Cited by 1,168Food composition and propertiesDiabetes Management and ResearchDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

Wolever, TM, Jenkins, DJ, Jenkins, AL, Josse, RG·1991·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

There is controversy regarding the clinical utility of classifying foods according to their glycemic responses by using the glycemic index (GI). Part of the controversy is due to methodologic variables that can markedly affect the interpretation of glycemic responses and the GI values obtained. Recent studies support the clinical utility of the GI. Within limits determined by the expected GI difference and by the day-to-day variation of glycemic responses, the GI predicts the ranking of the glycemic potential of different meals in individual subjects. In long-term trials, low-GI diets result in modest improvements in overall blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Of perhaps greater therapeutic importance is the ability of low-GI diets to reduce insulin secretion and lower blood lipid concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn/54.5.846

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 · Cited by 3,857
Self-citation
Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation
Beaton, G. H., Milner, J., Corey, P., McGuire, V. M., Cousins, M., Stewart, E., de Ramos, M., Hewitt, D., Grambsch, P. V., Kassim, N., et al. (1979) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/32.12.2546 · Cited by 986
Regulation of HMG-CoA Reductase
Rodwell, V. W., Nordstrom, J. L., & Mitschelen, J. J. (1976) · Advances in lipid research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-024914-5.50008-5 · Cited by 742
The use of the glycemie Index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals
Wolever, T., & Jenkins, D. (1986) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.167 · Cited by 645
Self-citation
Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V., Brighenti, F., Cunnane, S. C., Rao, A. V., Jenkins, A. L., Buckley, G., Patten, R., Singer, W., et al. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198910053211403 · Cited by 467
Self-citation
Effect of Protein Ingestion on the Glucose and Insulin Response to a Standardized Oral Glucose Load
Nuttall, F. Q., Mooradian, A. D., Gannon, M. C., Billington, C. J., & Krezowski, P. A. (1984) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.7.5.465 · Cited by 439
Postprandial Plasma-glucose and -insulin Responses to Different Complex Carbohydrates
Crapo, P. A., Reaven, G. M., & Olefsky, J. M. (1977) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.26.12.1178 · Cited by 320
Low-Glycemic Index Foods Improve Long-Term Glycemic Control in NIDDM
Brand-Miller, J. C., Colagiuri, S., Crossman, S., Allen, A., Roberts, D. C. K., & Truswell, A. S. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.2.95 · Cited by 320
Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Collier, G. R., Ocana, A., Rao, A. V., Buckley, G., Lam, Y. L., Mayer, A., & Thompson, L. U. (1987) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/46.6.968 · Cited by 312
Self-citation
Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses to Meals Containing Different Carbohydrates in Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Bantle, J. P., Laine, D. C., Castle, G., Thomas, J. W., Hoogwerf, B. J., & Goetz, F. C. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198307073090102 · Cited by 306

Show all 58 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Otto, 1980, Different glycemic responses to carbohydrate-containing foods. Implications for the dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus., Hyg (Geneve), 38, 3424
Wolever, 1988, Metabolic response to test meals containing different carbohydrate foods: 1, relationship between rate of digestion and plasma insulin response. Nutr Res, 8, 573
Wolever, 1990, The glycemic index, Bourne GH Aspects of some vitamins, minerals and enzymes in health and disease. World Rev Nutr Diet, 62, 120
Collier, 1988, Low glycaemic index starchy foods improve glucose control and lower serum cholesterol in diabetic children, Diabetes Nutr Metab, 1, 11
Fontvieille, 1988, A moderate switch from high to low glycaemi-cindex foods for 3 weeks improves metabolic control of Type I (IDDM) diabetic subjects, Diabetes Nutr Metab, 1, 139
Brand, 1990, Plasma glucose correlates inversely with satiety and CCK., Proc Nutr Soc Aust, 15, 209

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,000

The Areas Under Curves (AUC) used in diabetes research: Update view
Kc, C., Li, Y., & Cheng, J. (2018) · Integrative Obesity and Diabetes · doi:10.15761/iod.1000212 · Cited by 10
Effects of White Potatoes Consumed With Eggs on Satiety, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Children and Adolescents
Lee, J. J., Brett, N. R., Chang, J. T., de Zepetnek, J. O. T., & Bellissimo, N. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1620659 · Cited by 10
The association between carbohydrate quality index and nutrient adequacy in Iranian adults
Farazi, M., Jayedi, A., Noruzi, Z., Firouzabadi, F. D., Asgari, E., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2021) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-12-2020-0478 · Cited by 10
Less variation of postprandial blood glucose after starchy test meals than oral glucose
Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V. V. V., & Palmason, C. (1996) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/0271-5317(96)00089-9 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Glycemic Index and Glucose Utilization of Rice Vermicelli in Healthy Subjects
Sato, S., Fukumura, K., Nishiyama, A., Kanamoto, I., Inoue, Y., & Konishi, T. (2010) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.33.1385 · Cited by 10
Glycaemic responses to commonly ingested breakfasts in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Birnbacher, R., Waldhör, T., Schneider, U., & Schober, E. (1995) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf02072101 · Cited by 10
Influence of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs on Hyperglycemic Response to Foods in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring System: A Pilot Study
Peterson, K., Chlup, R., Zapletalová, J., Kohnert, K. D., Kudlová, P., Bartek, J., Nakládalová, M., Doubravová, B., & Sečkař, P. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681000400430 · Cited by 10
Glycaemic index of selected staple carbohydrate-rich foods commonly consumed in Botswana
Mahgoub, S., Sabone, M., & Jackson, J. (2013) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2013.11734470 · Cited by 10
Starch composition, antioxidant potential, and glycemic indices of various varieties of Triticum aesitivum L. and Zea mays L. available in Pakistan
Aziz, M. S., Nawaz, R., Haider, N., Rehman, Z. U., Aamir, A.-U.-H., & Imran, M. (2019) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.12943 · Cited by 10
Chemically modified wheat flours in noodle processing: effect on in vitro starch digestibility and glycemic index
Kumar, S. B., & Prabhasankar, P. (2015) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-015-9266-z · Cited by 8
Comparison of postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response of allulose when consumed alone or when added to sucrose: A randomized controlled trial
Au‐Yeung, F., Jenkins, A. L., Prancevic, S., Vissers, E., Campbell, J. E., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105569 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
The impact of mulberry leaf extract at three different levels on reducing the glycemic index of white bread
Ding, F., Wang, Q., Xie, C., Wang, M., Zhang, L., Gao, M., Yang, Z., Ma, J., Shi, X., Chen, W., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288911 · Cited by 9
Effects of Low Glycemic Index Nutrition Education on the Blood Glucose Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kim, M., Kwon, S., & Ly, S. Y. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/kjn.2010.43.1.46 · Cited by 9
Glycaemic & insulinaemic responses in men at rest following sago meal.
Ahmad, H., Singh, R., & Ghosh, A. K. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Marcador in vitro da resposta glicêmica dos alimentos como ferramenta de auxílio à prescrição e avaliação de dietas
Capriles, V. D., Matias, A. C. G., & Arêas, J. A. G. (2009) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/s1415-52732009000400010 · Cited by 9
Glycaemic, insulin and ghrelin responses to traditional South Asian flatbreads in diabetic and healthy subjects.
Khawaja, K., Fatima, A., Mian, S. A., Mumtaz, U., Moazzum, A., Ghias, M., & Masud, F. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007264 · Cited by 10
Glycemic index of three common varieties of Bangladeshi rice in healthy subjects
Fatema, K., Rahman, F., Sumi, N., Kobura, K., & Ali, L. (2010) · UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) · doi:10.5897/ajfs.9000151 · Cited by 9
Postprandial glucose and insulin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after consumption of ready-to-eat mixed meals
Μanios, Y., Moschonis, G., Mavrogianni, C., Tsoutsoulopoulou, K., Kogkas, S., Lambrinou, C. P., & Efstathopoulou, E. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1186-0 · Cited by 9
Lifestyle Approaches and Glucose Intolerance
Stull, A. J. (2014) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827614554186 · Cited by 10
Glycemic Index and Insulin Index of Palmyrah Based Edible Products Commonly Consumed in Jaffna
Mahilrajan, S., Balakumar, S., Arasaratnam, V., Kumanan, T., & Kailayalinkam, R. (2017) · IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.9790/264x-0301013742 · Cited by 9
Low-Glycemic-Index/Load Desserts Decrease Glycemic and Insulinemic Response in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Argiana, V., Kanellos, P. T., Eleftheriadou, I., Tsitsinakis, G., Perrea, D. N., & Tentolouris, N. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072153 · Cited by 11
Effects of Spaghetti Differing in Soluble Fiber and Protein Content on Glycemic Responses in Humans: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Subjects
Papakonstantinou, E., Xaidara, M., Siopi, V., Giannoglou, M., Katsaros, G. I., Θεοδώρου, Γ., Maratou, E., Poulia, K., Dimitriadis, G., & Skandamis, P. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053001 · Cited by 9
The type and frequency of consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods may play a role in the clinical expression of insulin resistance during pregnancy
Gillen, L. J., Tapsell, L. C., Martin, G., Daniells, S., Knights, S., & Moses, R. G. (2002) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 9
Honey and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Abdulrhman, M. A., El, M., Ali, R. A., & Abou, A. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/22194 · Cited by 10
In vitro starch digestibility and expected glycemic index of pound cakes baked in two-cycle microwave-toaster and conventional oven
García-zaragoza, F. J., Sánchez-Pardo, M. E., Ortiz‐Moreno, A., & Bello‐Pérez, L. A. (2010) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637481003716395 · Cited by 9
Does a Low Glycaemic Index (GI) Diet Cost More during Pregnancy?
Cleary, J., Casey, S., Hofsteede, C., Moses, R. G., Milosavljevic, M., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4111759 · Cited by 9
Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses of Normal Subjects to Selected Meals Commonly Consumed in the Middle East
Hwalla, N. C. (1997) · Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1080/13590849762394 · Cited by 9
The Impact of a Large Bolus Dose of l-leucine and l-isoleucine on Enteroendocrine and Pancreatic Hormones, and Glycemia in Healthy, Inactive Adults
Newmire, D. E., Rivas, E., Deemer, S. E., Willoughby, D. S., & Ben‐Ezra, V. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112650 · Cited by 9
Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian adults – results from the 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey
Louie, J. C. Y., Jones, M., Barclay, A. W., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43882 · Cited by 11
Assessment of Corn-Based Rice Analogues Made from Modified Corn Flour and Cassava Starch Which Processed by Granulation Method as Functional Food
Hidayat, B., Akmal, S., Muslihudin, M., & Suhada, B. (2017) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 9
A Proposal for a New National Diet: A Low-Glycemic Load Diet with a Unique Macronutrient Composition
Bell, S. J., & Sears, B. (2003) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/154041903322716679 · Cited by 9
Metabolic Responses to Venezuelan Corn Meal and Rice Bran Supplemented Arepas (Breads)
Schnell, M., de Delahaye, E. P., & Mezones, Y. (2005) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1094/cc-82-0077 · Cited by 9
Relationship between habitual diet and blood glucose and lipids in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM)
Wolever, T. M. S., Nguyen, P.-M., Chiasson, J., Hunt, J. A., Josse, R. G., Palmason, C., Rodger, N. W., Ross, S. A., Ryan, E. A., & Tan, M. H. (1995) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/0271-5317(95)00050-s · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Formulation of low glycaemic index biscuits suitable for diabetics from unripe banana, okra, and stevia leaves / jujube fruit
Damndja, W. N., Tchabo, W., Soh, R. M., Nyame, L. R. K., & Fombang, E. N. (2023) · Food Production Processing and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s43014-023-00148-x · Cited by 8
Effect of starch-hydrocolloid complexes with heat-moisture treatment on in vivo digestibility
Yang, J., Zhou, S., Gu, Z., Cheng, L., Cui, C., Shen, Y., & Hong, Y. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo01586a · Cited by 8
The perspectives of traditional and modern medicine on the nature of hot and cold foods
Dashtdar, M., Dashtdar, M. R., Dashtdar, F., Dashtdar, B., & Mojab, E. (2022) · Medical Research Journal · doi:10.5603/mrj.a2022.0001 · Cited by 8
Dietary treatment of type 1 diabetes – once upon a time versus today
Soczewka, M., Kędzia, A. W., Skowrońska, B., & Niechciał, E. (2023) · Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism · doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.132027 · Cited by 9
The Application of the Food Insulin Index in the Prevention and Management of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes: A Scoping Review
Strydom, H., Delport, E., Muchiri, J. W., & White, Z. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16050584 · Cited by 8
Associations of fluctuations in blood glucose and insulin with hypoglycemic symptoms
Mizoguchi, T., Aoyama, N., Jinnouchi, Y., Inoue, M., Eguchi, E., & Ohira, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91544-5 · Cited by 8
Intensive weight loss combining flexible dialysis with a personalized, ad libitum, coach‐assisted diet program. A “pilot” case series
Vigotti, F. N., Teta, L., Pia, A. R., Mirasole, S., Guzzo, G., Giuffrida, D., Capizzi, I., Avagnina, P., Ippolito, D., & Piccoli, G. B. (2014) · Hemodialysis International · doi:10.1111/hdi.12252 · Cited by 8
Effect of Vietnamese Common Diet on Postprandial Blood Glucose Level in Adult Females
Pei-Ying, L. I. N., Nhung, B. T., Khẩn, N. C., Sarukura, N., Kunii, D., Sakai, T., Kassu, A., & Yamamoto, S. (2007) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.53.247 · Cited by 8
Understanding the glycemic index and glycemic load and their practical applications
Lazarim, F. L., Stancanelli, M., Brenzikofer, R., & de Macedo, D. V. (2009) · Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education · doi:10.1002/bmb.20314 · Cited by 8
Influence of glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet on the risk of overweight and adiposity in childhood
Silva, K. C., Nobre, L. N., Vicente, S. E. D. C. F., Moreira, L. L., Lessa, A. D. C., & Lamounier, J. A. (2016) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rppede.2015.12.009 · Cited by 8
Glycaemic Index of Sri Lankan Meals
Pirasath, S. (2015) · Journal of Blood Disorders & Transfusion · doi:10.4172/2155-9864.1000254 · Cited by 8
Glycemic Index
Wolever, T. M. S. (2012) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e31826de5ec · Cited by 8
Self-citation
The Effect of Fermentation of High- or Low-Tannin Fava Bean on Glucose Tolerance, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Function, and Blood Parameters in Dogs After 7 Days of Feeding: Comparison With Commercial Diets With Normal vs. High Protein
Reis, L. G., Morris, T., Quilliam, C., Rodrigues, L. A., Loewen, M. E., & Weber, L. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.653771 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of Postprandial Glucose Excursion Using a Novel Minimally Invasive Glucose Area‐Under‐the‐Curve Monitoring System
Kuranuki, S., Sato, T., Okada, S., Hosoya, S., Seko, A., Sugihara, K., & Nakamura, T. (2013) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1260/2040-2295.4.4.529 · Cited by 8
Consideration of the validity of glycemic index using blood glucose and insulin levels and breath hydrogen excretion in healthy subjects
Oku, T., Nakamura, M., & Nakamura, S. (2010) · International Journal of Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.1016/j.ijdm.2010.05.004 · Cited by 8
Analysis and Evaluation of Glycemic Indices and Glycemic Loads of Frequently Consumed Carbohydrate-Rich Snacks according to Variety and Cooking Method
Kim, D. Y., Lee, H., Choi, E. Y., & Lim, H. (2015) · Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.3746/jkfn.2015.44.1.014 · Cited by 8
Effect of gelatinisation of starch with casein proteins on incretin hormones and glucose transporters in vitro
Bruen, C. M., Kett, A. P., O’Halloran, F., Chaurin, V., Fenelon, M. A., Cashman, K. A., & Giblin, L. M. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511002698 · Cited by 8
Examining sex differences in glycemic index knowledge and intake among individuals with type 2 diabetes
Avedzi, H. M., Mathe, N., Storey, K., Johnson, J. A., & Johnson, S. T. (2017) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2017.07.005 · Cited by 8
Intake of dietary carbohydrates in early adulthood and adolescence and breast density among young women
Jung, S., Goloubeva, O. G., Hylton, N. M., Klifa, C. S., LeBlanc, E. S., Shepherd, J., Snetselaar, L., Horn, L. V., & Dorgan, J. F. (2018) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-018-1040-1 · Cited by 7
Effects of cultured dairy and nondairy products added to breakfast cereals on blood glucose control, satiation, satiety, and short-term food intake in young women
Mather, K., Boachie, R. T., Anini, Y., Panahi, S., Anderson, G. H., & Luhovyy, B. L. (2020) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0772 · Cited by 8
Atypically high insulin responses to some foods relate to sugars and satiety
Trout, D. L., Hallfrisch, J. G., & Behall, K. M. (2004) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480400029308 · Cited by 8
High‐Hydroxypropylated Tapioca Starch Improves Insulin Resistance in Genetically Diabetic KKAy Mice
Kato, R., Tachibe, M., Sugano, S., Kishida, T., & Ebihara, K. (2009) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01083.x · Cited by 8
Dietary Glycemic Load and Macronutrient Intake in Healthy Italian Children
Scaglioni, S., Sala, M., Stival, G., Giroli, M., Raimondil, C., Salvioni, M. T., Radaelli, G., Agostoni, C. V., Riva, E., & Giovannini, M. (2005) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/101053950501700205 · Cited by 8
Gene Expression in Low Glycemic Index Diet – Impact on Metabolic Control
Takeda, E., Arai, H., Muto, K., Matsuo, K., Sakuma, M., Fukaya, M., Yamanaka‐Okumura, H., Yamamoto, H., & Taketani, Y. (2007) · Forum of nutrition/Bibliotheca Nutritio et dieta · doi:10.1159/000107089 · Cited by 8
A Combined High-Fiber, Low-Glycemic Index Diet Normalizes Glucose Tolerance and Reduces Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia in Adults with Hepatic Cirrhosis
Barkoukis, H. D., FIEDLER, K. M., & Lerner, E. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90334-2 · Cited by 8
Exploring the Potential of Bambara Groundnut Flour as an Alternative for Diabetic and Obese Patients in the USA: A Comprehensive Review
Odeniran, O. M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78258 · Cited by 14
A narrative review on dietary components and patterns and age-related macular degeneration
Koçyiğit, E., Gövez, N. E., Arslan, S., & Ağagündüz, D. (2024) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422424000015 · Cited by 7
Functional extruded snacks from amaranth, soycake and shallot flours: Nutritional composition, physicochemical and antioxidant properties
Omoba, O. S., Olagunju, A. I., Oluwajuyitan, T. D., & Akinrinlola, O. F. (2024) · Measurement Food · doi:10.1016/j.meafoo.2024.100194 · Cited by 7
Weight gain and insulin sensitivity: a role for the glycaemic index and dietary fibre?
Sleeth, M., Psichas, A., & Frost, G. S. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512005016 · Cited by 7
Chemical Composition, Fatty Acids Content and Glycemic Index of Two Different Types of Omani Halwa
Ali, A., Al-Zuhaibi, K. M., Waly, M. I., Al‐Alawi, A., Al-Sabahi, J. N., & Sankar, D. (2013) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2013.753.760 · Cited by 7
Does type of bread ingested for breakfast contribute to lowering of glycaemic index?
Avberšek-Lužnik, I., Polak, M. L., Demšar, L., Gašperlin, L., & Polak, T. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.jnim.2019.100097 · Cited by 9
Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values for Dried Bisr and Tamr Dates
Jarrar, A. H., Kamal‐Eldin, A., Bataineh, M. F., & Dhaheri, A. S. A. (2019) · Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i2.1910 · Cited by 7
Predictors of postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and insulin resistance in adolescents
Williams, R. A., Dring, K. J., Cooper, S. B., Morris, J. G., Sunderland, C. D., & Nevill, M. E. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003505 · Cited by 7
Antioxidant activity and blood glucose reduction potential of Malabar Chestnut in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Akinyede, A. I., Fehintola, A. B., & Oluwajuyitan, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100299 · Cited by 7
Multigrain porridge possesses superior nutritional quality, its consumption alleviates hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress in obese‐diabetic wistar rats
Olagunju, A. I. (2022) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.14309 · Cited by 7
In vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic response in dogs, and true metabolizable energy content of soluble corn fibers
de Godoy, M. R. C., Knapp, B. K., Parsons, C. M. M., Swanson, K. S., & Fahey, G. C., Jr. (2014) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6504 · Cited by 7
Glycaemic responses after ingestion of 3 local carbohydrate-based foods in West Indian patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Ezenwaka, C., & Kalloo, R. (2004) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2003.10.012 · Cited by 8
Prediction of glycemic index among high-sugar, low-starch foods
Trout, D. L., & Behall, K. M. (1999) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/096374899101337 · Cited by 7
GLYCEMIC INDEX OF SUCROSE WITH D-XYLOSE (XF) IN HUMANS
Lee, K., Moon, S., Jung, S., Park, Y., Yoon, S., & Yang, C.-K. (2013) · Cited by 7
Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese children
Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Cai, L., Ma, L., Jin, J., Guo, L., Jin, Y., Ma, Y., & Chen, Y. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0432 · Cited by 7
Starch in food, diabetes and coronary heart disease
Autio, K., NISKANEN, L. K., & Poutanen, K. S. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781855739499.4.375 · Cited by 7
Talinum triangulare Whole wheat meal fortified with soy flour consumed with Talinum triangulare (gbure) soup glycemic index and the test human subjects' lipid profiles
Emaleku, S. A., Omueti, O., & Emaleku, G. O. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2017.08.007 · Cited by 7
Correlation of the plasma sphingoid base profile with results from oral glucose tolerance tests in gestational diabetes mellitus
Khan, A., & Hornemann, T. (2017) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2017-171 · Cited by 7
Short-Term Satiety of Cooked Philippine Rices of Varying Apparent Amylose Content and Glycemic Index
Felix, A. D., Trinidad, T. P., Tuaňo, A. P. P., & Juliano, B. O. (2013) · The Philippine Agricultural Scientist · doi:10.62550/adf179186 · Cited by 7
Glycaemic index of different kinds of carbohydrates in Type 2 diabetes
Donduran, S., HAMULU, F., Çetinkalp, Ş., Çolak, B., Horozoğlu, N., & Tüzün, M. (1999) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03339738 · Cited by 7
Dietary treatment of obesity
Hajduk, C. L., Roberts, S. B., & Saltzman, E. J. (2001) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/00060793-200110000-00003 · Cited by 7
Influence of feeding a fish oil‐containing diet to mature, overweight dogs: Effects on lipid metabolites, postprandial glycaemia and body weight
de Godoy, M. R. C., McLeod, K. R., & Harmon, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12723 · Cited by 7
The importance of dietary carbohydrates.
Sánchez-Castillo, C. P., Hudson, G. J., Englyst, H. N., Dewey, P. J. S., & James, W. P. T. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Determinación de los índices glicémicos y de insulina en fórmulas para alimentación enteral en adultos sanos
Vivien Gattas, Z., Barrera, G., Leiva, L., de la Maza, M. P., Bunout, D. C., Steenhout, P., Klassen, P., Voss, T., & Hirsch, S. (2007) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872007000700008 · Cited by 7
Effect of blood sampling schedule on the ability to discriminate between postprandial glycemic responses
Lui, J. L., Lan‐Pidhainy, X., Brummer, Y., Tosh, S. M., Wood, P. J., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.017 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Glycemic Indices and Glycemic Loads of Various Types of Pulses
Khan, I., Tabassum, F., & Khan, A. (2007) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2008.104.108 · Cited by 7
Influência do índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica da dieta sobre o risco de sobrepeso e adiposidade na infância
Silva, K. C., Nobre, L. N., Vicente, S. E. D. C. F., Moreira, L. L., Lessa, A. D. C., & Lamounier, J. A. (2016) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2015.12.009 · Cited by 7
Comparative study of resistant starches and investigations of their application in starch-based products (bread and pasta)
Gelencsér, T. (2009) · Cited by 7
Differently Processed Low Doses of β-Glucan from Oat Bran Similarly Attenuate Postprandial Glycemic Response
Tan, D., Yao, Y., Zhou, Y., Khoo, C. M., Penseyres, L., Rytz, A., Pakkiri, L. S., Drum, C. L., Kim, J. E., & Lê, K. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13223623 · Cited by 6
Effects of bran-enriched flour blends on the antioxidant properties, nutritional quality, and glycemic control of high-fiber biscuits
Foudjo, B. U. S., Aphrodite, C. T., Ngnie‐Teta, I., Javnyuy, N. Y., Ghislain, M. M. G., Eyili, N. J. K., Djeutsop, A. T., & Navti, L. K. (2025) · Exploration of Foods and Foodomics · doi:10.37349/eff.2025.101076 · Cited by 6
Influence of Date Ripeness on Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Glycemic Response in Various Saudi Arabian Date Varieties
Alzahrani, A. M., Alghamdi, K. A., Bagasi, A. T., Alrashed, O., Alqifari, A. F., Barakat, H., & Algeffari, M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48433 · Cited by 6
Insulin dysregulated horses metabolic responses to forage pellets
Macon, E. L., Harris, P. A., McClendon, M., Perron, B. S., & Adams, A. A. (2023) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104991 · Cited by 6
Glycemic Index of Insu 100(R)
Son, D.-W., Lee, J., Lee, P., & Bae, K. (2010) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.5142/jgr.2010.34.2.089 · Cited by 6
Regional functional and structural abnormalities within the aorta as a potential driver of vascular disease in metabolic syndrome
Ameer, O. Z., Salman, I. M., Alwadi, A. Y., Ouban, A., Abu‐Owaimer, F. M., AlSharari, S. D., & Bukhari, I. A. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089213 · Cited by 6
Rapid screening of sixty potato cultivars for starch profiles to address a consumer glycemic dilemma
Rivas, R., Dratz, E. A., Wagner, T., Secor, G. A., Leckband, A., & Sands, D. C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255764 · Cited by 6
Effect of Alchornea cordifolia on Glycemic Indices of Varieties of Fufu Among Healthy Subjects
Otoo, E. T., Tandoh, M. A., & Mills-Robertson, F. C. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102076 · Cited by 6
Mixed grain containing giant embryonic brown rice improves postprandial glycaemic response in healthy subjects
Park, E.-O., Oh, M., Choi, E., Shin, D.-H., Doo, J., Kim, Y., Park, Y., Jung, E., Park, B., & Chae, S. (2015) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12187 · Cited by 6
Effect of Saengshik on Blood Glucose Response in Healthy Subjects
Kim, H., Hong, S.-G., Hwang, S.-J., Mok, C., Park, M.-H., & Lee, J. (2007) · Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.12.1553 · Cited by 6
Glycemıc ındex values of multıfloral Turkish honeys and effect of theır consumptıon on glucose metabolısm
Soylu, M., Atayoğlu, A. T., İnanç, N., & Sılıcı, S. (2015) · Journal of Apicultural Research · doi:10.1080/00218839.2015.1131454 · Cited by 6
Predictors and Consequences of Childhood Obesity
Hu, F. B. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312911.003.0020 · Cited by 6
Greater Glycaemic Response to an Oral Glucose Load in Healthy, Lean, Active and Young Chinese Adults Compared to Matched Caucasians
Simper, T. N., Dalton, C., Broom, D. R., Ibrahim, W., Li, L., Bankole, C., & Chen, S. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040487 · Cited by 7
Glycaemic index, palatability and acceptability of energy drinks prepared with β-glucan and whey protein
Amiruddin, N. E. N., Zahary, M. N., Raj, N. B., & Jalil, A. M. M. (2019) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).312 · Cited by 6

Authors: Wolever, T., Jenkins, D., Jenkins, A., & Josse, R.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1991-11
Volume: 54
Issue: 5
Pages: 846-854
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.5.846
OpenAlex: W1962752397
Cited by: 1,168
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 1.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: glycemic index, glycemic response, low glycemic index diet, glycemic control, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion, hypertriglyceridemia, serum lipids
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Blood Specimen Collection, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Fasting, Food, Humans, Methods, Models, Biological, Reference Standards, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks