Cited by 495Fatty Acid Research and HealthEdible Oils Quality and AnalysisLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans

Open access

Turpeinen, Anu M, Mutanen, Marja, Aro, Antti, Salminen, Irma, Basu, Samar, Palmquist, Donald L, Griinari, J Mikko·2002·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.504

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Vaccenic acid (11-trans octadecenoic acid; VA), a major trans fatty acid in the fat of ruminants, is produced in the rumen and converted in tissues to rumenic acid (9-cis, 11-trans octadecenoic acid; RA), an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, by Delta(9)-desaturase. There are indications that this conversion also occurs in humans.Objective The aim of this controlled intervention was to study the conversion of VA to RA in humans after consumption of diets with increasing amounts of VA.Design Thirty healthy subjects consumed a baseline diet rich in oleic acid for 2 wk. The subjects were then divided into 3 groups (n = 10 per group) and provided a diet containing 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g VA/d for 9 d. All diets contained equal amounts of macronutrients and differed only in their fatty acid compositions. The fats were mixed into conventional foods, and nearly all food was provided during the study.Results The proportion of VA in serum total fatty acids increased 94%, 307%, and 620% above baseline with the 1.5-, 3.0-, and 4.5-g diets, respectively. This was associated with a linear increase in the proportion of RA. The conversion rate was 19% on average, with significant interindividual differences with all 3 intakes of VA. The urinary excretion of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) increased in all groups (P < 0.001).Conclusions The results quantify the desaturation of VA to RA in humans. Conversion is likely to contribute significantly to the amount of RA available to the body, and dietary intakes of VA should thus be taken into account when predicting RA status.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.504

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF TOTAL LIPIDES FROM ANIMAL TISSUES
Folch, J., Lees, M., & Stanley, G. H. S. (1957) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64849-5 · Cited by 65,189
THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ULTRACENTRIFUGALLY SEPARATED LIPOPROTEINS IN HUMAN SERUM
Havel, R. J., Eder, H. A., & Bragdon, J. H. (1955) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci103182 · Cited by 8,737
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Synthesized Endogenously in Lactating Dairy Cows by Δ9-Desaturase
Griinari, J. M., Nurmela, K., Corl, B. A., Lacy, S. H., Chouinard, P. Y., & Bauman, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.9.2285 · Cited by 1,054
Measurement of F2-isoprostanes as an index of oxidative stress in vivo
Roberts, L. J., & Morrow, J. D. (2000) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00264-6 · Cited by 1,000
Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits
Lee, K. N., Kritchevsky, D., & Parizaa, M. W. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90034-5 · Cited by 998
Analysis of Long-Chain Fatty Acids by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Stoffel, W., Chu, F., & Ahrens, E. H. (1959) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac60146a047 · Cited by 930
Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid.
Ip, C., Chin, S. F., Scimeca, J. A., & Pariza, M. W. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 743
Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research
Sébédio, J., Christie, W. W., & Adlof, R. O. (2020) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429270703 · Cited by 710
Intermediates and Products of the Biohydrogenation of Linoleic Acid by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
Kepler, C. R., Hirons, K. P., McNeill, J. J., & Tove, S. B. (1966) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96781-5 · Cited by 693
Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid.
Ha, Y. L., STORKSON, J. M., & Pariza, M. W. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 669

Show all 49 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 494

Ability of the gut microbiota to produce PUFA‐derived bacterial metabolites: Proof of concept in germ‐free versus conventionalized mice
Druart, C., Bindels, L. B., Schmaltz, R. J., Neyrinck, A. M., Cani, P. D., Walter, J., Ramer‐Tait, A. E., & Delzenne, N. M. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500014 · Cited by 73
“Vaccenic acid (trans-1118:1) could be desaturated into rumenic acid (CLA cis-9,trans11-18:2) by a 9-desaturase (called SCD-1) in rodent or human tissues [22, 23].”
National Cattlemen's Beef Association
Reynolds, S. (2008) · American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings · doi:10.21423/aabppro20084370 · Cited by 69
Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy
Turpeinen, A. M., Ylönen, N., von Willebrand, E., Basu, S., & Aro, A. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507886326 · Cited by 68
“Previously, we detected an increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF2a after dietary supplementation with vaccenic acid (trans-11-C18 : 1), a precursor of cis-9, trans-11-CLA((41)).”
