Thyroid–Adrenergic Interactions: Physiological and Clinical Implications
Abstract
The sympathoadrenal system, including the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla, interacts with thyroid hormone (TH) at various levels. Both systems are evolutionary old and regulate independent functions, playing probably independent roles in poikilothermic species. With the advent of homeothermy, TH acquired a new role, which is to stimulate thermogenic mechanisms and synergize with the sympathoadrenal system to produce heat and maintain body temperature. An important part of this new function is mediated through coordinated and, most of the time, synergistic interactions with the sympathoadrenal system. Catecholamines can in turn activate TH in a tissue-specific manner, most notably in brown adipose tissue. Such interactions are of great adaptive value in cold adaptation and in states needing high-energy output. Conversely, in states of emergency where energy demand should be reduced, such as disease and starvation, both systems are turned down. In pathological states, where one of the systems is fixed at a high or a low level, coordination is lost with disruption of the physiology and development of symptoms. Exaggerated responses to catecholamines dominate the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis, while hypothyroidism is characterized by a narrowing of adaptive responses (e.g., thermogenic, cardiovascular, and lipolytic). Finally, emerging results suggest the possibility that disrupted interactions between the two systems contribute to explain metabolic variability, for example, fuel efficiency, energy expenditure, and lipolytic responses.
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Thyroid hormones are major energy expenditure hormones.
“Thus, thyroid hormones are major energy expenditure hormones.”
From Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation (2014) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Silva, J. E., & Bianco, S. D. C.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Bianco, Suzy D.C.
- Venue
- Thyroid
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-165
- ISSN
- 1050-7256 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9077
- OpenAlex
- W2080315023
- Semantic Scholar
- 226a70a9f0b7a2bc0d3ceaf99101a2474c1c9c6d
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Thyroid (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Keywords
- thyroid hormones, sympathoadrenal system, catecholamines, brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, homeothermy, cold adaptation, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, lipolysis, energy expenditure, fuel economy, thyroid-adrenal interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adrenal Medulla, Animals, Body Temperature Regulation, Catecholamines, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta, Sympathetic Nervous System, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones, Signal Transduction
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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