Episodic Memory in Former Professional Football Players with a History of Concussion: An Event-Related Functional Neuroimaging Study
Open accessAbstract
Previous research has demonstrated that sport-related concussions can have short-term effects on cognitive processes, but the long-term consequences are less understood and warrant more research. This study was the first to use event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine long-term differences in neural activity during memory tasks in former athletes who have sustained multiple sport-related concussions. In an event-related fMRI study, former football players reporting multiple sport-related concussions (i.e., three or more) were compared with players who reported fewer than three concussions during a memory paradigm examining item memory (i.e., memory for the particular elements of an event) and relational memory (i.e., memory for the relationships between elements). Behaviorally, we observed that concussion history did not significantly affect behavioral performance, because persons in the low and high concussion groups had equivalent performance on both memory tasks, and in addition, that concussion history was not associated with any behavioral memory measures. Despite demonstrating equivalent behavioral performance, the two groups of former players demonstrated different neural recruitment patterns during relational memory retrieval, suggesting that multiple concussions may be associated with functional inefficiencies in the relational memory network. In addition, the number of previous concussions significantly correlated with functional activity in a number of brain regions, including the medial temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobe. Our results provide important insights in understanding the long-term functional consequences of sustaining multiple sports-related concussions.
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Multiple studies have demonstrated cognitive deficits in retired NFL players on neurological and neuropsychological examination.
“Multiple studies have also demonstrated cognitive deficits in retired NFL players on neurological and neuropsychological examination [63, 87, 157]”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Ford, J. H., Giovanello, K. S., & Guskiewicz, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Jaclyn H.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1683-1701
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- PMC
- PMC3840476
- OpenAlex
- W2089674684
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG028774, K01AG028774)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sports-related concussion, episodic memory, former football players, multiple concussions, long-term cognitive outcomes, relational memory, item memory, medial temporal lobe, inferior parietal lobule, event-related fMRI
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Brain, Brain Concussion, Football, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Athletes, Functional Neuroimaging, Memory, Episodic
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