Background
Fatty acid profile and CLA isomers content of cow, ewe and goat milks processed by high pressure homogenization
Rodríguez-Alcalá, L. M., Harte, F., & Fontecha, J. (2008) · Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2008.10.003 · Cited by 68
Flavor and Stability of Pasteurized Milk with Elevated Levels of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Vaccenic Acid
Lynch, J. M., Lock, A. L., Dwyer, D. A., Noorbakhsh, R., Barbano, D. M., & Bauman, D. E. (2005) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72711-9 · Cited by 68
Trans fatty acids in a range of UK processed foods
Roe, M. A., Pinchen, H., Church, S., Elahi, S., Walker, M., Farron-Wilson, M., Buttriss, J. L., & Finglas, P. M. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.067 · Cited by 67
Effect of industrially produced trans fat on markers of systemic inflammation: evidence from a randomized trial in women
Bendsen, N. T., Stender, S., Szecsi, P. B., Pedersen, S. B., Basu, S., Hellgren, L. I., Newman, J. W. I., Larsen, T. M., Haugaard, S. B., & Astrup, A. V. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m014738 · Cited by 65
Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Food
Parodi, P. W. (2003) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439822166.ch8 · Cited by 66
The Role of Meat Fat in the Human Diet
Schmid, A. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390903044636 · Cited by 64
“the principal TFA in animal fats, vaccenic acid, can be desaturated to cis-9,trans-11 18:2 in the human organism (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: Translation of the evidence base
Booker, C. S., & Mann, J. I. (2008) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2008.02.005 · Cited by 63
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation for 8 Weeks Does Not Affect Body Composition, Lipid Profile, or Safety Biomarkers in Overweight, Hyperlipidemic Men
Joseph, S. V., Jacques, H., Plourde, M., Mitchell, P. L., McLeod, R. S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.135087 · Cited by 63
“The amount of CLA in the diet ingested fromruminantmeats,milk, anddairy products has been estimated to be ~152 mg/d in women and 212 mg/d in men (27) and may be somewhat higher due to the endogenous conversion of vaccenic acid from these foods to CLA (28).”
Background
A metaanalysis of feeding strategies to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy cattle milk and the impact on daily human consumption
Siurana, A., & Calsamiglia, S. (2016) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.013 · Cited by 63
Advances in Research oncis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Major Functional Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer
Wang, T., & Lee, H. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.674071 · Cited by 61
“TVA has received much attention because of its important role in cis-9, trans-11 CLA biosynthesis (Santora et al., 2000; Turpeinen et al., 2002; Field, 2009) and its health benefits beyond those associated with CLA (Wang et al.”
Background
Dietary supplementation with 11trans- and 12trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humans
Kuhnt, K., Wagner, A., Kraft, J., Basu, S., & Jahreis, G. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.981 · Cited by 60
Eighteen‑carbon trans fatty acids and inflammation in the context of atherosclerosis
Valenzuela, C. A., Baker, E. J., Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. C. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101009 · Cited by 63
Trans fatty acid content of selected Swiss foods: The TransSwissPilot study
Richter, E., Shawish, K. A., Scheeder, M. R. L., & Colombani, P. C. (2009) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2009.01.007 · Cited by 60
Evaluation of the Impact of RuminantTransFatty Acids on Human Health: Important Aspects to Consider
Kuhnt, K., Degen, C., & Jahreis, G. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.808605 · Cited by 64
“Therefore, t11 is a suitable precursor for synthesis of c9,t11 CLA (Turpeinen et al., 2002; Kuhnt et al., 2006).”
Background
Trans-fatty acids, dangerous bonds for health? A background review paper of their use, consumption, health implications and regulation in France
Menaa, F., Menaa, A., Menaa, B., & Tréton, J. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0484-4 · Cited by 59
“oleic acid isomer trans-11 aka 18:1 D11 trans), which can be converted in mammals into small amounts of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 [2, 5], whereas conventional feeding (i.”
Background
Effects of feeding increasing dietary levels of high oleic or regular sunflower or linseed oil on fatty acid profile of goat milk
Marín, A. L. M., Gómez‐Cortés, P., Castro, G. G., Juárez, M., Alba, L. M. P., Hernández, M. P., & de la Fuente, M. Á. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4303 · Cited by 57
“In addition, it has been demonstrated that VA consumption can increase serum RA in humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002) and milk RA in lactating women (Mosley et al., 2006), and the literature suggests that VA has health benefits beyond those associated with being the only known precursor of RA (Field…”
Background
Grass-based ruminant production methods and human bioconversion of vaccenic acid with estimations of maximal dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acids
van Wijlen, R. P. J., & Colombani, P. C. (2010) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.01.008 · Cited by 56
Effect of Linseed Oil Dietary Supplementation on Fatty Acid Composition and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Growing Goats
Ebrahimi, M. M., Rajion, M. A., Goh, Y. M., Sazili, A. Q., & Schonewille, J. T. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/194625 · Cited by 56
“e CLA in human tissues may be synthesized through the tissue desaturation of vaccenic acid by SCD [59] and thus may be increased by vaccenic acid in the human diet.”
Background
Isolation of a novel strain of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens that isomerizes linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid without hydrogenation, and its utilization as a probiotic for animals
Fukuda, S., Suzuki, Y., Murai, M., Asanuma, N., & Hino, T. (2006) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02864.x · Cited by 56
“…which is produced either by microbial isomerization of LA in the rumen (Harfoot and Hazlewood 1997), or by delta-9 desaturation of trans-vaccenic acid (t-VA), a microbial hydrogenation product of CLA, in the body of most mammals, including humans (Griinari et al. 2000; Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Trans-fatty acids and cancer: a mini-review
Smith, B. K., Robinson, L. E., Nam, R. K., & David, W. L. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509991437 · Cited by 55
“The D-9-desaturase enzyme is responsible for the conversion of VA to CLA and this conversion reduces mammary carcinogenesis in rats((66,67)).”
Background
c9,t11-Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates steatosis by modulating mitochondrial uncoupling and Nrf2 pathway
Mollica, M. P., Trinchese, G., Cavaliere, G., Filippo, C. D., Cocca, E., Gaita, M., Della-Gatta, A., Marano, A., Mazzarella, G., & Bergamo, P. (2014) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m044032 · Cited by 56
Fatty acid distribution of cord and maternal blood in human pregnancy: special focus on individual trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids
Enke, U., Jaudszus, A., Schleußner, E., Seyfarth, L., Jahreis, G., & Kuhnt, K. (2011) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-10-247 · Cited by 54
“This conversion also occurs in humans [22,25,26].”
Content and Composition of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Bovine Milk Are Affected by Lactation Stage and Breed of Dairy Cow
Bainbridge, M. L., Cersosimo, L. M., Wright, A. G., & Kraft, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150386 · Cited by 54
“VA reduces the risk for atherosclerosis [58], as well as contributes to the levels of RA in tissues by conversion via Δ-9 desaturase [59].”
Background
Overview of conjugated linoleic acid formation and accumulation in animal products
Hur, S. J., Kim, H. S., Bahk, Y. Y., & Park, Y. (2016) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.016 · Cited by 54
Modulation of PPAR-γby Nutraceutics as Complementary Treatment for Obesity-Related Disorders and Inflammatory Diseases
Ortuño‐Sahagún, D., Márquez-Aguirre, A. L., Quintero-Fabián, S., López-Roa, R. I., & Rojas-Mayorquín, A. E. (2012) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2012/318613 · Cited by 54
“The major dietary sources of CLA are ruminant meat, dairy products, and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils [101].”
Background
Part-time grazing improves sheep milk production and its nutritional characteristics
de Renobales, M., Amores, G., Arranz, J., Virto, M., Barrón, L. J. R., Bustamante, M. Á., de Gordoa, J. C. R., Nájera, A. I., Valdivielso, I., Abilleira, E., et al. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.002 · Cited by 52
“Human tissues can directly convert vaccenic acid into the c9t11-CLA isomer (Adlof, Duval, & Emken, 2000; Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Nutritional Significance of Milk Lipids
Parodi, P. W. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28813-9_17 · Cited by 49
Impact of trans fatty acids of ruminant origin compared with those from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on CHD risk
Pfeuffer, M., & Schrezenmeir, J. (2006) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.016 · Cited by 50
Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat
Jácome-Sosa, M., Lü, J., Wang, Y., Ruth, M. R., Wright, D. C., Reaney, M. J. T., Shen, J., Field, C. J., Vine, D. F., & Proctor, S. D. (2010) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-60 · Cited by 49
“Trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) is the precursor to endogenous synthesis of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer in rats [12,13] and humans [14], and is the predominant isomer of the total trans fatty acids found in ruminantderived fats such as dairy and meat products.”
Background
Catalytic Production of Conjugated Fatty Acids and Oils
Philippaerts, A., Goossens, S., Jacobs, P. A., & Sels, B. F. (2011) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201100086 · Cited by 49
Diets Rich in Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Vaccenic Acid Have No Effect on Blood Pressure and Isobaric Arterial Elasticity in Healthy Young Men
Raff, M., Tholstrup, T., Sejrsen, K., Straarup, E. M., & Wiinberg, N. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.992 · Cited by 49
“VA, a milk trans fatty acid [t18:1(n-7)], was shown to be the major precursor of CLA in ruminants (4) and to increase the serum level of c9,t11-CLA in humans (5,6).”
