Cited by 1,168Food composition and propertiesDiabetes Management and ResearchDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

Wolever, TM, Jenkins, DJ, Jenkins, AL, Josse, RG·1991·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

There is controversy regarding the clinical utility of classifying foods according to their glycemic responses by using the glycemic index (GI). Part of the controversy is due to methodologic variables that can markedly affect the interpretation of glycemic responses and the GI values obtained. Recent studies support the clinical utility of the GI. Within limits determined by the expected GI difference and by the day-to-day variation of glycemic responses, the GI predicts the ranking of the glycemic potential of different meals in individual subjects. In long-term trials, low-GI diets result in modest improvements in overall blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Of perhaps greater therapeutic importance is the ability of low-GI diets to reduce insulin secretion and lower blood lipid concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn/54.5.846

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 · Cited by 3,857
Self-citation
Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation
Beaton, G. H., Milner, J., Corey, P., McGuire, V. M., Cousins, M., Stewart, E., de Ramos, M., Hewitt, D., Grambsch, P. V., Kassim, N., et al. (1979) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/32.12.2546 · Cited by 986
Regulation of HMG-CoA Reductase
Rodwell, V. W., Nordstrom, J. L., & Mitschelen, J. J. (1976) · Advances in lipid research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-024914-5.50008-5 · Cited by 742
The use of the glycemie Index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals
Wolever, T., & Jenkins, D. (1986) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.167 · Cited by 645
Self-citation
Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V., Brighenti, F., Cunnane, S. C., Rao, A. V., Jenkins, A. L., Buckley, G., Patten, R., Singer, W., et al. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198910053211403 · Cited by 467
Self-citation
Effect of Protein Ingestion on the Glucose and Insulin Response to a Standardized Oral Glucose Load
Nuttall, F. Q., Mooradian, A. D., Gannon, M. C., Billington, C. J., & Krezowski, P. A. (1984) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.7.5.465 · Cited by 439
Postprandial Plasma-glucose and -insulin Responses to Different Complex Carbohydrates
Crapo, P. A., Reaven, G. M., & Olefsky, J. M. (1977) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.26.12.1178 · Cited by 320
Low-Glycemic Index Foods Improve Long-Term Glycemic Control in NIDDM
Brand-Miller, J. C., Colagiuri, S., Crossman, S., Allen, A., Roberts, D. C. K., & Truswell, A. S. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.2.95 · Cited by 320
Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Collier, G. R., Ocana, A., Rao, A. V., Buckley, G., Lam, Y. L., Mayer, A., & Thompson, L. U. (1987) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/46.6.968 · Cited by 312
Self-citation
Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses to Meals Containing Different Carbohydrates in Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Bantle, J. P., Laine, D. C., Castle, G., Thomas, J. W., Hoogwerf, B. J., & Goetz, F. C. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198307073090102 · Cited by 306

Show all 58 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Otto, 1980, Different glycemic responses to carbohydrate-containing foods. Implications for the dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus., Hyg (Geneve), 38, 3424
Wolever, 1988, Metabolic response to test meals containing different carbohydrate foods: 1, relationship between rate of digestion and plasma insulin response. Nutr Res, 8, 573
Wolever, 1990, The glycemic index, Bourne GH Aspects of some vitamins, minerals and enzymes in health and disease. World Rev Nutr Diet, 62, 120
Collier, 1988, Low glycaemic index starchy foods improve glucose control and lower serum cholesterol in diabetic children, Diabetes Nutr Metab, 1, 11
Fontvieille, 1988, A moderate switch from high to low glycaemi-cindex foods for 3 weeks improves metabolic control of Type I (IDDM) diabetic subjects, Diabetes Nutr Metab, 1, 139
Brand, 1990, Plasma glucose correlates inversely with satiety and CCK., Proc Nutr Soc Aust, 15, 209

Sorted by citations

A starch hydrolysis procedure to estimate glycemic index
Goñi, I., García‐Alonso, A., & Saura-Calixto, F. D. (1997) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00010-9 · Cited by 2,135
Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Non—insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Salmerón, J. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540300040031 · Cited by 1,804
Untitled work
Ludwig (2002) · doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414 · Cited by 1,775
Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Hu, F. B. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.20.2569 · Cited by 1,503
Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Load, and Risk of NIDDM in Men
Salmerón, J., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Spiegelman, D., Jenkins, D. J., Stampfer, M. J., Wing, A. L., & Willett, W. C. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.545 · Cited by 1,426
Self-citation
A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women
Liu, S., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Franz, M., Sampson, L., Hennekens, C. H., & Manson, J. E. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455 · Cited by 1,166
Glycaemic index methodology
Brouns, F., Bjorck, I., Frayn, K. N., Gibbs, A. L., Lang, V., Slama, G., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2005) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr2005100 · Cited by 1,093
Self-citation
Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Colon Cancer: A Review of the Evidence
Giovannucci, E. (2001) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.11.3109s · Cited by 959
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Berglund, L., Brunzell, J. D., Goldberg, A. C., Goldberg, I. J., Sacks, F., Murad, M. H., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · Cited by 887
“Thisdifference is expressedby the glycemic index, which is the rise in blood glucose of 50 g of carbohydrate in a specific food compared with either 50 g glucose or white bread (153).”
