Prenatal perceived stress and adverse birth outcomes among Puerto Rican women
Open accessAbstract
Background: Preterm birth and low birthweight contribute substantially to the disproportionately high infant mortality rates experienced by Puerto Ricans in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the timing and pattern of prenatal psychosocial stress increased risk of adverse birth outcomes in this high-risk population. Materials and Methods: Proyecto Buena Salud was a prospective cohort study conducted from 2006 to 2011 among predominantly Puerto Rican women. Participants ( n = 1,267) were interviewed in early, mid-, and late pregnancy. We evaluated associations between early and mid-pregnancy stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and preterm birth and low birthweight, and stress at each pregnancy time point and small for gestational age (SGA). Results: Elevated levels of perceived stress in mid-pregnancy increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight in adjusted analyses, with a linear trend observed for each increasing quartile of stress ( p trend = 0.01). Women in the highest quartile of stress experienced three times the risk for preterm birth (odds ratio [OR] = 3.50, confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.38–8.87) and low birthweight (OR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.27–9.86) compared with women in the lowest quartile. Early pregnancy stress was not associated with preterm birth or low birthweight. Increase in stress from early to late pregnancy increased risk for SGA (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.01–3.59); no associations were found between stress at any timepoint and SGA. Conclusion: Elevated levels of mid-pregnancy perceived stress increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight, and an increase in stress over the course of pregnancy increased risk for SGA in a population of predominantly Puerto Rican women.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 13,982 · see citing works
Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth
Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60074-4 · Cited by 7,801 · see citing works
Dunkel Schetter, C., & Tanner, L. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503680 · Cited by 1,268 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies also suggest that effects of psychosocial stress on birth outcomes may vary from that of depression and anxiety as a result of different mechanisms of action associated with each of these psychological factors.(18) Many prior studies did not adjust for these other psychological factors, and, thus, it is not cl…”
ResultPsychometric Properties of a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Remor, E. (2006) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600006004 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Infant mortality statistics from the 2001 period linked birth/infant death data set.
Mathews, T. J., Menacker, F., & MacDorman, M. F. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Schetter, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Maternal Stress and Preterm Birth
Dole, N. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf176 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Self-citationWadhwa, P. D., Sandman, C. A., Porto, M., Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Garite, T. J. (1993) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90016-c · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Copper, R. L., Goldenberg, R. L., Das, A., Elder, N., Swain, M., Norman, G., Ramsey, R., Cotroneo, P., Collins, B. A., Johnson, F., et al. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70042-x · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Risk factors for low birth weight: a review
Bernabe, J., Soriano, T., Albaladejo, R., Sanz, M. J., Calle, M. E., Martı́nez, D., & Rojas, V. D. (2004) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.03.007 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Rondó, P. H. D. C., Ferreira, R., Nogueira, F., Ribeiro, M., Lobert, H., & Artes, R. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601526 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Matthey, S., Henshaw, C., Elliott, S., & Barnett, B. (2006) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0152-x · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Psychosocial Stress and Pregnancy Outcome
Hobel, C. J., GOLDSTEIN, A., & Barrett, E. S. (2008) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e31816f2709 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Miles to Go before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health
Williams, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512455804 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations
Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Buss, C., & Lu, M. C. (2011) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2011.06.007 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Hobel, C. J., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Roesch, S. C., Castro, L. C., & Arora, C. P. (1999) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70712-x · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Kramer, M. S., Lydon, J. E., Séguin, L., Goulet, L., Kahn, S. R., McNamara, H., Genest, J. J., Dassa, C., Chen, M. F., Sharma, S., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp061 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Factor Structure of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a Sample from Mexico
Ramírez, M. T. G., & Hernández, R. L. (2007) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600006466 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Neural control of chronic stress adaptation
Herman, J. P. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00061 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Risk factors for small for gestational age infants
McCowan, L. M. E., & Horgan, R. (2009) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.06.003 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Pattern of perceived stress and anxiety in pregnancy predicts preterm birth
Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.43 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Stress, infection and preterm birth: a biobehavioural perspective
Wadhwa, P. D., Culhane, J. F., Rauh, V., Barve, S. S., Hogan, V., Sandman, C. A., Hobel, C. J., Chicz‐DeMet, A., Dunkel‐Schetter, C., Garite, T. J., et al. (2001) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00005.x · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Coping during pregnancy: a systematic review and recommendations
Guardino, C. M., & Dunkel Schetter, C. (2014) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2012.752659 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Ethnic variation in health and the determinants of health among Latinos
Zsembik, B. A., & Fennell, D. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.040 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Familialism, social support, and stress: Positive implications for pregnant Latinas.
Campos, B., Schetter, C. D., Abdou, C. M., Hobel, C. J., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. (2008) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.155 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Alexander, G. R., Kogan, M. D., & Himes, J. H. (1999) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1022381506823 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women
Kalra, S., Einarson, A., Karaskov, T., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2007) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v30i2.986 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Psychological Acculturation: Development of A New Measure for Puerto Ricans on the U.S. Mainland
Tropp, L. R., Erkut, S., Coll, C. G., Alarcón, O., & García, H. A. V. (1999) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131649921969794 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
MacDorman, M. F. (2011) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2011.02.017 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait Version: Does It Really Measure Anxiety?
Bados, A., Gómez‐Benito, J., & Fort, G. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513295 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Psychosocial predictors of low birthweight: a prospective study
Paarlberg, K. M., Vingerhoets, J. J. M., Passchier, J., Dekker, G., Heinen, A. G. J. J., & van Geijn, H. P. (1999) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08406.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Psychosocial stress and neuroendocrine mechanisms in preterm delivery
Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Grizzard, T. A. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.01.072 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ghosh, J. K., Wilhelm, M. H., Dunkel‐Schetter, C., Lombardi, C. A., & Ritz, B. R. (2010) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0135-9 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Antidepressants in pregnancy: a systematic review.
(2010) · PubMed · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.507543 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Behavioral perinatology: Biobehavioral processes in human fetal development
Wadhwa, P. D., Glynn, L. M., Hobel, C. J., Garite, T. J., Porto, M., Chicz-DeMet, A., Wiglesworth, A., & Sandman, C. A. (2002) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00102-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Stress in pregnancy: Empirical evidence and theoretical issues to guide interdisciplinary research.
Schetter, C. D., & Glynn, L. M. (2011) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Hobel, C. J. (2004) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.grf.0000142512.38733.8c · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Roy-Matton, N., Moutquin, J., Brown, C., Carrier, N., & Bell, L. (2011) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34852-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Infant mortality statistics from the 2007 period linked birth/infant death data set.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ruiz, R. J., Fullerton, J., Brown, C. E. L., & Schoolfield, J. (2001) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/109980040100300106 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Institute of Medicine (2003) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/10260 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Prenatal Life Stress and Postpartum Depression Symptoms
Liu, C. H., Giallo, R., Doan, S. N., Seidman, L. J., & Tronick, E. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.11.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Catecholamine levels in pregnant physicians and nurses: a pilot study of stress and pregnancy.
Vl, K., Jenkins, T., Haley, L., & Bowes, W. A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chasan‐Taber, L., Fortner, R. T., Gollenberg, A., Buonnaccorsi, J., Dole, N., & Markenson, G. R. (2010) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1416 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation(2006) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ruiz, R. J., Dolbier, C. L., & Fleschler, R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lau, Y. (2013) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0b013e31824473b9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The impact of maternal stress on pregnancy outcome in a well‐educated Caucasian population
A, L. K. M., Smits, L. J. M., de Bie, R. A., Bastiaanssen, J. M., Stelma, F. F., & van Os, J. (2005) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2005.00679.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stress and lack of social support as risk factors for small‐for‐gestational‐age birth
Pryor, J., Thompson, J., Robinson, E., Clark, P., Becroft, D. M. O., Pattison, N. S., Galvish, N., Wild, C. J., & Mitchell, E. A. (2003) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00470.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Spyridou, A., Schauer, M., & Ruf‐Leuschner, M. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-014-0030-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [5]Motel S, Patten E. Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the Unites States, 2010. Pew Research Center; 2012. Available at: www.pewhispanic.org/2012/06/27/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2010 Accessed August24, 2016 [Google Scholar]
- [25]Cohen S, Williamson G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the U.S. In: Spacapam S, Oskamp S, eds. The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988 [Google Scholar]
- [48]Gonzalez-Barrera A, Lopez M. Is being Hispanic a matter of race, ethnicity, or both? Pew Research Center; 2015. Available at: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/15/is-being-hispanic-a-matter-of-race-ethnicity-or-both Accessed June15, 2017 [Google Scholar]
- [50]Institute of Medicine. Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.17226/11622 Accessed June1, 2017 [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [56]Adler NE, Cutler DM, Fielding J, et al. Addressing social determinants of health and health disparities. Discussion Paper, Vital Directions for Health and Health Care Series. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine, 2016. Available at: https://nam.edu wp-content/uploads/2016/09/addressing-social-determinants-of-health-and-health-disparities.pdf Accessed June1, 2017 [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Effect of Perceived Stress During Pregnancy on Preterm Birth
Tanpradit, K., & Kaewkiattikun, K. (2020) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s239138 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neighborhood Violent Crime and Perceived Stress in Pregnancy
Shannon, M. M., Clougherty, J. E., McCarthy, C., Elovitz, M. A., Tiako, M. J. N., Melly, S. J., & Burris, H. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155585 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Eick, S. M., Enright, E. A., Padula, A. M., Aung, M. T., Geiger, S. D., Cushing, L. J., Trowbridge, J., Keil, A. P., Baek, H.-G., Smith, S. C., et al. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107238 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Chronic Stress in Pregnancy Is Associated with Low Birth Weight: A Meta-Analysis
Matsas, A., Panopoulou, P., Antoniou, N., Bargiota, Α., Gryparis, A., Vrachnis, N., Mastorakos, G. P., Kalantaridou, S., Panoskaltsis, T., Vlahos, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12247686 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes: genetics, epigenetics, and allostatic load
Leimert, K. B., & Olson, D. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Integrative Review of Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes After Exposure to a Hurricane
Jeffers, N. K., & Glass, N. E. (2020) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2020.04.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Heazell, A. E. P., Budd, J., Smith, L. K., Li, M., Cronin, R. S., Bradford, B. F., McCowan, L. M. E., Mitchell, E. A., Stacey, T., Roberts, D., et al. (2020) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16543 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Jin, X., Xu, X., Qiu, J., Xu, Z., Lixue, S., Wang, Z., & Shan, L. (2021) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2021.01.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Using graph learning to understand adverse pregnancy outcomes and stress pathways
Mesner, O., Davis, A. L., Casman, E. A., Simhan, H. N., Shalizi, C. R., Keenan‐Devlin, L. S., Borders, A. E. B., & Krishnamurti, T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223319 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact
Monk, C., Dimidjian, S., Galinsky, E., Gregory, K. D., Hoffman, M. C., Howell, E. A., Miller, E. S., Osborne, C., Rogers, C. E., Saxbe, D. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100678 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Preterm Birth Risk Factors
Tang, I., Mallia, D., Yan, Q. J., Pe’er, I., Raja, A., Salleb-Aouissi, A., & Wapner, R. J. (2023) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1775564 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Atasever, İ., & Çelik, A. S. (2018) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1469635 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Mindfulness Application for Reducing Prenatal Stress
Porter, A. C., Hunter, S. K., Noonan, K., & Hoffman, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13359 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Women's preconception psychological stress and birth outcomes in a fertility clinic: the EARTH study
Mínguez‐Alarcón, L., Williams, P. L., Souter, I. C., Ford, J. B., Hauser, R. B., & Chavarro, J. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2024.1293255 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aliabadi, S., Shayan, A., Refaei, M., Tapak, L., & Moradveisi, L. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04047-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exploring the Links Between Immigration and Birth Outcomes Among Latine Birthing Persons in the USA
Santaularia, N. J., Hunt, S., & Bonilla, Z. E. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01999-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Saravanan, V., Desai, G., & Satyanarayana, V. A. (2023) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-023-01340-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Weiss, S. J., & Musana, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2021-0340 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adverse Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes among Adolescent Pregnancies in the United States
Katlaps, I., Ghafari-Saravi, A., Mandelbaum, A. D., Packer, C. H., Doshi, U., Garg, B., Caughey, A. B., & Valent, A. M. (2023) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-2121-7698 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zelkin, A., & Ben‐Ari, O. T. –. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2458253 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gondwe, T., & Chapman, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2020.1867846 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of psychosocial stress on prenatal care among Hispanic immigrant women
Ahmed, S., Pablo, N., Mui, S., Verdeyen, E., Robinson, T., Gillette, C., & Hussaini, S. S. (2023) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000977736.78334.c6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Li, Y., Hu, B., Lei, L., Ji, J. S., Zhou, W., Yu, P., et al. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119778 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hamid, G. M., Maldonado, L. T., Moriarty, H., & Deatrick, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/10748407221121826 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serapinas, D., Bitinaitė, R., & Narbekovas, A. (2023) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i165092
Rodríguez, N., Fuster, F., Gonzalez, P., Rivas‐Tumanyan, S., Campos, M., Buxó, C. J., Morou-Bermúdez, E., & Martínez, K. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70025
- Authors
- Szegda, K., Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Pekow, P., Powers, S., Markenson, G., Dole, N., & Chasan-Taber, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- University of Massachusetts
- Baystate Medical Center (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szegda, Kathleen
- Venue
- Journal of Women's Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 699-708
- ISSN
- 1059-7115 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9996
- 1931-843X
- PMC
- PMC5962329
- OpenAlex
- W2772328659
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Women s Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK064902)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD050924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, perceived stress, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, Puerto Rican women, psychosocial stress, pregnancy timing, infant mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, Puerto Rico, Stress, Psychological, United States, Premature Birth
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