Background
Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease–An overview
Jakobsen, M. U., Bysted, A., Andersen, N. L., Heitmann, B. L., Hartkopp, H. B., Leth, T., Overvad, K., & Dyerberg, J. (2006) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.004 · Cited by 48
Improving the fatty acid profile of winter milk from housed cows with contrasting feeding regimes by oilseed supplementation
Stergiadis, S., Leifert, C., Seal, C. J., Eyre, M. D., Steinshamn, H., & Butler, G. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.021 · Cited by 47
“, 2011) and up to 30% of VA consumed can be converted to RA by humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Vaccenic acid-mediated reduction in cytokine production is independent of c9,t11-CLA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Jaudszus, A., Jahreis, G., Schlörmann, W., Fischer, J., Krämer, R., Degen, C., Rohrer, C., Röth, A., Gabriel, H. W., Barz, D., et al. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.06.010 · Cited by 48
The effect of production system and age on concentrations of fatty acids in intramuscular fat of the longissimus and triceps brachii muscles of Angus-cross heifers
Purchas, R. W., Knight, T. W., & Busboom, J. R. (2005) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.12.020 · Cited by 47
“Examples of such favourable characteristics include lower ratios of n ¡ 6/n ¡ 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with particular emphasis on higher concentrations of the long-chain n¡3 PUFA (Larsson, Kumlin, Ingelman-Sunberg, & Wolk, 2004), higher levels of certain conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and their precurso…”
Background
Transfer of Absorbed cis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid into Milk Is Biologically More Efficient than Endogenous Synthesis from Absorbed Vaccenic Acid in Lactating Cows ,3
Shingfield, K. J., Ahvenjärvi, S. A., Toivonen, V., Vanhatalo, A., & Huhtanen, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.5.1154 · Cited by 45
“Controlled intervention studies with human volunteers consuming VA have provided evidence that 19–24% of VA is desaturated to cis-9, trans-11 CLA (29,30).”
Background
Effects of supplemental fat on growth performance and quality of beef from steers fed corn finishing diets1
Nelson, M. L., Busboom, J. R., Ross, C. F., & O’Fallon, J. V. (2008) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0410 · Cited by 44
“Trans-vaccenic acid can be converted to CLA through 9-desaturation and can contribute 20 to 25% of the CLA in humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002; Kuhnt et al., 2006).”
Background
Qualitative characteristics of meat from young bulls fed different levels of crude glycerin
de Carvalho, J. R. R., Chizzotti, M. L., Ramos, E. M., Neto, O. R. M., Lanna, D. P. D., Lopes, L. S., Teixeira, P. D., & Ladeira, M. M. (2013) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.020 · Cited by 44
Vegetable Oils Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation of Dairy Cows’ Diets: Effects on Productive and Reproductive Performance
Castro, T., Martinez, D., Isabel, B., Cabezas, A., & Jimeno, V. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9050205 · Cited by 44
“The development of feeding systems designed to produce milk that is low in medium chain saturated fatty acids and high in odd and branched chain fatty acids, C18:1, cis-9, and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA and PUFA could have long-term benefits on human health, without the need for consumers to change their dietary habits.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas
Sánchez-Hernández, S., Esteban-Muñoz, A., Giménez-Martínez, R., Cordero, M. J. A., Miralles, B., & Herrera, M. O. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11123055 · Cited by 46
Natural Rumen‐Derived trans Fatty Acids Are Associated with Metabolic Markers of Cardiac Health
Silva, M. S. D., Julien, P., Përusse, L., Vohl, M., & Rudkowska, I. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4055-3 · Cited by 45
“Specifically, CLA may have antiobesity and antidiabetic properties by activating proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and adiponectin production, resulting in an increased FA oxidation and an increased glucose uptake [43].”
BackgroundInfluential
Bovine milk fat enriched in conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids attenuates allergic airway disease in mice
Kanwar, J. R., MacGibbon, A. K. H., Black, P., Kanwar, J. R., Rowan, A., Vale, M., & Krissansen, G. W. (2007) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02868.x · Cited by 43
Estimation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in UK foods and assessment of dietary intake in a cohort of healthy adults
Mushtaq, S., Mangiapane, E. H., & Hunter, K. A. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450999328x · Cited by 43
“(43) showed that approximately 20 % of dietary VA was converted to CLA endogenously by D(9)-desaturase in human subjects, and because ruminant products contain at least twofold more VA than CLA, the effective physiological dose of CLA will be CLA intake £ 1·4((25)).”
Background
The effect of absence of protozoa on rumen biohydrogenation and the fatty acid composition of lamb muscle
Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., Williams, S., & Newbold, C. J. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507675187 · Cited by 43
“However, meat fat from control lambs had higher VA concentrations, which could represent an advantage over PF lambs, considering that about 20 % of the dietary VA is desaturated to c9,t11-CLA in the human liver (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Background
Trans-vaccenate is Δ13-desaturated by FADS3 in rodents
Rioux, V., Pédrono, F., Blanchard, H. C., Duby, C., Boulier‐Monthéan, N., Bernard, L., Beauchamp, E., Catheline, D., & Legrand, P. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m042572 · Cited by 43
Milk fatty acid composition and associated rumen lipolysis and fatty acid hydrogenation when feeding forages from intensively managed or semi-natural grasslands
Lourenço, M. R. A., Vlaeminck, B., Bruinenberg, M. H., Demeyer, D. I., & Fievez, V. (2005) · Animal Research · doi:10.1051/animres:2005036 · Cited by 42
“Trans-vaccenic acid has been suggested to be even health promoting due to its possible conversion to CLA c9t11 in humans [41].”
Background
Quantitative characterization of unsaturated and trans fatty acids in ewe’s milk fat
Goudjil, H., Fontecha, J., Luna, P., de la Fuente, M. Á., Alonso, L., & Juárez, M. (2004) · Le Lait · doi:10.1051/lait:2004017 · Cited by 42
Butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA prevents hyperinsulinemia and increases both serum HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats
de Almeida, M. M., Luquetti, S. C. P. D., Sabarense, C. M., Corrêa, J. O. D. A., dos Reis, L. G., da Conceição, E. P. S., Lisboa, P. C., de Moura, E. G., Gameiro, J., da Gama, M. A. S., et al. (2014) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-13-200 · Cited by 42
“Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 CLA from C18:1 trans-11 has also been reported in humans [15] and other species [16,17], which further contributes to increasing the cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels in the body tissues.”
Grazing allowance after the morning or afternoon milking for lactating cows fed a total mixed ration (TMR) enhances trans11-18:1 and cis9,trans11-18:2 (rumenic acid) in milk fat to different extents
Loor, J. J., Soriano, F. D., Lin, X., Herbein, J. H., & Polan, C. E. (2003) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00175-5 · Cited by 41
“Intake of vaccenic acid resulted in a dose dependent increase in cis9,trans11-18:2 concentration in human serum (Turpeinen et al., 2002) or milk (Park et al.”
Background
Incorporation ofcis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1) into plasma and leucocyte lipids in healthy men consuming dairy products naturally enriched in these fatty acids
Burdge, G. C., Tricon, S., Morgan, R., Kliem, K. E., Childs, C. E., Jones, E., Russell, J. J., Grimble, R. F., Williams, C. M., Yaqoob, P., et al. (2005) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051506 · Cited by 41
“Man is able to convert tVA to c9,t11 CLA (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Background
Implication of fermentable carbohydrates targeting the gut microbiota on conjugated linoleic acid production in high-fat-fed mice
Druart, C., Neyrinck, A. M., Dewulf, E. M., Backer, F. C. D., Possemiers, S., de Wiele, T. V., Moens, F., Vuyst, L. D., Cani, P. D., Larondelle, Y., et al. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000123 · Cited by 40
Lipids in health and disease
Finkelstein, J. M., Heemels, M.-T., Shadan, S., & Weiss, U. K. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/510047a · Cited by 41
“Vaccenic acid can be converted to 9c,11t-CLA in rodents [87], pigs [88] and humans [89].”
Effectiveness of rubber seed oil and flaxseed oil to enhance the α-linolenic acid content in milk from dairy cows
Pi, Y., Gao, S., Ma, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Xu, J. C., & Bu, D. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9307 · Cited by 39
Some biochemical studies on trans fatty acid-containing diet
El-Aal, Y. A. A., Fattah, D. M. A., & Ahmed, K. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.029 · Cited by 39
Compartmentalization of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 activity in HepG2 cells
Yee, J. K., Mao, C. S., Hummel, H. S., Lim, S. K., Sugano, S. K., Rehan, V. K., Xiao, G. G., & Lee, W. P. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m700600-jlr200 · Cited by 39
Milk production and fatty acid profile of dairy cows supplemented with flaxseed oil, soybean oil, or extruded soybeans
Jin-yun, Y. E., Wang, C., Wang, H.-F., Ye, H. W., Wang, B. X., Liu, H., Wang, Y. M., Yang, Z., & Liu, J. (2009) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064700903082252 · Cited by 38
“The slope of linear regression varies between data sets, and it is thought to reflect the rate of conversion between trans-11 C18:1 and cis9, trans-11 CLA (i.e. D9-desaturase activity in a situation where the supply of preformed cis-9, trans11 CLA is relatively low; Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
Kim, Y., Kim, J., Whang, K., & Park, Y. (2016) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4115-8 · Cited by 39
“It has been suggested that CLA itself might be metabolized to structurally similar isoprostanes that cannot be distinguished from the isoprostanes used as oxidative markers [131, 132].”
