The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Women's Health and Women's Leadership in Academic Medicine: Hitting the Same Glass Ceiling?
Open accessAbstract
The term "glass ceiling" refers to women's lack of advancement into leadership positions despite no visible barriers. The term has been applied to academic medicine for over a decade but has not previously been applied to the advancement of women's health. This paper discusses (1) the historical linking of the advances in women's health with women's leadership in academic medicine, (2) the slow progress of women into leadership in academic medicine, and (3) indicators that the advancement of women's health has stalled. We make the case that deeply embedded unconscious gender-based biases and assumptions underpin the stalled advancement of women on both fronts. We conclude with recommendations to promote progress beyond the apparent glass ceiling that is preventing further advancement of women's health and women leaders. We emphasize the need to move beyond "fixing the women" to a systemic, institutional approach that acknowledges and addresses the impact of unconscious, gender-linked biases that devalue and marginalize women and issues associated with women, such as their health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The measurement of psychological androgyny
Bem, S. L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036215 · Cited by 8,522
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
Heilman, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234 · Cited by 2,482
Wing, L. M. H., Reid, C. M., Ryan, P., Beilin, L. J., Brown, M. A., Jennings, G. L. R., Johnston, C. I., McNeil, J. J., Macdonald, G. J., Marley, J. E., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021716 · Cited by 1,130
The “Gender Gap” in Authorship of Academic Medical Literature — A 35-Year Perspective
Jagsi, R., Guancial, E. A., Worobey, C. C., Henault, L. E., Chang, Y., Starr, R., Tarbell, N. J., & Hylek, E. M. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa053910 · Cited by 870
The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse: An overview and a call to action
Springer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20918.x · Cited by 299
Self-citationNIH Director's Pioneer Awards: could the selection process be biased against women?
Carnes, M., Geller, S., Fine, E., Sheridan, J., & Handelsman, J. (2005) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.684 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Cited by
Sex Differences in Academic Rank in US Medical Schools in 2014
Jena, A. B., Khullar, D., Ho, O., Olenski, A. R., & Blumenthal, D. M. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10680 · Cited by 584
Is There Still a Glass Ceiling for Women in Academic Surgery?
Zhuge, Y., Kaufman, J., Simeone, D. M., Chen, H., & Velazquez, O. C. (2011) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3182111120 · Cited by 513
Women Underrepresented on Editorial Boards of 60 Major Medical Journals
Amrein, K., Langmann, A., Fahrleitner-Pammer, A., Pieber, T. R., & Zollner-Schwetz, I. (2011) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.genm.2011.10.007 · Cited by 321
Why do women choose or reject careers in academic medicine? A narrative review of empirical evidence
Edmunds, L. D., Ovseiko, P. V., Shepperd, S., Greenhalgh, T., Frith, P., Roberts, N. W., Pololi, L. H., & Buchan, A. M. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01091-0 · Cited by 309
Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons
Salles, A., Awad, M., Goldin, L., Krus, K., Lee, J. V., Schwabe, M. T., & Lai, C. K. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545 · Cited by 264
Metadata
- Authors
- Carnes, M., Morrissey, C., & Geller, S. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Women's Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1453-1462
- ISSN
- 1059-7115 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9996
- 1931-843X
- OpenAlex
- W2027900526
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 19.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Women's Health and Women's Leadership in Academic Medicine: Hitting the Same Glass Ceiling? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1089/jwh.2007.0688
- The paper
- Carnes, M., Morrissey, C., & Geller, S. E. (2008). Women's Health and Women's Leadership in Academic Medicine: Hitting the Same Glass Ceiling? Journal of Women's Health. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2007.0688
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.