Human Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Decellularization of Human Flexor Tendons Reduces Immunogenicity In Vivo
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In mutilating hand injuries, tissue engineered tendon grafts may provide a reconstructive solution. We have previously described a method to decellularize cadaveric human flexor tendons while preserving mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the immunogenicity and strength of these grafts when implanted into an immunocompetent rat model. METHODS: Cadaveric human flexor tendons were divided into two groups. Group 1 was untreated, and Group 2 was decellularized by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and peracetic acid (PAA). Both groups were then analyzed for the presence of major histocompatibility complexes by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pair-matched tendons from each group were then placed into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue and anchored to the spinal ligaments of Wistar rats for 2 or 4 weeks, and harvested. The infiltration of B-cells and macrophages was determined using IHC. The explants where then subjected to mechanical testing to determine the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and elastic modulus (EM). Statistical analysis was performed using a paired Student's t-test. RESULTS: The decellularization protocol successfully removed cells and MHC-1 complexes. At 2 weeks after implantation, there was increased infiltration of B-cells in Group 1 (untreated) compared with Group 2 (acellular), both in the capsule and tendon substance. There was improved ultimate tensile stress (UTS, 42.7 ± 8.3 vs. 22.8 ± 7.8 MPa, p<0.05) and EM (830.2 ± 206.7 vs. 421.2 ± 171.3 MPa, p<0.05) in tendons that were decellularized. At 4 weeks, there was continued B-cell infiltration in Group 1 (untreated) compared with Group 2 (acellular). There was no appreciable difference in macrophage infiltration at both time points. At 4 weeks Group 2 (acellular) demonstrated persistently greater UTS (40.5 ± 9.1 vs. 14.6 ± 4.2 MPa, p<0.05) and EM (454.05 ± 101.5 vs. 204.6 ± 91.3 MPa, p<0.05) compared with Group 1 (untreated). CONCLUSIONS: Human flexor tendons that were decellularized with SDS, EDTA, and PAA resulted in removal of cellular antigens and a decreased immune response when placed into Wistar rats. These grafts showed better mechanical properties at 2 and 4 weeks when compared with control tendons. Decellularization is an important step toward the use of tissue engineered flexor tendons in upper extremity reconstruction.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Raghavan et al. found that the immunogenicity of decellular human tendons was suppressed following implantation into the subcutaneous tissue on the backs of immunologically normal rats.
“Raghavan et al. investigated the development of an implant method to assess the surgical suitability of tendon grafts and discovered that the immunogenicity of decellular human tendons was suppressed following implantation into the subcutaneous tissue on the backs of immunologically normal rats.”
From Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
Decellularization of tissues and organs
Gilbert, T. W., Sellaro, T. L., & Badylak, S. F. (2006) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014 · Cited by 2,222 · see citing works
Jackson, D. W., Grood, E. S., Goldstein, J. D., Rosen, M. A., Kurzweil, P. R., Cummings, J. F., & Simon, T. M. (1993) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659302100203 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Butler, D. L., Juncosa‐Melvin, N., Boivin, G. P., Galloway, M. T., Shearn, J. T., Gooch, C., & Awad, H. A. (2007) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.20456 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Krych, A. J., Jackson, J. D., Hoskin, T. L., & Dahm, D. L. (2007) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.08.029 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
A Comparison of Tenocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Use in Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering
Kryger, G. S., Chong, A. K. S., Costa, M. A., Pham, H. M., Bates, S. R., & Chang, J. (2007) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.02.018 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationCosta, M. A., Wu, C., Pham, B. V., Chong, A. K. S., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2006) · Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.1937 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationKleipool, A. E. B., Zijl, J. A. C., & Willems, W. J. (1998) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s001670050104 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Fox, J. A., Pierce, M. A., Bojchuk, J., Hayden, J. K., Bush‐Joseph, C. A., & Bach, B. R. (2004) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2004.07.019 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients Older than 40 Years
Barrett, G. R., Stokes, D. A., & White, M. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546504274202 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Whitlock, P. W., Smith, T. L., Poehling, G. G., Shilt, J. S., & Dyke, M. E. V. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.029 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pridgen, B. C., Woon, C. Y.-L., Kim, M. Y., Thorfinn, J., Lindsey, D. P., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2011) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0457 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, H., Vangipuram, G., Fisher, M. B., Yang, G., Hsu, S.-L., Bianchi, J. R., Ronholdt, C. J., & Woo, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.21373 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Gorschewsky, O., Klakow, A., Riechert, K., Pitzl, M., & Becker, R. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546504271510 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Enhanced flexor tendon healing through controlled delivery of PDGF‐BB
Thomopoulos, S., Das, R., Silva, M. J., Sakiyama‐Elbert, S. E., Harwood, F. L., Zampiakis, E., Kim, H. M., Amiel, D., & Gelberman, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.20875 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Bach, B. R., Aadalen, K. J., Dennis, M. G., Carreira, D. S., Bojchuk, J., Hayden, J. K., & Bush‐Joseph, C. A. (2004) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546504267347 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Thomopoulos, S., Kim, H. M., Das, R., Silva, M. J., Sakiyama‐Elbert, S. E., Amiel, D., & Gelberman, R. H. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.i.01601 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Bioreactor Cyclic Strain Increases Construct Strength
Saber, S., Zhang, A. Y., Ki, S. H., Lindsey, D. P., Smith, R. L., Riboh, J. C., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2010) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0032 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationLeversedge, F. J., Zelouf, D. S., Williams, C., Gelberman, R. H., & Seiler, J. G., III (2000) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1053/jhsu.2000.9413 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Effect of the Immunological Antigenicity of the Allogeneic Tendons on Tendon Grafting
Minami, A., Ishii, S., Ogino, T., Oikawa, T., & Kobayashi, H. (1982) · HAND · doi:10.1016/s0072-968x(82)80001-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Barber, F. A., Aziz-Jacobo, J., & Oro, F. B. (2010) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.08.022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Human lymphocyte reaction to freeze-dried allograft and xenograft ligamentous tissue
Pinkowski, J. L., Reiman, P., & Chen, S.-L. (1989) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354658901700501 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Acellularized and Reseeded Tendon Constructs
Chong, A. K. S., Riboh, J. C., Smith, R. L., Lindsey, D. P., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181a65ae7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAngelidis, I. K., Thorfinn, J., Connolly, I. D., Lindsey, D. P., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2010) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.020 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimization of Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering With a Cyclic Strain Bioreactor
Riboh, J. C., Chong, A. K. S., Pham, H. M., Longaker, M. T., Jacobs, C. R., & Chang, J. (2008) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.04.019 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationTissue-engineered intrasynovial tendons: Optimization of acellularization and seeding
Zhang, A. Y., Bates, S. R., Morrow, E. H., Pham, H. M., Pham, B. V., & Chang, J. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.07.0086 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationWoon, C. Y.-L., Pridgen, B. C., Kraus, A., Bari, S., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2011) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f298 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationReplacement of the anterior cruciate ligament A comparison of autografts and allografts in dogs
Thorson, E., Rodrigo, J. J., Vasseur, P. B., Sharkey, N. A., & Heitter, D. (1989) · Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/17453678909150121 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional-Construct Bioreactor Conditioning in Human Tendon Tissue Engineering
Woon, C. Y.-L., Kraus, A., Raghavan, S. S., Pridgen, B. C., Megerle, K., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2011) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0701 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationTissue engineering of flexor tendons
Zhang, A. Y., & Chang, J. (2003) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0094-1298(03)00074-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationTissue Engineering for the Hand Surgeon: A Clinical Perspective
Chong, A. K. S., & Chang, J. (2006) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.11.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFlexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Temporal Distribution of Donor Tenocytes versus Recipient Cells
Thorfinn, J., Saber, S., Angelidis, I. K., Ki, S. H., Zhang, A. Y., Chong, A. K. S., Pham, H. M., Lee, G., & Chang, J. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181bcf320 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman tissue allograft processing: impact on in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility
Fawzi-Grancher, S., Goebbels, R., Bigaré, E., Cornu, O., Gianello, P., Delloye, C., & Dufrane, D. (2009) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-009-3726-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
What tissue bankers should know about the use of allograft tendons and cartilage in orthopaedics
Getgood, A. M. J., & Bollen, S. (2009) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-009-9129-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moots, R. J., Samberg, N. L., Pazmany, L., Frelinger, J. A., McMichael, A. J., & Stauss, H. J. (1992) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830220645 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Knee joint injury and repair modeled by membrane systems
Franco, G., Jonoska, N., Osborn, B., & Plaas, A. (2007) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2007.02.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kim, B. S., Das, S., Jang, J., & Cho, D.-W. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00808 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Cheng, C. W., Solorio, L. D., & Alsberg, E. (2014) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.012 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Porzionato, A., Stocco, E., Barbon, S., Grandi, F., Macchi, V., & De Caro, R. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19124117 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Parmaksiz, M., Dogan, A., Odabas, S., Elçin, A. E., & Elçin, Y. M. (2016) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/022003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Freeze-Thaw Cycles Enhance Decellularization of Large Tendons
Burk, J., Erbe, I., Berner, D., Kacza, J., Kasper, C., Pfeiffer, B., Winter, K., & Brehm, W. (2013) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0760 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Liu, J., Song, Q., Yin, W., Li, C., An, N., Le, Y., Wang, Q., Feng, Y., Hu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Exploration · doi:10.1002/exp.20230078 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Engineered composite tissue as a bioartificial limb graft
Jank, B. J., Xiong, L., Moser, P. T., Guyette, J. P., Ren, X., Cetrulo, C. L., Leonard, D. A., Fernandez, L., Fagan, S. P., & Ott, H. C. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.051 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Farnebo, S. J., Woon, C. Y.-L., Schmitt, T., Joubert, L., Kim, M. Y., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2013) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0207 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationDecellularized and Engineered Tendons as Biological Substitutes: A Critical Review
Lovati, A. B., Bottagisio, M., & Moretti, M. (2016) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2016/7276150 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Martinello, T., Bronzini, I., Volpin, A., Vindigni, V., Maccatrozzo, L., Caporale, G., Bassetto, F., & Patruno, M. (2012) · Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1002/term.1557 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Extracellular matrix scaffold-immune microenvironment modulates tissue regeneration
Yu, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Wang, H., Shen, J., Xiao, H., Mei, J., Chai, Y., & Wen, G. (2021) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109524 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Decellularized Tendon Extracellular Matrix—A Valuable Approach for Tendon Reconstruction?
Schulze-Tanzil, G. G., Al-Sadi, O., Ertel, W., & Lohan, A. (2012) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells1041010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Engineering Tendon: Scaffolds, Bioreactors, and Models of Regeneration
Youngstrom, D. W., & Barrett, J. G. (2015) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2016/3919030 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Naturally derived biomaterials for addressing inflammation in tissue regeneration
Hortensius, R. A., & Harley, B. A. C. (2016) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370216648022 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Haykal, S., Zhou, Y., Marcus, P., Salna, M., Machuca, T., Hofer, S. O. P., & Waddell, T. K. (2013) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.044 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tan, J., Zhang, Q.-Y., Huang, L.-P., Huang, K., & Xie, H.-Q. (2021) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d1bm00470k · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Goh, K. L., & Holmes, D. F. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18050901 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Antigen removal for the production of biomechanically functional, xenogeneic tissue grafts
Cissell, D. D., Hu, J. C., Griffiths, L. G., & Athanasiou, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.041 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, D., Zhu, T., Fu, W. E., & Zhang, H. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s192699 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Aeberhard, P., Grognuz, A., Peneveyre, C., McCallin, S., Hirt‐Burri, N., Antons, J., Pioletti, D., Raffoul, W., & Applegate, L. A. (2020) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.13581 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Biologic and mechanical aspects of tendon fibrosis after injury and repair
Graham, J. G., Wang, M. L., Rivlin, M. R., & Beredjiklian, P. K. (2018) · Connective Tissue Research · doi:10.1080/03008207.2018.1512979 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Decellularized tendon as a prospective scaffold for tendon repair
Wang, S., Wang, Y., Song, L., Chen, J., Ma, Y., Chen, Y., Fan, S., Su, M., & Lin, X. (2017) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.279 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Human Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Revitalization of Biostatic Allograft Scaffolds
Woon, C. Y.-L., Farnebo, S. J., Schmitt, T., Kraus, A., Megerle, K., Pham, H. M., Yan, X., Gambhir, S. S., & Chang, J. (2012) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0152 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBarkestani, M. N., Naserian, S., Uzan, G., & Shamdani, S. (2021) · Journal of Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1177/2041731420983562 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Human Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering
Schmitt, T., Fox, P. M., Woon, C. Y.-L., Farnebo, S. J., Bronstein, J. A., Behn, A. W., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2013) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a033cf · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDecellularized Tendon-Bone Composite Grafts for Extremity Reconstruction
Farnebo, S. J., Woon, C. Y.-L., Bronstein, J. A., Schmitt, T., Lindsey, D. P., Pham, H. M., Castillo, A. B., & Chang, J. (2013) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000436823.64827.a0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHaramshahi, S. M. A., Bonakdar, S., Moghtadaei, M., Kamguyan, K., Thormann, E., Tanbakooei, S., Simorgh, S., Milan, P. B., Amini, N., Latifi, N., et al. (2020) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/ab6709 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Peng, B., Du, L., Zhang, T., Chen, J., & Xu, B. (2023) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d2bm01862d · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A new strategy for the decellularisation of large equine tendons as biocompatible tendon substitutes
Bottagisio, M., Pellegata, A. F., Boschetti, F., Ferroni, M., Moretti, M., & Lovati, A. B. (2016) · European Cells and Materials · doi:10.22203/ecm.v032a04 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Soury, M. E., García‐García, Ó. D., Moretti, M., Perroteau, I., Raimondo, S., Lovati, A. B., & Carriel, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052389 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lohan, A., Stoll, C., Albrecht, M., Denner, A., John, T., Krüger, K., Ertel, W., & Schulze-Tanzil, G. G. (2013) · Connective Tissue Research · doi:10.3109/03008207.2013.820283 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Tissue Engineering for Plastic Surgeons: A Primer
Golas, A. R., Hernandez, K. A., & Spector, J. A. (2013) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-013-0255-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Li, D., Li, S., He, S., He, H., Yuan, G., Ma, B., Zhang, Y., Yuan, C., Liu, Z., Deng, Z., et al. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.01.016 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Monibi, F., Bozynski, C. C., Kuroki, K., Stoker, A. M., Pfeiffer, F. M., Sherman, S. L., & Cook, J. L. (2016) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0276 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Future Application of Nanomedicine and Biomimicry in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Amin, K., Moscalu, R., Imere, A., Murphy, R., Barr, S., Tan, Y., Wong, R., Sorooshian, P., Zhang, F., Stone, J. P., et al. (2019) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm-2019-0119 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shear lag sutures: Improved suture repair through the use of adhesives
Linderman, S. W., Kormpakis, I., Gelberman, R. H., Birman, V., Wegst, U. G. K., Genin, G. M., & Thomopoulos, S. (2015) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A New Chapter for Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Decellularized Extracellular Matrices
Anasiz, Y., Özgül, R. K., & Uçkan, D. (2017) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-017-9757-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tissue Engineering in Hand Surgery: A Technology Update
Lui, H., Vaquette, C., & Bindra, R. R. (2017) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tissue engineering in flexor tendon surgery: current state and future advances
Galvez, M. G., Crowe, C. S., Farnebo, S. J., & Chang, J. (2013) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1177/1753193413512432 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEndress, R. D., Woon, C. Y.-L., Farnebo, S. J., Behn, A. W., Bronstein, J. A., Pham, H. M., Yan, X., Gambhir, S. S., & Chang, J. (2012) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.05.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFarnebo, S. J., Woon, C. Y.-L., Kim, M. Y., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2013) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.09.033 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples of Tendon Reconstruction Following Complex Trauma of the Upper Limb
Chattopadhyay, A., McGoldrick, R., Umansky, E., & Chang, J. (2015) · Seminars in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1544168 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, J., Yao, X., Qing, Q., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Ning, L., Luo, J., & Qin, T. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36261 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Production of a sterilised decellularised tendon allograft for clinical use
Huang, Q., Ingham, E., Rooney, P., & Kearney, J. N. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-013-9366-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rowland, C. R., Little, D., & Guilak, F. (2012) · Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants · doi:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2013006120 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fox, P. M., Farnebo, S. J., Lindsey, D. P., Chang, J., Schmitt, T., & Chang, J. (2013) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.08.092 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Z., Kohl, B., Kokozidou, M., Arens, S., & Schulze-Tanzil, G. G. (2016) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000444521 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flexor Tendon Sheath Engineering Using Decellularized Porcine Pericardium
Megerle, K., Woon, C. Y.-L., Kraus, A., Raghavan, S. S., Pham, H. M., & Chang, J. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002459 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of decellularized tissue for soft-hard interregional regeneration
Suzuki, M., Kimura, T., Hashimoto, Y., & Kishida, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1394714 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Decellularised porcine peritoneum as a tendon protector sheet
Capella-Monsonís, H., Kelly, J., Kearns, S., & Zeugolis, D. I. (2019) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/ab2301 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Detergent-Free Decellularization Preserves the Mechanical and Biological Integrity of Murine Tendon
Marvin, J. C., Mochida, A., Paredes, J., Vaughn, B., & Andarawis‐Puri, N. (2022) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0135 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lebled, C., Grover, L. M., & Paxton, J. Z. (2014) · Journal of Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1177/2041731414536720 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Principles of Tendon Regeneration
Leyden, J., Kaizawa, Y., & Chang, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19962-3_25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBobrova, M. M., Safonova, L. A., Efimov, А. Е., Iljinsky, I. M., Агапова, О. И., & Agapov, I. I. (2021) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/ac058b · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Han, Q., Zhao, X., Li, X., Zhang, A., Liu, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, H. (2026) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103090 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering
Capella‐Monsonís, H., Guillaumin, S., Ribeiro, S., Korntner, S. H., Bayon, Y., & Zeugolis, D. I. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102563-5.00013-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Method to decellularize the human chorion membrane
Frazão, L. P., de Castro, J. V., Nogueira‐Silva, C., & Neves, N. M. (2019) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.11.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Haykal, S. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Use of tissue engineering in the reconstruction of flexor tendon injuries
Bíró, V. (2015) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2015.30094 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, P., Jiang, C., Li, S., Zhang, W., & Zhu, L. (2018) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-018-9713-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cell Therapies for Tendon: Treatments and Regenerative Medicine
Grognuz, A., Aeberhard, P., Michetti, M., Hirt‐Burri, N., Scaletta, C., Roessingh, A. D. B., Raffoul, W., & Laurent‐Applegate, L. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19962-3_27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aponeurosis discission, a low-detergent method for tissue-engineered acellular ligament scaffolds
Zhou, S., Yuan, B., Huang, W., Chen, X., & Jia, L. (2022) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-022-06661-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multifactorial Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies
Kwan, T. D., & Haj, A. J. E. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801590-2.00011-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vagina reconstruction by decellularization of healthy human vaginal tissuePreprint
Sueters, J., Xiao, F., Roovers, J., Bouman, M., Groenman, F. A., Maas, H., Huirne, J. A. F., & Smit, T. H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.23288175 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mechanobiology and Tendon Regeneration
Youngstrom, D. W. (2015) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Bíró, V. (2018) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2018.31150
Detergent-Free Decellularization Preserves the Structural and Biological Integrity of Murine TendonPreprint
Marvin, J. C., Mochida, A., Paredes, J., Vaughn, B., & Andarawis‐Puri, N. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499615
Introduction to Natural Product-Based Tissue Engineering
Sinha, D., Nath, R., & Borkataky, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3111-4_1
Kidney Tissue Engineering Using Decellularized Organs and Pluripotent Stem Cells
Williams, M. J. (2013) · University of Florida Digital Collections (University of Florida)
Progress in the application of decellularized tendon scaffold for repair of tendon and ligament
Wang, W., Huang, F., You, M., & Liu, P. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04511-9
- Authors
- Raghavan, S. S., Woon, C. Y. L., Kraus, A., Megerle, K., Choi, M. S. S., Pridgen, B. C., Pham, H., & Chang, J.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Venue
- Tissue Engineering Part A
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 796-805
- ISSN
- 1937-3341 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-335X
- OpenAlex
- W2061673735
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Tissue Engineering Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- decellularization, immunogenicity, major histocompatibility complex, B cell infiltration, macrophage infiltration, ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus, mechanical properties, hand injuries, peracetic acid, EDTA, SDS, cadaveric tendons, immunocompetent patient, graft biocompatibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Rabbits, Tendons, Rats, Wistar, Tissue Engineering
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
