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Systematic Review of Multivariable Prognostic Models for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Silverberg, Noah D., Gardner, Andrew J., Brubacher, Jeffrey R., Panenka, William J., Li, Jun Jian, Iverson, Grant L.·2015·Journal of Neurotrauma

DOI 10.1089/neu.2014.3600

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Abstract

Prognostic models can guide clinical management and increase statistical power in clinical trials. The availability and adequacy of prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is uncertain. The present study aimed to (1) identify and evaluate multivariable prognostic models for MTBI, and (2) determine which pre-, peri-, and early post-injury variables have independent prognostic value in the context of multivariable models. An electronic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for English-language MTBI cohort studies from 1970–2013 was supplemented by Web of Science citation and hand searching. This search strategy identified 7789 articles after removing duplicates. Of 182 full-text articles reviewed, 26 met eligibility criteria including (1) prospective inception cohort design, (2) prognostic information collected within 1 month post-injury, and (3) 2+variables combined to predict clinical outcome (e.g., post-concussion syndrome) at least 1 month later. Independent reviewers extracted sample characteristics, study design features, clinical outcome variables, predictor selection methods, and prognostic model discrimination, calibration, and cross-validation. These data elements were synthesized qualitatively. The present review found no multivariable prognostic model that adequately predicts individual patient outcomes from MTBI. Suboptimal methodology limits their reproducibility and clinical usefulness. The most robust prognostic factors in the context of multivariable models were pre-injury mental health and early post-injury neuropsychological functioning. Women and adults with early post-injury anxiety also have worse prognoses. Relative to these factors, the severity of MTBI had little long-term prognostic value. Future prognostic studies should consider a broad range of biopsychosocial predictors in large inception cohorts.

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Lingsma H., , Yue J.K., , Mass A., , Steyerberg E.W., , Manley G.T., , Cooper S.R., , Dams-O'Connor K., , Gordon W.A., , Menon D.K., , Mukherjee P., , Okonkwo D.O., , Puccio A.M., , Schnyer D.M., , Valadka A.B., , Vassar M.J., , and Yuh E.L. (2014). Outcome prediction after mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury: external validation of existing models and identification of new predictors using the TRACK-TBI pilot study. J. Neurotrauma Epub ahead of print.

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“32 However, prognostic models of concussion outcome are important for risk stratiﬁcation of patients at the early stages of injury; therefore, it is important to examine how our ﬁndings may stimulate the creation of such models.”
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Background
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InfluentialSelf-citation
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Background
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“We will not attempt to review the different models of injury here, but we point the reader to excellent reviews in the field (59, 156).”
Background
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Einarsen, C. E., Moen, K. G., Haberg, A. K., Eikenes, L., Kvistad, K. A., Xu, J., Moe, H. K., Tollefsen, M. H., Vik, A., & Skandsen, T. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6360 · Cited by 55
“436 Neurosurgical admission 12 (52) 8 (5) 0.”
Prevalence of Post-Concussion-Like Symptoms in the General Injury Population and the Association with Health-Related Quality of Life, Health Care Use, and Return to Work
van der Vlegel, M., Polinder, S., Toet, H., Panneman, M. J. M., & Haagsma, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040806 · Cited by 60
“This is in line with previous studies [22,31,32].”
Result
White matter microstructure is associated with functional, cognitive and emotional symptoms 12 months after mild traumatic brain injury
Hellstrøm, T., Westlye, L. T., Kaufmann, T., Doan, N. T., Søberg, H. L., Sigurðardóttir, S., Nordhøy, W., Helseth, E., Andreassen, O. A., & Anđelić, N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13628-1 · Cited by 57
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Brain Connectivity in Predicting Outcome after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Puig, J., Ellis, M. J., Kornelsen, J., Figley, T. D., Figley, C. R., Daunis‐i‐Estadella, P., Mutch, W. A. C., & Essig, M. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6623 · Cited by 50
“110 The large-scale Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in TBI (TRACK-TBI) study found that age and psychiatric history were the strongest independent predictors of outcome at 3-and 6-months post-mTBI.”
Pain Catastrophizing and Limiting Behavior Mediate the Association Between Anxiety and Postconcussion Symptoms
Greenberg, J., Mace, R. A., Funes, C. J., Silverberg, N. D., Iverson, G. L., Caplan, D. N., & Vranceanu, A. (2019) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2019.09.004 · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Neuroanatomical Substrates and Symptoms Associated With Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Richter, S., Winzeck, S., Kornaropoulos, E., Das, T., Vyvere, T. V., Verheyden, J., Williams, G. B., Correia, M., Menon, D. K., & Newcombe, V. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0994 · Cited by 49
“Characteristic Data (n = 81)a Age, median (IQR) [range], y 45 (24-59) [14-85]”
Pediatric Headache: An Overview
Langdon, R., & DiSabella, M. (2017) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2017.01.002 · Cited by 48
Trajectories of Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms and Factors Associated With Symptom Reporting After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Fordal, L., Stenberg, J., Iverson, G. L., Saksvik, S. B., Karaliute, M., Vik, A., Olsen, A., & Skandsen, T. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.016 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Diffusion kurtosis imaging in mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussional syndrome
Karlsen, R. H., Einarsen, C. E., Moe, H. K., Haberg, A. K., Vik, A., Skandsen, T., & Eikenes, L. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24383 · Cited by 45
“…by an impact to the brain itself (Messe et al., 2011), and research has been directed toward identifying biological markers predictive of PCS. Clinical MRI is often negative in mild TBI, and no consistent associations between traumatic findings and PCS have been reported (Silverberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Developing a Cognition Endpoint for Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Trials
Silverberg, N. D., Crane, P. K., Dams-O’Connor, K., Holdnack, J. A., Ivins, B. J., Lange, R. T., Manley, G. T., McCrea, M., & Iverson, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4443 · Cited by 44
“20,25,38,39 Therefore, a cognition outcome can be used to enrich clinical trials (e.g., enrolling only patients who are likely to have persistent cognitive impairment) or enhance the power of clinical trials through risk stratiﬁcation or covariate adjustment.”
Self-citation
The Nature and Clinical Significance of Preinjury Recall Bias Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Silverberg, N. D., Iverson, G. L., Brubacher, J. R., Holland, E. A., Hoshino, L. C., Aquino, A., & Lange, R. T. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000198 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Perceptions of mild traumatic brain injury in adults: a scoping review
Mah, K., Hickling, A., & Reed, N. P. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1277402 · Cited by 48
“Acute physical, cognitive, and/or behavioural/emotional symptoms that may follow mTBI typically resolve in days to weeks [6,7]; however, a minority of those who sustain mTBI develop persistent postconcussion symptoms [8] lasting longer than one month [9].”
Background
Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Findings and Cognitive Function Following Hospitalized Mixed-Mechanism Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Oehr, L., & Anderson, J. F. I. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.019 · Cited by 40
“This is important because it challenges the argument that cognitive dysfunction after mTBI can be fully explained by premorbid psychological and environmental factors.(23) These findings therefore enable clinicians and researchers to have confidence that there is a real association between structural neuropathology an…”
Background
Evaluation of the Fear Avoidance Behavior after Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire
Snell, D. L., Siegert, R. J., Debert, C. T., Cairncross, M., & Silverberg, N. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6729 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Personal Factors Associated With Postconcussion Symptoms 3 Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Skandsen, T., Stenberg, J., Follestad, T., Karaliute, M., Saksvik, S. B., Einarsen, C. E., Lillehaug, H., Haberg, A. K., Vik, A., Olsen, A., et al. (2020) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.10.106 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Prognostic Models for Global Functional Outcome and Post-Concussion Symptoms Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Study
Mikolić, A., Steyerberg, E. W., Polinder, S., Wilson, L., Zeldovich, M., von Steinbüchel, N., Newcombe, V., Menon, D. K., van der Naalt, J., Lingsma, H. F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0320 · Cited by 43
“The performance of these models (clinical and extended models) was in line with other studies.(38,49) Even though 6-month”
Chapter 8. Neuropsychological Assessment
Flashman, L. A., & Barisa, M. T. (2018) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372645.js08 · Cited by 41
Management of Psychological Complications Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Silverberg, N. D., & Mikolić, A. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01251-9 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Feasibility of Concussion Rehabilitation Approaches Tailored to Psychological Coping Styles: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Silverberg, N. D., Cairncross, M., Brasher, P. M. A., Vranceanu, A.-M., Snell, D. L., Yeates, K. O., Panenka, W. J., Iverson, G. L., Debert, C. T., Bayley, M. T., et al. (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.12.005 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Acute Diffusion Tensor and Kurtosis Imaging and Outcome following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Stenberg, J., Eikenes, L., Moen, K. G., Vik, A., Haberg, A. K., & Skandsen, T. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0074 · Cited by 40
Predicting Outcome 12 Months after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients Admitted to a Neurosurgery Service
Hellstrøm, T., Kaufmann, T., Anđelić, N., Søberg, H. L., Sigurðardóttir, S., Helseth, E., Andreassen, O. A., & Westlye, L. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00125 · Cited by 41
“A literature review concluded that headache and bodily pain represent inconsistent predictors of outcome (7).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Examining the Association Between Childhood Trauma, Brain Injury, and Neurobehavioral Symptoms Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Saadi, A., Chibnik, L. B., & Valera, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000752 · Cited by 38
“8) [18-54] Education attainment, mean (SD) [range] 12.”
Method
Who Gets Head Trauma or Recruited in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Research?
Isokuortti, H., Iverson, G. L., Kataja, A., Brander, A., Öhman, J. E., & Luoto, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3888 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Acute Clinical Predictors of Symptom Recovery in Emergency Department Patients with Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury or Non-Traumatic Brain Injuries
Nelson, L. D., Furger, R., Ranson, J., Tarima, S., Hammeke, T., Randolph, C., Barr, W., Guskiewicz, K., Olsen, C., Lerner, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.4988 · Cited by 31
“11,91 Finally, our sample was relatively small given the number of analyses performed.”
Influential
Thirty Complexities and Controversies in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Persistent Post-concussion Syndrome: a Roadmap for Research and Practice
Young, G. C. (2020) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-020-09395-6 · Cited by 36
“Silverberg et al. (2015) referred to a multivariate model in predicting outcome inMTBI, and included factors such as pre-injury mental health, in this regard.”
Method
Factors Associated With Persisting Symptoms After Concussion in Adults With Mild TBI
McIntosh, S. J., Vergeer, M. H., Galarneau, J.-M. F., Eliason, P., & Debert, C. T. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.16619 · Cited by 43
Symptoms of Concussion and Comorbid Disorders
Junn, C., Bell, K. R., Shenouda, C. N., & Hoffman, J. M. (2015) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0519-7 · Cited by 38
A Systematic Review of Psychological Interventions for Sleep and Fatigue after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Sullivan, K. A., Blaine, H., Kaye, S.-A., Theadom, A., Haden, C. A., & Smith, S. S. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4958 · Cited by 34
“…was scoped on mild TBI only (as opposed to mild and moderate TBI), and this may be interpreted as overly exclusive, or conversely, as insufﬁciently reﬁned 42 ; however, this approach is used in other reviews 43,44 and it was considered important to reduce the heterogeneity of the primary studies.”
Factors associated with post-concussion syndrome in high school student-athletes
Kerr, Z. Y., Zuckerman, S. L., Wasserman, E. B., Vegt, C. B. V., Yengo-Kahn, A. M., Buckley, T. A., Solomon, G. S., Sills, A. K., & Dompier, T. P. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.025 · Cited by 34
Usability of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in chronic traumatic brain injury
Tarvonen-Schröder, S., Tenovuo, O. S., Kaljonen, A., & Laimi, K. (2018) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2345 · Cited by 34
Post-Concussion Symptoms Rule: Derivation and Validation of a Clinical Decision Rule for Early Prediction of Persistent Symptoms after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Sage, N. L., Chauny, J., Berthelot, S., Archambault, P. M., Neveu, X., Moore, L., Boucher, V., Frenette, J., de Guise, É., Ouellet, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0026 · Cited by 37
“72 Indeed, most frameworks were based on small cohorts with inadequate sample size or low event per predictor ratio, 63,95,96 were only internally validated 32 or the model calibration was not reported or was poor.”
Headaches after Concussion in Pediatrics: a Review
Blume, H. K. (2015) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0516-x · Cited by 34
Risk Factors for the Development of Post‐Traumatic Headache Attributed to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Andersen, A. M., Ashina, H., Iljazi, A., Al‐Khazali, H. M., Chaudhry, B. A., Ashina, M., Ashina, S., & Schytz, H. W. (2020) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13812 · Cited by 33
The association between microhaemorrhages and post - traumatic functional outcome in the chronic phase after mild traumatic brain injury
de Haan, S., de Groot, J. C., Jacobs, B., & van der Naalt, J. (2017) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-017-1898-8 · Cited by 32
“Recent studies have reported that especially in the chronic phase after injury, psychosocial and environmental factors might also influence functional outcome [32, 33].”
Background
Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a history of traumatic brain injury: A systematic review
Mikolić, A., Polinder, S., Helmrich, I. R., Haagsma, J. A., & Cnossen, M. C. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101776 · Cited by 34
Untangling chronic pain and post-concussion symptoms: the significance of depression
Snell, D. L., Martin, R., Macleod, A. D., Surgenor, L. J., Siegert, R. J., Jean, C. H.-S. E., Melzer, T. R., Hooper, G. J., & Anderson, T. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1432894 · Cited by 35
Prognostic factors for persistent symptoms in adults with mild traumatic brain injury: an overview of systematic reviews
Déry, J., Ouellet, B., de Guise, É., Bussières, È.-L., & Lamontagne, M. (2023) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02284-4 · Cited by 35
“This number excludes studies on pediatric populations included in some reviews [18, 19, 22, 50, 54, 56].”
Background
Clinical Assessment on Days 1–14 for the Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations from the 2024 NINDS Traumatic Brain Injury Classification and Nomenclature Initiative Clinical/Symptoms Working Group
Menon, D. K., Silverberg, N. D., Ferguson, A. R., Bayuk, T. J., Bhattacharyay, S., Brody, D. L., Cota, S. A., Ercole, A., Figaji, A. A., Gao, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0577 · Cited by 36
“37,38 Another rationale for querying pre-hospital arrival PTA is that can help rule-in a diagnosis of TBI in a patient without other acute signs.”
Self-citation
Heart rate variability and serum level of insulin-like growth factor-1 are correlated with symptoms of emotional disorders in patients suffering a mild traumatic brain injury
Sung, C., Chen, K., Chiang, Y. H., Chiu, W.-T., Ou, J., Lee, H., Tsai, S., Lin, J., Yang, C.-M., Tsai, Y.-R., et al. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.08.006 · Cited by 33
“Patients who have experienced an mTBI are susceptible to emotional disorders (Silverberg et al., 2014).”
Background
Description of the predictors of persistent post-concussion symptoms and disability after mild traumatic brain injury: the SHEFBIT cohort
Booker, J., Sinha, S. K., Choudhari, K. A., Dawson, J., & Singh, R. K. (2019) · British Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1080/02688697.2019.1598542 · Cited by 35
“Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE), into ‘favourable’ and ‘unfavourable’ outcome.(11) This methodology is inappropriate for”
Method
Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Concussion
Stillman, A., Madigan, N. K., Torres, K., Swan, N., & ALEXANDER, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5925 · Cited by 31
Clinical Predictors of 3- and 6-Month Outcome for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with a Negative Head CT Scan in the Emergency Department: A TRACK-TBI Pilot Study
Madhok, D. Y., Yue, J. K., Sun, X., Suen, C. G., Coss, N. A., Jain, S., Manley, G. T., & the TRACK-TBI Investigators (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10050269 · Cited by 32
“Variables not yet described in guidelines due to minimal literature but found to be predictive of impaired outcomes following mTBI include education level and pre-injury psychiatric history, such as anxiety and depression [4,16,19,20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Early Postinjury Screen Time and Concussion Recovery
Cairncross, M., Yeates, K. O., Tang, K., Madigan, S. L., Beauchamp, M. H., Craig, W. R., Doan, Q. H., Zemek, R. L., Kowalski, K. A., & Silverberg, N. D. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056835 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Wrestling with uncertainty after mild traumatic brain injury: a mixed methods study
Snell, D. L., Martin, R., Surgenor, L. J., Siegert, R. J., Hay‐Smith, J., Melzer, T. R., Anderson, T., & Hooper, G. J. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1542461 · Cited by 38
“prognostic models and more powerfully than injury and demographic variables [15].”
Background
Concordance of common data elements for assessment of subjective cognitive complaints after mild-traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI Pilot Study
Ngwenya, L. B., Gardner, R. C., Yue, J. K., Burke, J. F., Ferguson, A. R., Huang, M. C., Winkler, E. A., Pirracchio, R., Satris, G. G., Yuh, E. L., et al. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1481527 · Cited by 33
Perceived Change in Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients with Pre-Injury Anxiety or Depression
Karr, J. E., Iverson, G. L., Huang, S., Silverberg, N. D., & Yang, C.-C. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6834 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Atypical Somatic Symptoms in Adults With Prolonged Recovery From Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Stubbs, J. L., Green, K. E., Silverberg, N. D., Howard, A. K., Dhariwal, A. K., Brubacher, J. R., Garraway, N., Heran, M. K. S., Sekhon, M. S., Aquino, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00043 · Cited by 31
“Although there aremany factors that influence the recovery trajectory, pre- and post-injury mental health problems are the strongest established contributor to poor recovery and functional limitation after mTBI (4, 5).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Perceived Injustice and Its Correlates after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Iverson, G. L., Terry, D. P., Karr, J. E., Panenka, W. J., & Silverberg, N. D. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5402 · Cited by 29
“51,52 59 Psychosocial factors, such as pre-injury mental health problems, 53,60 resilience, 61 maladaptive coping strategies, 58,62–64 traumatic stress, 65,66 and depression 58,65 are related to poor medium and long-term outcome following injury.”
Self-citation
Rasch analysis of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 in a mild traumatic brain injury sample
Snell, D. L., Siegert, R. J., & Silverberg, N. D. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1729417 · Cited by 29
“Eligibility criteria for the parent trial were (1): age 18 to 60 (2), sustained an MTBI (per referring physician diagnosis) within the last 3 months (3), report of at least three-ongoing symptoms on the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ (31)) (4), can identify a family physician or primary care clin…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Relationship Between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms
Miller, T., Kallenbach, M. D., Huber, D. L., Brett, B. L., & Nelson, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000809 · Cited by 31
Sport-related structural brain injury associated with arachnoid cysts: a systematic review and quantitative analysis
Zuckerman, S. L., Prather, C. T., Yengo-Kahn, A. M., Solomon, G. S., Sills, A. K., & Bonfield, C. M. (2016) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2016.1.focus15608 · Cited by 28
A Preliminary Formula to Predict Timing of Symptom Resolution for Collegiate Athletes Diagnosed With Sport Concussion
Resch, J. E., Brown, C. N., Macciocchi, S. N., Cullum, C. M., Blueitt, D., & Ferrara, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.12.03 · Cited by 27
“A systematic review of prognostic models after mild traumatic brain injury concluded that severity of postinjury anxiety was a predictor of outcome.(40) Additionally, van der Horn et al(41) reported postinjury anxiety and depression as predictors of delayed return to work in a cross-sectional sample of participants wh…”
Background

Authors: Silverberg, N. D., Gardner, A. J., Brubacher, J. R., Panenka, W. J., Li, J. J., & Iverson, G. L.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Simon Fraser University (CA)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Silverberg, Noah D.
ORCID: Silverberg, Noah D.
Gardner, Andrew J.
Brubacher, Jeffrey R.
Panenka, William J.
Iverson, Grant L.
Venue: Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-04
Volume: 32
Issue: 8
Pages: 517-526
ISSN: 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
1557-9042
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3600
OpenAlex: W1974797523
Cited by: 393
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 2.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Keywords: mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, prognostic model, post-concussion syndrome, prognostic factors, neuropsychological performance, injury severity, discrimination and calibration
MeSH terms: Brain Injuries, Humans, Models, Neurological, Prognosis

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Systematic Review of Multivariable Prognostic Models for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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