, mitochondria, innate immunity, intracellular pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, TLR agonists, gene expression profiling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Line, Hydro-Lyases, Interferon-gamma, Listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Up-Regulation, Gene Expression Profiling, Mice
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