Background
Consumption of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) from CLA-Enriched Cheese Does Not Alter Milk Fat or Immunity in Lactating Women
Ritzenthaler, K. L., McGuire, M. K., McGuire, M. A., Shultz, T. D., Koepp, A. E., Luedecke, L. O., Hanson, T. W., Dasgupta, N., & Chew, B. P. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.422 · Cited by 38
The Biology of Conjugated Linoleic Acids in Ruminants
Corl, B. A., Peterson, D., & Bauman, D. E. (2003) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439822166.ch10 · Cited by 38
Bioactive Components in Sheep Milk
Recio, I., de la Fuente, M. Á., Juárez, M., & Ramos, M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780813821504.ch4 · Cited by 37
The effect of grazing on the composition of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and other fatty acids of milk and cheese in goats
Pajor, F., Galló, O., Steiber, O., Tasi, J., & Póti, P. (2009) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/66418/2009 · Cited by 37
“, 2001) and also in some human tissues (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
CLA-supplemented diet accelerates experimental colorectal cancer by inducing TGF-β-producing macrophages and T cells
Moreira, T. G., Horta, L. S., Gomes-Santos, A. C., de Oliveira, R. P., de Queiroz, N. M. G. P., Mangani, D., Dániel, B., Vieira, A. T., Liu, S., Rodrigues, A. M., et al. (2018) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0090-8 · Cited by 37
Trans ‐10 18:1 in ruminant meats: A review
Alves, S. P., Vahmani, P., Mapiye, C., McAllister, T. A., Bessa, R. J. B., & Dugan, M. E. R. (2021) · Lipids · doi:10.1002/lipd.12324 · Cited by 44
Conjugated Linoleic Acids Can Change Phagocytosis of Human Monocytes/Macrophages by Reduction in Cox‐2 Expression
Stachowska, E., Baśkiewicz‐Masiuk, M., Dziedziejko, V., Adler, G., Bober, J., Machaliński, B., & Chlubek, D. (2007) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3072-2 · Cited by 37
“food and from the conversion of other trans isomers of fatty acids [12].”
Background
Correction: Effect of Animal and Industrial Trans Fatty Acids on HDL and LDL Cholesterol Levels in Humans – A Quantitative Review
Brouwer, I. A., Wanders, A. J., & Katan, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/c4cf3127-89b2-4d58-abf3-ab0746342a90 · Cited by 38
Benefits of natural dietarytransfatty acids towards inflammation, obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining the n-7transfatty acid family
Guillocheau, É., Legrand, P., & Rioux, V. (2019) · OCL · doi:10.1051/ocl/2019047 · Cited by 36
“2), a well-described step in both rodents (Santora et al., 2000; Gruffat et al., 2005; Kraft et al., 2006) and humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002; Kuhnt et al., 2006; Mosley et al., 2006).”
Background
Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe's milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil
Cieślak, A., Kowalczyk, J., Czauderna, M., Potkański, A., & Szumacher‐Strabel, M. (2010) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/1704-cjas · Cited by 36
“VA was also shown to increase the serum level of C18:2 c9 t11 CLA in humans (Salminen et al., 1998; Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Current issues surrounding the definition of trans-fatty acids: implications for health, industry and food labels
Wang, Y., & Proctor, S. D. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513001086 · Cited by 37
“VA is also the major precursor for the endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11-CLA((85,86)).”
Background
Trans-fatty acids and cancer: the evidence reviewed
Thompson, A. K., Shaw, D. I., Minihane, A. M., & Williams, C. M. (2008) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422408110964 · Cited by 36
“reported conversion rates in rodents of 5–12%((12)) and 19% in humans((13)).”
Background
Monitoring cellular responses upon fatty acid exposure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
Najbjerg, H., Afseth, N. K., Young, J. F., Bertram, H. C., Pedersen, M. E., Grimmer, S., Vogt, G., & Köhler, A. (2011) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c0an00916d · Cited by 36
Nutritional Quality of Beef Produced in Chile from Different Production Systems
Morales, R., Folch, C., Iraira, S., Teuber, N., & Realini, C. E. (2012) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392012000100013 · Cited by 35
“…c-9, t-11 synthesis as the C18:1 t-11 content of the diet increased in human subjects (Salminen et al., 1998; Turpeinen et al., 2002a), whereas, the rate of conversion of C18:1 t-11 to CLA c-9, t-11 was estimated to range from 5 to 12% in rodents to 19 to 30% in humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002b).”
Background
Fatty acid composition and interrelationships among eight retail cuts of grass-feed beef
Pavan, E., & Duckett, S. K. (2012) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.021 · Cited by 35
Manipulating dietary PUFA in animal feed: implications for human health
Butler, G. (2013) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113003790 · Cited by 35
“There are numerous studies showing the potential benefits from CLA in in vitro or animal models, suggesting activity against cancer, hypertension, diabetes and other conditions((8,9)) and evidence that it can be synthesised in adipose tissue from VA((10)).”
Dietary supplementation withtrans-11- andtrans-12-18 : 1 increasescis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in human immune cells, but without effects on biomarkers of immune function and inflammation
Kuhnt, K., Kraft, J., Vogelsang, H., Eder, K., Kratzsch, J., & Jahreis, G. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507685183 · Cited by 35
“Trans-fatty acids (for example, trans-11- and trans-1218 : 1) as well as CLA are suspected of inducing oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF2a, an isoprostane biomarker of oxidative stress; Turpeinen et al. 2002; Risérus et al. 2002).”
Background
Influence of supplemental cracked high-linoleate or high-oleate safflower seeds on site and extent of digestion in beef cattle1
Scholljegerdes, E. J., Hess, B. W., Moss, G. E., Hixon, D. L., & Rule, D. C. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.82123577x · Cited by 35
Conversion of t11t13 CLA into c9t11 CLA in Caco-2 Cells and Inhibition by Sterculic Oil
Schneider, A.-C., Beguin, P., Bourez, S., Perfield, J. W., Mignolet, É., Debier, C., Schneider, Y., & Larondelle, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032824 · Cited by 34
“It occurs in lactating cows [16–18] as well as in humans [19], mice [20], cultured MCF7 and SW480 cells [21], and represents the primary source of tissular c9t11 CLA.”
Background
Documentation of Fatty Acid Profiles in Lamb Meat and Lamb‐Based Infant Foods
Nudda, A., McGuire, S., Battacone, G., Manca, M. G., Boe, R., & Pulina, G. (2011) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02027.x · Cited by 34
Influence of breed and feeding on the main quality characteristics of sheep carcass and meat: A review
Ramírez-Retamal, J., & Morales, R. (2014) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392014000200015 · Cited by 33
“The rate of C18:1 trans-11 conversion to CLA cis9, trans-11 ranges from 5 to 12% in rodents to 19 to 30% in humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Variation in fatty acid composition of ewes' milk during continuous transition from dry winter to natural pasture diet
Ostrovský, I., Pavlíková, E., Blaško, J., Górová, R., Kubinec, R., Margetín, M., & Soják, L. (2009) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.03.006 · Cited by 33
Oilseed Supplementation Improves Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Plata-Pérez, G., Ángeles-Hernández, J. C., Morales-Almaráz, E., del Razo-Rodríguez, O. E., López-González, F., Peláez-Acero, A., Campos-Montiel, R. G., Vargas‐Bello‐Pérez, E., & Vieyra-Alberto, R. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12131642 · Cited by 33
“Additionally, intake of VA increases serum CLA levels in humans [71]; both FA (VA and CLA) have been linked to human health with decreased chronic diseases [72], and the intake of CLA and VA has been shown to lead to a reduction in coronary heart disease, low incidence of atherosclerosis [73], decreased risk of hypert…”
Background
Research progress on conjugated linoleic acid bio-conversion in Bifidobacterium
Mei, Y., Chen, H., Yang, B. K., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., & Chen, W. (2022) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109593 · Cited by 35
Influence of fish oil alone or in combination with hydrogenated palm oil on sensory characteristics and fatty acid composition of bovine cheese
Vargas‐Bello‐Pérez, E., Íñiguez-González, G., Fehrmann-Cartes, K., Toro-Mújica, P., & Garnsworthy, P. C. (2015) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.013 · Cited by 32
The effects of changing dairy intake on trans and saturated fatty acid levels- results from a randomized controlled study
Benatar, J. R., & Stewart, R. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-32 · Cited by 32
“Whilst humans are able to convert vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid by delta9 desaturase in the liver [39,40], bioconversion of cis to trans fatty acids has not been demonstrated.”
Background
Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe's milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil
Cieślak, A., Kowalczyk, J., Czauderna, M., Potkański, A., & Szumacher‐Strabel, M. (2010) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/874-cjas · Cited by 32
Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils
Castro, T., Cabezas, A., la Fuente, J. D., Isabel, B., Manso, T., & Jimeno, V. (2015) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731115002554 · Cited by 31
“Due to the ability of Δ desaturase in human tissue to transform t11-18:1 into c9,t 11-18:2 (Turpeinen et al., 2002), the increase in the t 11-18:1 content in meat implies an improvement of its lipid profile.”
Background
Effects of dietary n-6: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on meat quality, carcass characteristics, tissue fatty acid profiles, and expression of lipogenic genes in growing goats
Ebrahimi, M. M., Rajion, M. A., Jafari, S., Jahromi, M. F., Oskoueian, E., Sazili, A. Q., Goh, Y. M., & Ghaffari, M. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188369 · Cited by 31
Acute oral safety study of dairy fat rich in trans-10 C18:1 versus vaccenic plus conjugated linoleic acid in rats
Anadón, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M. R., Martínez, M., Arés, I., Ramos, E., Gómez‐Cortés, P., Juárez, M., & de la Fuente, M. Á. (2009) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.037 · Cited by 31
“It has also been confirmed that VA is converted via d9-desaturase to RA in human tissues (Adlof et al., 2000; Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Seasonal changes of CLA isomers and other fatty acids of milk fat from grazing dairy herds in the Azores
Rego, O. A., Rosa, H. J. D., Regalo, S. M., Alves, S. P., Alfaia, C. M., Prates, J. A. M., Vouzela, C., & Bessa, R. J. B. (2008) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.3289 · Cited by 31
Determination of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection
Czauderna, M., Kowalczyk, J., Wąsowska, I., & Niedźwiedzka, K. (2003) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/67717/2003 · Cited by 31
Conjugated linoleic acid and conjugated linolenic acid production by bifidobacteria.
Gorissen, L., Leroy, F., Raes, K., Vuyst, L. D., & Smet, S. D. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.02.012 · Cited by 30
Trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-C16:1, or trans-C16:1 n-7): Nutritional impacts, metabolism, origin, compositional data, analytical methods and chemical synthesis. A review
Guillocheau, É., Legrand, P., & Rioux, V. (2019) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.004 · Cited by 33
The Conversion Efficiency of trans-11 and trans-12 18:1 by Δ9-Desaturation Differs in Rats
Kraft, J., Hanske, L., Möckel, P., Zimmermann, S., Härtl, A., Kramer, J. K. G., & Jahreis, G. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.5.1209 · Cited by 30
Effect of dietary starch level and its rumen degradability on lamb meat fatty acid composition
Oliveira, M. A., Alves, S. P., Santos‐Silva, J., & Bessa, R. J. B. (2016) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.10.001 · Cited by 30
Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is endogenously synthesized from palmitelaidic (C16:1 trans-9) acid in bovine adipocytes1
Kadegowda, A. K. G., Burns, T. A., Miller, M. C., & Duckett, S. K. (2013) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5590 · Cited by 30
Speculation on the Mechanisms of Action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Pariza, M. W., Park, Y., a, X. X., Ntambi, J. M., & Kang, K. (2020) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429270703-14 · Cited by 29
trans Fatty Acid Content of Canadian Margarines Prior to Mandatory trans Fat Labelling
Ratnayake, W. M. N., Gagnon, C., Dumais, L., Lillycrop, W., Wong, L. Y., Meleta, M., & Calway, P. (2007) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1112-y · Cited by 29
“In contrast to other trans isomers of oleic acid, vaccenic acid is proven to be a unique trans isomer because it also occurs in ruminant fats [13] and it could be converted to cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid isomer (CLA) in humans by the action of delta-9 desaturase [26, 27].”
Background
F2-Isoprostanes Reflect Oxidative Stress Correlated With Lean Mass and Bone Density but Not Insulin Resistance
Ma, E., Ingram, K. H., Milne, G. L., & Garvey, W. T. (2017) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2017-00006 · Cited by 28
“Subjects were weight-stable upon entering the study and were fed an isocaloric diet with a standard macronutrient composition [14] to account for potential dietary effects on study measurements [39, 40].”
Method

Authors: Turpeinen, A. M., Mutanen, M., Aro, A., Salminen, I., Basu, S., Palmquist, D. L., & Griinari, J. M.
Affiliations: Uppsala University (SE)
Corresponding author: Turpeinen, Anu M
ORCID: Turpeinen, Anu M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 76
Issue: 3
Pages: 504-510
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.504
OpenAlex: W1942808992
Cited by: 495
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 16.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 7481 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: vaccenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, rumenic acid, delta-9 desaturase, biotransformation, trans fatty acids, dietary intake, serum fatty acids, ruminant fat, oleic acid
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Diet, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Lipids, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Male, Oleic Acids, Rumen, Stearic Acids, Triglycerides, Dinoprost, Linoleic Acid, F2-Isoprostanes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks