The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass
Abstract
The Harris Benedict equations (HBE) were derived from indirect calorimetric data obtained in 239 normal subjects. Using these data and additional data published by Benedict, which were obtained from subjects spanning a wider age range (n = 98), the present study evaluated the relationship between measured resting energy expenditure and age, sex, and predicted body cell mass (BCM). When the additional subjects from the subsequently published series are included, the regression equations, standard error of the estimate, and 95% confidence limits are similar to the original equations. The HBE estimate resting energy expenditure of a normal subject with a precision of 14%. Resting energy expenditure is directly related to the size of the BCM and is independent of age and sex. The variables of height, weight, age, and sex in the HBE reflect the relationship between body weight and the BCM. Indirect calorimetry and body composition measurements were performed in both normally nourished and malnourished patients (n = 74) to assess the accuracy of the HBE in malnourished patients. Malnutrition is associated with an increase in resting oxygen consumption (VO2) which becomes apparent only when VO2 is expressed as a function of the BCM. There is no difference in resting VO2 between the sexes when expressed as a function of BCM. A regression equation was derived from the Harris Benedict data to predict resting VO2 from age, height, weight, and sex. Predicted VO2 was not significantly different from measured VO2 for the normally nourished patients (n = 33) whereas in the malnourished (n = 41) predicted VO2 underestimated the measured value. The HBE accurately predict resting energy expenditure in normally nourished individuals with a precision of +/- 14%, but are unreliable in the malnourished patient.
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Resting metabolic rate varies between groups of different age, sex, and body composition.
“Interestingly, resting metabolic rate varies between groups of different age, sex, and body composition [132]”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [132]
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Sowah, R. A., Bampoe-Addo, A. A., Armoo, S. K., Saalia, F. K., Gatsi, F., & Sarkodie-Mensah, B. (2020) · International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications · doi:10.1155/2020/8870141 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Energy metabolism in acute hepatic failure
Schneeweiß, B., Pammer, J., Ratheiser, K., Schneider, B., Madl, C., Kramer, L., Kranz, A., Ferenci, P., Druml, W., Grimm, G., et al. (1993) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90159-a · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Donohue, M., da Costa, D. P., Goebel, M. E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.6.1003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mitchell, C., McGregor, R., D’Souza, R., Thorstensen, E., Markworth, J., Fanning, A., Poppitt, S., & Cameron-Smith, D. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7105420 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The results obtained from the DXA scan were then used to estimate the participants’ energy requirements using the Harris-Benedict equation [29] and calculate the isotope infusion rate.”
MethodStrandberg, E., Edholm, P., Ponsot, E., Wåhlin‐Larsson, B., Hellmén, E., Nilsson, A. E., Engfeldt, P., Cederholm, T., Risérus, U., & Kadi, F. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00066.2015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Glynn, C., Greene, G. W., Winkler, M. F., & Albina, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607199023003147 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women?
Siervo, M. (2003) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1054/clnu.2002.0625 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Verdery, R. B., & Walford, R. L. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.8.900 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Basal energy expenditure (BEE) was calculated from weight, height, age, and sex by means of the Harris-Benedict equation.(12) Total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated by 2 techniques: calculation of work-associated energy expenditure, and calculation of the energy deficit needed to produce observed changes in weig…”
MethodSiddiki, H. A., Vukoja, M. K., Li, G., et al. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9206 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“2 is the estimated production of CO2 calculated from the predicted resting energy expenditure equation (REE) [15-18], also known as modified Harris Benedict equation [19].”
MethodCaloric requirements in total parenteral nutrition.
Foster, G., Knox, L., Dempsey, D. T., & Mullen, J. L. (1987) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720186 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Energy expenditure and body composition in patients with anorexia nervosa
Vaisman, N., Rossi, M., Goldberg, E., Dibden, L., Wykes, L., & Pencharz, P. B. (1988) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80032-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Towards Automatic Meal Plan Recommendations for Balanced Nutrition
Elsweiler, D., & Harvey, M. (2015) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/2792838.2799665 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“We calculate nutritional requirements for a given persona using a version of the Harris-Benedict equation revised by Roza and Shizgal [10] which estimates an individual’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) and daily calorie requirements.”
MethodMarzouk, T. M., & Sayed Ahmed, W. A. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.01.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
LeBlanc, E. S., Smith, N. X., Vesco, K. K., Paul, I. M., & Stevens, V. J. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.027 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Using Deep Learning for Energy Expenditure Estimation with wearable sensors
Zhu, J., Pande, A., Mohapatra, P., & Han, J. J. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) · doi:10.1109/healthcom.2015.7454554 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“BMR is calculated according to revised HarrisBenedict formula [19], which takes into account the gender of subject.”
MethodMeasuring Longitudinally the Metabolic Demands of Stroke Patients
Finestone, H. M., Greene-Finestone, L. S., Foley, N. C., et al. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000053031.12332.fb · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“5 to 7 1640 315 (30) 1594 321 (28) 1624 305 (18)”
te Kulve, M., Schlangen, L. J. M., & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Valdivielso, P., Rioja, J., García-Arias, C., Sánchez-Chaparro, M. Á., & González‐Santos, P. (2009) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-8-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“This diet was 600 kcal below the basic calorie needs, as calculated by the Harris and Benedict equation [9].”
Charron, C., Repessé, X., Bouferrache, K., Bodson, L., Castro, S., Page, B., Jardin, F., & Vieillard‐Baron, A. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10324 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The method is based on CO2 production calculated from the Harris-Benedict equation [19] and on the expired minute ventilation.”
MethodWierdsma, N., Peters, J., Weijs, P. J. M., Keur, M. B., Girbes, A. R. J., Bodegraven, A. A. V., & Beishuizen, A. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10530 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Based on current literature, optimal energy needs can be calculated from measured resting energy expenditure (REE) + 10% [16,17].”
BackgroundRichter, J., Herzog, N., Janka, S., Baumann, T., Kistenmacher, A., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz311 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Uncoupled skeletal muscle mitochondria contribute to hypermetabolism in severely burned adults
Porter, C. C., Herndon, D. N., Børsheim, E., Chao, T., Reidy, P. T., Borack, M. S., Rasmussen, B. B., Chondronikola, M., Saraf, M. K., & Sidossis, L. S. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2014 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This was compared with predicted REE, which was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equations (17).”
van Gemert, W. A., May, A. M., Schuit, A. J., Oosterhof, B. Y. M., Peeters, P. H. M., & Monninkhof, E. M. (2016) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1065 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The diet was prescribed by a study dietitian, after exploring the individuals’ dietary history, body weight and physical activity level to assess energy needs(19).”
MethodRevised Harris–Benedict Equation: New Human Resting Metabolic Rate Equation
Pavlidou, E., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Seroglou, K., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13020189 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Thus, the term REE is used by the Harris–Benedict [5,6], Roza and Shizgal [7], and Mifflin–St Jeor [8] equations; the term BMR by the FAO/WHO/UNU equations [9]; and the term RMR by the OWEN equations [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWyers, C. E., Reijven, P. L. M., Breedveld-Peters, J. J. L., Denissen, K. F. M., Schotanus, M. G. M., DONGEN, M. C. J. M. V., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Heyligers, I. C., van den Brandt, P. A., Willems, P. C. P. H., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly030 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Energy requirement after hip fracture was calculated according to Harris–Benedict (26), with 20 per cent surcharge for metabolic stress and, if indicated, a surcharge for activity or desired body weight increase (maximum total surcharge: 40 per cent).”
MethodThapa, S. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Assessment of brain function in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain
Bradley, S. J., Taylor, M. J., ROVET, J. F., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639708403833 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Energy Expenditure during Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Bouffard, Y., Delafosse, B. X., Annat, G. J., et al. (1989) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/014860718901300126 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brinkmans, N. Y. J., Iedema, N., Plasqui, G., Wouters, L., Saris, W. H. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & van Dijk, J. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1576256 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The BMR was calculated according to the revised Harris Benedict Equation (Roza & Shizgal, 1984).”
MethodInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition
Gonzalez, D. E., McAllister, M. J., Waldman, H. S., Ferrando, A. A., Joyce, J., Barringer, N., Dawes, J. J., Kieffer, A. J., Harvey, T. M., Kerksick, C. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Roza, A. M., & Shizgal, H. M.
- Corresponding author
- Shizgal, H M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1984-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-182
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125884465
- Semantic Scholar
- 379f53c98ea8429493ffe111f85b57dd87adcaeb
- Cited by
- 824
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- Harris-Benedict equation, resting energy expenditure, body cell mass, indirect calorimetry, resting oxygen consumption, malnutrition, body composition, load forecasting, regression equations, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Body Composition, Body Weight, Calorimetry, Indirect, Deficiency Diseases, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors
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