Insulin and colon cancer
Giovannucci, E. L. (1995) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00052777 · Cited by 808
Comparative Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Interventions in Clinical Practice
Appel, L. J., Clark, J. M., Yeh, H.-C., Wang, N.-Y., Coughlin, J. W., Daumit, G., Miller, E. R., Dalcin, A., Jerome, G. J., Geller, S., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1108660 · Cited by 783
Diet and risk of type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate
Hu, F. B., Liu, S., & van Dam, R. M. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100547 · Cited by 758
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes,,
Willett, W., Manson, J., & Liu, S. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.274s · Cited by 726
Dietary Fiber, Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults
Ludwig, D. S. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1539 · Cited by 717
High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity
Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B. (1999) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.e26 · Cited by 699
Rapidly available glucose in foods: an in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response
Englyst, K. N., Englyst, H. N., Hudson, G. J., Cole, T. J., & Cummings, J. H. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.448 · Cited by 678
Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load
LaFata, E. M., Avena, N. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117959 · Cited by 712
Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy
Jacobs, D. R., & Steffen, L. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.508s · Cited by 640
Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women
Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492 · Cited by 594
Dietary Composition in Restoring Reproductive and Metabolic Physiology in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Moran, L. J., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Tomlinson, L., & Norman, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020815 · Cited by 530
Dietary glycemic index and obesity
Ludwig, D. S. (2000) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.2.280s · Cited by 521
Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women
Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Holmes, M. D., Hu, F. B., Hankinson, S. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.3.560 · Cited by 454
Effect of a High-Protein, Energy-Restricted Diet on Body Composition, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Concentrations in Overweight and Obese Hyperinsulinemic Men and Women
Farnsworth, E., Luscombe, N. D., Noakes, M., Wittert, G., Argyiou, E., & Clifton, P. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.31 · Cited by 438
Dietary correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations.
Holmes, M. D., Pollak, M., Willett, W. C., & Hankinson, S. E. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 435
A Reduced–Glycemic Load Diet in the Treatment of Adolescent Obesity
Ebbeling, C. B., Leidig, M. M., Sinclair, K. B., Hangen, J. P., & Ludwig, D. S. (2003) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.8.773 · Cited by 431
Food properties affecting the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
Björck, I., Granfeldt, Y., Liljeberg, H., Tovar, J., & Asp, N. (1994) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.699s · Cited by 398
Health potential of polyols as sugar replacers, with emphasis on low glycaemic properties
Livesey, G. (2003) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr200371 · Cited by 407
The Use of Areas Under Curves in Diabetes Research
Allison, D. B., Paultre, F., Maggio, C. A., Mezitis, N. H. E., & Pi-Sunyer, X. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.2.245 · Cited by 398
Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review
Augustin, L. S. A., Franceschi, S., Jenkins, D., Kendall, C. W. C., & Vecchia, C. L. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601454 · Cited by 387
Self-citation
Determinants of Post-Exercise Glycogen Synthesis During Short-Term Recovery
Jentjens, R., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333020-00004 · Cited by 382
Dietary Fiber Intake, Dietary Glycemic Load, and the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Zhang, C., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0266 · Cited by 378
Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load
Wood, P. J., Braaten, J. T., Scott, F. W., Riedel, K. D., Wolynetz, M. S., & Collins, M. W. (1994) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19940075 · Cited by 373
Glycaemic index of cereal products explained by their content of rapidly and slowly available glucose
Englyst, K. N., Vinoy, S., Englyst, H. N., & Lang, V. (2003) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002786 · Cited by 369
Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era
Kaput, J., & Rodriguez, R. L. (2004) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00107.2003 · Cited by 364
International tables of glycemic index
Foster-Powell, K., & Miller, J. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.4.871s · Cited by 495
High-glycemic Index Foods, Hunger, and Obesity: Is There a Connection?
Roberts, S. B. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01855.x · Cited by 356
Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects
Iacobellis, G., & Leonetti, F. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1087 · Cited by 355
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) Reduces Postprandial Glycemia in Nondiabetic Subjects and Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Vuksan, V. V. V., Sievenpiper, J. L., Koo, V. Y. Y., Francis, T., Beljan‐Zdravkovic, U., Xu, Z., & Vidgen, E. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.7.1009 · Cited by 355
An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods
Holt, S., Miller, J., & Petocz, P. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1264 · Cited by 353
Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of β-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes
Jenkins, A., Jenkins, D., Beljan‐Zdravkovic, U., Würsch, P., & Vuksan, V. V. V. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601367 · Cited by 347
Self-citation
Slowly Digestible Starch—A Review
Miao, M., Jiang, B., Cui, S. W., Zhang, T., & Jin, Z. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.704434 · Cited by 339
Potential of sourdough for healthier cereal products
Katina, K., Arendt, E. K., Liukkonen, K. H., Autio, K., Flander, L., & Poutanen, K. S. (2005) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2004.03.008 · Cited by 330
Determination of the glycaemic index of foods: interlaboratory study
Wolever, T. M. S., Vorster, H. H., Björck, I., Brand-Miller, J. C., Brighenti, F., Mann, J. I., Ramdath, D. D., Granfeldt, Y. E., Holt, S., Perry, T., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601551 · Cited by 329
Self-citation
Date Fruits ( Phoenix dactylifera Linn): An Emerging Medicinal Food
Vayalil, P. K. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.499824 · Cited by 323
Effect of premeal consumption of whey protein and its hydrolysate on food intake and postmeal glycemia and insulin responses in young adults
Akhavan, T., Luhovyy, B. L., Brown, P. H., Cho, C. E., & Anderson, G. H. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28406 · Cited by 314
Starch with a Slow Digestion Property Produced by Altering Its Chain Length, Branch Density, and Crystalline Structure
Ao, Z., Şimşek, Ş., Zhang, G., Venkatachalam, M., Reuhs, B. L., & Hamaker, B. R. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf063123x · Cited by 305
The Evidence for Medical Nutrition Therapy for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
Franz, M. J., Powers, M. A., Leontos, C., Holzmeister, L. A., Kulkarni, K. D., Monk, A. M., Wedel, N., & Gradwell, E. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.09.014 · Cited by 324
Energy Intake, Ghrelin, and Cholecystokinin after Different Carbohydrate and Protein Preloads in Overweight Men
Bowen, J., Noakes, M., Trenerry, C., & Clifton, P. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1856 · Cited by 314
Characterization of a Novel Resistant‐Starch and Its Effects on Postprandial Plasma‐Glucose and Insulin Responses
Hasjim, J., Lee, S., Hendrich, S., Setiawan, S., Ai, Y., & Jane, J. (2010) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1094/cchem-87-4-0257 · Cited by 296
Effect of dietary and lifestyle factors on the risk of gestational diabetes: review of epidemiologic evidence
Zhang, C., & Ning, Y. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001032 · Cited by 319
A Low–Glycemic Index Diet in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity
Spieth, L. E., Harnish, J. D., Lenders, C. M., Raezer, L. B., Pereira, M. A., Hangen, S. J., & Ludwig, D. S. (2000) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.9.947 · Cited by 298
High (1→3,1→4)-β-Glucan Barley Fractions in Bread Making and their Effects on Human Glycemic Response
Cavallero, A., Empilli, S., Brighenti, F., & Stanca, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1006/jcrs.2002.0454 · Cited by 294
Five-Week, Low–Glycemic Index Diet Decreases Total Fat Mass and Improves Plasma Lipid Profile in Moderately Overweight Nondiabetic Men
Bouché, C., Rizkalla, S. W., Luo, J., Vidal, H., Véronèse, A., Pacher, N., Fouquet, C., Lang, V., & Slama, G. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.5.822 · Cited by 287
Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate and Fiber Intake, and Measures of Insulin Sensitivity, Secretion, and Adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
Liese, A. D., Schulz, M., Fang, F., Wolever, T. M. S., D’Agostino, R. B., Sparks, K. C., & Mayer‐Davis, E. J. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.12.2832 · Cited by 286
Self-citation
Re-thinking functional food development through a holistic approach
Alongi, M., & Anese, M. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104466 · Cited by 313
High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative
Gangwisch, J. E., Hale, L., Garcia, L., Malaspina, D., Opler, M. G., Payne, M. E., Rossom, R. C., & Lane, D. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.103846 · Cited by 278
Health benefits of low glycaemic index foods, such as pulses, in diabetic patients and healthy individuals
Rizkalla, S., Bellisle, F., & Slama, G. (2002) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002715 · Cited by 277
Metabolic responses to high glycemic index and low glycemic index meals: a controlled crossover clinical trial
Cocate, P. G., Pereira, L. G., Marins, J. C. B., Cecon, P. R., Bressan, J., & Alfenas, R. D. C. G. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-1 · Cited by 269
Avena sativa (Oat), A Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic Agent: An Overview
Singh, R., De, S., & Belkheir, A. K. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.526725 · Cited by 272
Finger Millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana L.)
Shobana, S., Krishnaswamy, K., Sudha, V., Malleshi, N. G., Anjana, R. M., Palaniappan, L. P., & Mohan, V. (2013) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410540-9.00001-6 · Cited by 263
Physiological Effects of Resistant Starches on Fecal Bulk, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Blood Lipids and Glycemic Index
Jenkins, D. J. A., Vuksan, V. V. V., Kendall, C. W. C., Würsch, P., Jeffcoat, R., Waring, S., Mehling, C. C., Vidgen, E., Augustin, L. S. A., & Wong, E. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1998.10718810 · Cited by 250
Self-citation
Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to metabolic risk factors in Japanese female farmers with traditional dietary habits
Murakami, K., Sasaki, S., Takahashi, Y., Okubo, H., Hosoi, Y., Horiguchi, H., Oguma, E., & Kayama, F. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1161 · Cited by 250
The molecular weight, solubility and viscosity of oat beta-glucan affect human glycemic response by modifying starch digestibility
Regand, A., Chowdhury, Z., Tosh, S. M., Wolever, T. M. S., & Wood, P. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.053 · Cited by 258
Self-citation
Importance of glycemic index in diabetes
Miller, J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.747s · Cited by 247
Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion
Hertzler, S. R., & Clancy, S. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50111 · Cited by 244
Gastric Digestion In Vivo and In Vitro: How the Structural Aspects of Food Influence the Digestion Process
Bornhorst, G. M., & Singh, R. P. (2014) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092346 · Cited by 265
Effects of High vs Low Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Insulin Sensitivity: The OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial
Sacks, F. M., Carey, V. J., Anderson, C. A. M., Miller, E. R., Copeland, T., Charleston, J., Harshfield, B. J., Laranjo, N., McCarron, P., Swain, J., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.16658 · Cited by 239
Changes in dietary habits after migration and consequences for health: a focus on South Asians in Europe
Holmboe‐Ottesen, G., & Wandel, M. (2012) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.18891 · Cited by 274
Dietary Sugar, Glycemic Load, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study
Michaud, D. S. (2002) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/94.17.1293 · Cited by 240
Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality
Jenkins, D. J. A., Dehghan, M., Mente, A., Bangdiwala, S. I., Rangarajan, S., Srichaikul, K., Mohan, V., Avezum, Á., Díaz, R., Rosengren, A., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2007123 · Cited by 253
Self-citation
Intake of Refined Carbohydrates and Whole Grain Foods in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease
Liu, S. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719227 · Cited by 235
The Glycemic Index of Rice and Rice Products: A Review, and Table of GI Values
Kaur, B., Ranawana, V., & Henry, C. J. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.717976 · Cited by 233
Source and Amount of Carbohydrate Affect Postprandial Glucose and Insulin in Normal Subjects
Wolever, T. M. S., & Bolognesi, C. (1996) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/126.11.2798 · Cited by 226
Self-citation
Relevance of the glycemic index and glycemic load for body weight, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
Vega-López, S., Venn, B. J., & Slavin, J. L. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101361 · Cited by 224
Measuring the glycemic index of foods: interlaboratory study
Wolever, T. M. S., Brand-Miller, J. C., Abernethy, J., Astrup, A. V., Atkinson, F. S., Axelsen, M., Björck, I., Brighenti, F., Brown, R. C., Brynes, A. E., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.247s · Cited by 226
Self-citation
High-carbohydrate–low-glycaemic index dietary advice improves glucose disposition index in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
Wolever, T. M. S., & Mehling, C. (2002) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002568 · Cited by 214
Self-citation
Association between fruit and vegetable intake and change in body mass index among a large sample of children and adolescents in the United States
Field, A., Gillman, M., Rosner, B., Rockett, H., & Colditz, G. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802297 · Cited by 236
Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults
Ebbeling, C. B., Leidig, M. M., Sinclair, K. B., Seger-Shippee, L. G., Feldman, H. A., & Ludwig, D. S. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.976 · Cited by 212
Diet during early pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes
Radesky, J. S., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Kleinman, K., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Gillman, M. W. (2007) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00899.x · Cited by 220
Fiber Intake and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
Song, M., Wu, K., Meyerhardt, J. A., Ogino, S., Wang, M., Fuchs, C. S., Giovannucci, E. L., & Chan, A. T. (2018) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3684 · Cited by 197
Chickpea flour ingredient slows glycemic response to pasta in healthy volunteers
Goñi, I., & Valentı́n-Gamazo, C. (2003) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00480-6 · Cited by 199
Mechanisms of the Effects of Grains on Insulin and Glucose Responses
Hallfrisch, J. G., & Behall, K. M. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718967 · Cited by 195
Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight
Ma, Y. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi051 · Cited by 198
Dietary fibre for glycaemia control: Towards a mechanistic understanding
Goff, H. D., Repin, N. V., Fabek, H., Khoury, D. T. D. E., & Gidley, M. J. (2017) · Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre · doi:10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.005 · Cited by 210
Cognitive performance is associated with glucose regulation in healthy elderly persons and can be enhanced with glucose and dietary carbohydrates
Kaplan, R. J., Greenwood, C. E., Winocur, G., & Wolever, T. M. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.3.825 · Cited by 193
Self-citation
Long-term effect of varying the source or amount of dietary carbohydrate on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
Wolever, T. M., & Mehling, C. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.3.612 · Cited by 190
Self-citation
An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile‐onset myopia
Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Brand-Miller, J. C., Lindeberg, S., & Jensen, C. (2002) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2002.800203.x · Cited by 192
Effect of fat replacement by inulin or lupin-kernel fibre on sausage patty acceptability, post-meal perceptions of satiety and food intake in men
Archer, B. J., Johnson, S. K., Devereux, H., & Baxter, A. L. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20031088 · Cited by 192
Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning
Opperman, A. M., Venter, C. S., Oosthuizen, W., Thompson, R. L., & Vorster, H. H. (2004) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041203 · Cited by 192
Prolongation of Satiety After Low Versus Moderately High Glycemic Index Meals in Obese Adolescents
Ball, S. D., Keller, K. R., Moyer‐Mileur, L. J., Ding, Y.-W., DONALDSON, D. L., & Jackson, W. D. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.488 · Cited by 189
Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese, “breakfast-skipping,” late-adolescent girls
Leidy, H. J., Ortinau, L. C., Douglas, S. M., & Hoertel, H. A. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.053116 · Cited by 201
Evidence for the contribution of insulin resistance to the development of cachexia in tumor‐bearing mice
Asp, M. L., Tian, M., Wendel, A. A., & Belury, M. A. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24784 · Cited by 190
Glycaemic index of 102 complex carbohydrate foods in patients with diabetes
Wolever, T. M. S., Relle, L. K., Jenkins, A. L., Vuksan, V. V. V., Josse, R. G., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (1994) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80201-5 · Cited by 183
Self-citation
Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A “growing” problem?
Roberts, E. A. (2007) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.03.003 · Cited by 177
Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacae) in type II diabetics
Ugare, R., Chimmad, B. V., Naik, R. K., Bharati, P., & Itagi, S. (2011) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0516-8 · Cited by 179
Recent advances in the therapeutic application of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): An updated review
Rauf, A., Khalil, A. A., Rahman, U.-U., Khalid, A., Naz, S., Shariati, M. A., Ребезов, М. Б., Zavala, E., de Albuquerque, R. D. D. G., Anwar, S., et al. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1895064 · Cited by 190
Glucose Tolerance and Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression in Response to Alternate Day Fasting
Heilbronn, L. K., Civitarese, A. E., Bogacka, I., Smith, S. R., Hulver, M. W., & Ravussin, É. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.61 · Cited by 173
Onion peel extracts ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Jung, J. Y., Lim, Y., Moon, M. S., Kim, J. Y., & Kwon, O. (2011) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-18 · Cited by 180
Source and Amount of Carbohydrate in the Diet and Inflammation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Barrea, L., Marzullo, P., Muscogiuri, G., Di Somma, C., Scacchi, M., Orio, F., Aimaretti, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2018) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422418000136 · Cited by 171
Glycemic index of single and mixed meal foods among common Japanese foods with white rice as a reference food
Sugiyama, M., Tang, A. C., Wakaki, Y., & Koyama, W. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601606 · Cited by 173

Authors: Wolever, T., Jenkins, D., Jenkins, A., & Josse, R.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1991-11
Volume: 54
Issue: 5
Pages: 846-854
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.5.846
OpenAlex: W1962752397
Cited by: 1,168
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 1.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: glycemic index, glycemic response, low glycemic index diet, glycemic control, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion, hypertriglyceridemia, serum lipids
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Blood Specimen Collection, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Fasting, Food, Humans, Methods, Models, Biological, Reference Standards, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks