Cited by 495Fatty Acid Research and HealthEdible Oils Quality and AnalysisLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

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Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans

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Turpeinen, Anu M, Mutanen, Marja, Aro, Antti, Salminen, Irma, Basu, Samar, Palmquist, Donald L, Griinari, J Mikko·2002·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.504

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Abstract

Background Vaccenic acid (11-trans octadecenoic acid; VA), a major trans fatty acid in the fat of ruminants, is produced in the rumen and converted in tissues to rumenic acid (9-cis, 11-trans octadecenoic acid; RA), an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, by Delta(9)-desaturase. There are indications that this conversion also occurs in humans.Objective The aim of this controlled intervention was to study the conversion of VA to RA in humans after consumption of diets with increasing amounts of VA.Design Thirty healthy subjects consumed a baseline diet rich in oleic acid for 2 wk. The subjects were then divided into 3 groups (n = 10 per group) and provided a diet containing 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g VA/d for 9 d. All diets contained equal amounts of macronutrients and differed only in their fatty acid compositions. The fats were mixed into conventional foods, and nearly all food was provided during the study.Results The proportion of VA in serum total fatty acids increased 94%, 307%, and 620% above baseline with the 1.5-, 3.0-, and 4.5-g diets, respectively. This was associated with a linear increase in the proportion of RA. The conversion rate was 19% on average, with significant interindividual differences with all 3 intakes of VA. The urinary excretion of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) increased in all groups (P < 0.001).Conclusions The results quantify the desaturation of VA to RA in humans. Conversion is likely to contribute significantly to the amount of RA available to the body, and dietary intakes of VA should thus be taken into account when predicting RA status.

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Background
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Background
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Method
A Comparison of the Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Cis‐9, Trans‐11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid to Celecoxib in the Collagen‐Induced Arthritis Model
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“Vaccenic acid (VA), a major TFA in milk fat, has been shown to be converted to rumenic acid, an isomer of CLA, in human tissues by the D-9-desaturase enzyme, with an average of 19% of dietary VA being converted to c9,t11-CLA.(29) VA is the only known dietary precursor of c9,t11-CLA.”
Background
Influence of Outdoor and Indoor Rearing System of Suckling Lambs on Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Meat
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Background
Trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles after the inclusion of buffer, sodium sesquicarbonate, in the concentrate of finishing steers
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“However, not all trans18:1 isomers are unhealthy to humans such as 11t-18:1 that can be desaturated to 9c,11t-18:2 (Kuhnt, Kraft, Moeckel, & Jahreis, 2006; Turpeinen et al., 2002), and 11t-18:1 as the precursor of rumenic acid is now known to provide anti-carcinogenic activity (Lock, Corl, Barbano, Bauman, & Ip, 2004).”
Background
Nutritional evaluation of the lipid fraction of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) tenderloin
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“VA (18:1 trans-11 VA) is the main trans fatty acid in ruminant milk fat (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
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trans Fatty Acids in Colostrum, Mature Milk and Diet of Lactating Adolescents
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“In addition, beef is also a source of vaccenic acid, which can be converted in the body to cis-9,trans11 CLA isomer by D9 desaturase (32).”
Background
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“In addition, animal management strategies to increase the level of VA and reduce 10t-18:1 in beef products should be encouraged since VA is the precursor for RA in animal and human tissues (Griinari et al., 2000; Turpeinen et al., 2002), while the production of CLA isomers other than RA should be discouraged (Cruz-Her…”
Background
Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Phytanic Acid and the Combination of Various Fatty Acids on Proliferation and Cytokine Expression of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Renner, L., Kersten, S., Düvel, A., Schuberth, H., & Dänicke, S. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5072667 · Cited by 22
“An alternative pathway to form CLA is via endogenous synthesis by Δ9-desaturase and trans-11 C18:1 as a precursor [4], which is also observed in non-ruminants like humans [5].”
Background
Individual trans 18:1 Isomers are Metabolised Differently and Have Distinct Effects on Lipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Vahmani, P., Meadus, W. J., Turner, T. D., Duff, P., Rolland, D. C., Mapiye, C., & Dugan, M. E. R. (2014) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-014-3982-8 · Cited by 22
“In addition to c9,t11-18:2, increasing the content of vaccenic acid (t11-18:1), the predominant BHP in ruminant fat, has become a target for beef and dairy producers as it is converted to c9,t11-18:2 in the human body [6, 7] where it could exert potential health benefits such as improving dyslipidaemia and protecting…”
Background
Physiological Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Implications for Human Health
Badinga, L., & Greene, E. S. (2006) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0115426506021004367 · Cited by 22
CLA-producing adjunct cultures improve the nutritional value of sheep cheese fat
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“High vaccenic acid content in cheese would be desirable since it can be used by humans for the endogenous synthesis of rumenic acid (through the stearoyl Co-A enzyme) providing the beneficial effects on human health that have been attributed to this CLA isomer (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Annual changes in the content of unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms, including cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) acid, in milk fat.
Zegarska, Z., Paszczyk, B., Rafałowski, R., & Borejszo, Z. (2006) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · Cited by 22
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Trans Fatty Acids Inhibit Fatty Acid Transport in Hepatoma 7288CTC and Inguinal Fat Pads in Buffalo Rats
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Trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in the milk of urban women and nomadic Fulani of northern Nigeria
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“Alternatively, since rumenic acid (c9,t11-18:1) is synthesized endogenously from vaccenic acid (t11-18:1)[7,24,26,27], the low levels of c9,t1118:2 in the milk of the lactating women in the present study could be explained by a low intake or poor absorption of vaccenic acid, or low expression of D9-desaturase.”
Background
Increase of geometrical and positional fatty acid isomers in dark meat from broilers fed heated oils
Bou, R., Codony, R., Tres, A., Baucells, M. D., & Guardiola, F. (2005) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1093/ps/84.12.1942 · Cited by 22
“In addition, the likely biosynthesis of cis-9,trans-11-CLA via the action of ∆9 desaturase on trans-11-18:1 as described in humans (Adlof et al., 2000; Turpeinen et al., 2002) and in other animals (Thompson and Christie, 1991; Palmquist and Santora, 1999; Gläser et al.”
Background
Bioactive Milk Lipids
Fontecha, J., Rodríguez-Alcalá, L. M., Calvo, M. V., & Juárez, M. (2011) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/157340111797264804 · Cited by 21
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Mądry, E., Malesza, I. J., Subramaniapillai, M., Czochralska-Duszyńska, A., Walkowiak, M., Miśkiewicz-Chotnicka, A., Walkowiak, J., & Lisowska, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061811 · Cited by 21
“Although humans can endogenously produce CLA, the concentrations in blood and tissues of non-supplemented individuals are low [4,5].”
Background
At line prediction of PUFA and biohydrogenation intermediates in perirenal and subcutaneous fat from cattle fed sunflower or flaxseed by near infrared spectroscopy
Prieto, N., Dugan, M. E. R., López-Campos, Ó., Aalhus, J. L., & Uttaro, B. (2013) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.12.014 · Cited by 21
Hepatocytes respond differently to major dietary trans fatty acid isomers, elaidic acid and trans-vaccenic acid
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“In humans, transVA is desaturated into CLA with a conversion rate estimated to be 19 % [35].”
Background
Characterization of naturally goat cheese enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids for human clinical trial in overweight and obese subjects
Santurino, C., Calvo, M. V., Gómez‐Candela, C., & Fontecha, J. (2016) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2016.12.001 · Cited by 21
Suckler Bulls Slaughtered at 15 Months of Age: Effect of Different Production Systems on the Fatty Acid Profile and Selected Quality Characteristics of Longissimus Thoracis
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“Since humans are able to transform trans vaccenic acid (C18:1-t11) into rumenic acid (9c11t-C18:2) at a rate between 5 to 12% [68], the higher concentration of trans vaccenic acid (6.”
Background
Implication of the Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Inflammation Associated with Nutritional Disorders and Obesity
Rodriguez, J., Olivares, M., & Delzenne, N. M. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900481 · Cited by 20
Milk from cows grazing on cool-season pastures provides an enhanced profile of bioactive fatty acids compared to those grazed on a monoculture of pearl millet
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Modulation of the biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress by ruminant trans fatty acids and dairy proteins in vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC)
Silva, M. S. D., Bilodeau, J., Larose, J., Greffard, K., Julien, P., Barbier, O., & Rudkowska, I. (2017) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.016 · Cited by 20
Effects of sunflower seed inclusion in finishing diets for steers on performance, carcass characteristics, muscle and adipose fatty acid composition and meat quality
Shah, M. A., Mir, P. S., Aalhus, J. L., Basarab, J. A., & Okine, E. K. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · Cited by 20
Perennial ryegrass for dairy cows: Grazing behaviour, intake, rumen function and performance
Taweel, H. Z. (2004) · doi:10.18174/45523 · Cited by 20
“42 The resulting NDF disappearance curves were fitted using the model described by Robinson et al. (1986) to determine the degradation parameters of NDF in the rumen.”
MethodResultInfluential
Effects of Multiple Grass- and Grain-Fed Production Systems on Beef Fatty Acid Contents and Their Consumer Health Implications
Klopatek, S. C., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Oltjen, J. W., & Vahmani, P. (2022) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00021 · Cited by 19
trans-C18:1 Isomers in Cheeses Enriched in Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Manufactured with Different Milk Fat Globule Sizes
Briard‐Bion, V., Juanéda, P., Richoux, R., Guichard, É., & Lopez, C. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf801333j · Cited by 19
Erythrocyte membranetrans-fatty acid index is positively associated with a 10-year CHD risk probability
Liu, X., Deng, Z., Hu, J., Fan, Y., Liu, R., Li, J., Peng, J., Su, H., Peng, Q., & Li, W. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000196 · Cited by 19
“As a major TFA of ruminant fat, trans-18 : 1n-7 is produced in the rumen and converted in tissues to 9-cis, 11-trans-18 : 2n-6 CLA by D9-desaturase with an average conversion rate of 19 %((32)).”
Background
Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids and changes in body weight and waist circumference
Hansen, C. P., Berentzen, T. L., Halkjær, J., Tjønneland, A. M., Sorensen, T. I. A., Overvad, K., & Jakobsen, M. U. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.87 · Cited by 19
Conjugated linoleic acid as functional food in poultry products: A review
Ramiah, S. K., Meng, G. Y., & Ebrahimi, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2016.1168835 · Cited by 19
Human breast milk enrichment in conjugated linoleic acid after consumption of a conjugated linoleic acid–rich food product: a pilot study
Moutsioulis, A. A., Rule, D. C., Murrieta, C. M., Bauman, D. E., Lock, A. L., Barbano, D. M., & Carey, G. B. (2008) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.04.001 · Cited by 19
“5-fold range of CLA in the breast milk [22].”
Background
Do ruminant trans fatty acids impact coronary heart disease risk?
Huth, P. J. (2007) · Lipid Technology · doi:10.1002/lite.200600021 · Cited by 19
Substitutions between dairy products and risk of stroke: results from the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort
Laursen, A. S. D., Sluijs, I., Boer, J. M. A., Verschuren, W. M. M., van der Schouw, Y. T., & Jakobsen, M. U. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519000564 · Cited by 18
Effect of linoleic acid and dietary vitamin E supplementation on sustained conjugated linoleic acid production in milk fat from dairy cows
O’Donnell-Megaro, A. M., Capper, J. L., Weiss, W. P., & Bauman, D. E. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5802 · Cited by 18
“The VA consumed in dairy products in the diet of humans is also converted to RA via Δ 9 -desaturase, thus contributing to the physiologically effective amount of RA (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Effect of silage botanical composition on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy cows
Adler, S., Jensen, S. K., Thuen, E., Gustavsson, A., Harstad, O. M., & Steinshamn, H. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5757 · Cited by 19
“…C16:0 increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Mensink et al., 2003), whereas increased intake of C18:2 cis -9, trans -11 may decrease the risk of colorectal cancer (Larsson et al., 2005), and in humans, C18:1 trans -11 can be converted to C18:2 cis -9, trans -11 (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Double-muscling character influences the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in concentrate-fed yearling bulls
Aldai, N., Dugan, M. E. R., Juarez, M. M., Martínez, A. H., & Osoro, K. (2009) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.004 · Cited by 18
“, 2000), and in humans (Turpeinen et al., 2002), and VA as the precursor of RA is now known to provide anti-carcinogenic activity (Lock, Corl, Barbano, Bauman, & Ip, 2004).”
Background
Effects of diets supplemented with sunflower or flax seeds on quality and fatty acid profile of hamburgers made with perirenal or subcutaneous fat
Turner, T. D., Aalhus, J. L., Mapiye, C., Rolland, D. C., Larsen, I. L., Basarab, J. A., Baron, V. S., McAllister, T. A., Block, H. C., Uttaro, B., et al. (2014) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.08.006 · Cited by 20
F2-isoprostanes are correlated with trans fatty acids in the plasma of pregnant women
Larose, J., Julien, P., Greffard, K., Fraser, W. D., Audibert, F., Wei, S. Q., & Bilodeau, J. (2014) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.010 · Cited by 18
“Nevertheless, it was not clear which TFA isomer was responsible for the observed increase in 8-iso-PGF2α [38,39].”
Background
Effects of Cyclic Fatty Acid Monomers from Heated Vegetable Oil on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Male Wistar Rats
Mboma, J., Leblanc, N., Angers, P., Rocher, A., Vigor, C., Oger, C., Réversat, G., Vercauteren, J., Galano, J., Durand, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01836 · Cited by 18
Trans Fatty Acids in Human Milk in Latvia: Association with Dietary Habits during the Lactation Period
Aumeistere, L., Beluško, A., Ciproviča, I., & Zavadska, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13092967 · Cited by 18
“The current general position is that the human body cannot synthesise trans fatty acids; therefore, the only source for trans fatty acids found in human milk can be the maternal diet [11], but some studies indicate that vaccenic acid can be converted to rumenic acid (C18:2 n9c, n11t) by ∆9-desaturase in the mammary gl…”
Background
Dietary supplementation oftrans-11-vaccenic acid reduces adipocyte size but neither aggravates nor attenuates obesity-mediated metabolic abnormalities infa/faZucker rats
Mohankumar, S. K., Hanke, D., Siemens, L., Cattini, A., Enns, J. E., Shen, J., Reaney, M. J. T., Zahradka, P. C., & Taylor, C. G. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451200339x · Cited by 18
“Given the evidence for bioconversion of VA to c9,t11-CLA((28,36,37)) and our recent finding that dietary c9,t11-CLA (0·4 %, w/w) attenuates blood pressure in fa/fa Zucker rats((20)), we examined the effects of VA on various MetS characteristics in fa/fa Zucker rats, an animal model that has been well characterised for…”
Background
Dietary effect of silage type and combination with camelina seed on milk fatty acid profile and antioxidant capacity of sheep milk
Mierliţă, D., & Vicaş, S. I. (2015) · South African Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4314/sajas.v45i1.1 · Cited by 18
“The increase in TVA concentration in the +Cs ewes' milk is important because the vaccenic acid in human tissues can be converted to the c9,t11-CLA isomer (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Effects of margarine and butter consumption on distribution of trans‐18∶1 fatty acid isomers and conjugated linoleic acid in major serum lipid classes in lactating women
Shahin, A. M., McGuire, M. K., Anderson, N. K., Williams, J. E., & McGuire, M. A. (2006) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-006-5082-x · Cited by 18
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and health
Yaquoob, P., Tricon, S., Burdge, G. C., & Calder, P. C. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845691073.1.182 · Cited by 18
CONJUGATED FATTY ACIDS (CFAS) PRODUCTION VIA VARIOUS BACTERIAL STRAINS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. A REVIEW
Aziz, T. A., Sarwar, A., Daudzai, Z., Naseeb, J., Din, J. U., Aftab, U., Saidal, A., Ghani, M., Khan, A. A., Naz, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society · doi:10.4067/s0717-97072022000105445 · Cited by 17
“Lastly, these intermediates are hydrogenated into stearic acid (C18:0) [23-24] whereas fatty acids are absorbed in the gut and then transported to various body tissues by the bloodstream [19, 22].”
Background
Fatty acid profile and proliferation of bovine blood mononuclear cells after conjugated linoleic acid supplementation
Renner, L., Pappritz, J., Krämer, R., Kersten, S., Jahreis, G., & Dänicke, S. (2012) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-11-63 · Cited by 17
“In humans, the main source of CLA is the consumption of dairy products and ruminant meat [20], but the endogenous synthesis via Δ(9)-desaturase is also observed in humans, whereby trans-11 C18:1 serves as a precursor [21,22].”
Background
Impact of conjugated linoleic acid administered to rats prior and after carcinogenic agent on arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolites in serum and tumors
Jelińska, M., Białek, A., Gielecińska, I., Mojska, H., & Tokarz, A. (2017) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2017.08.013 · Cited by 17
Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer in Polish Women
Wajszczyk, B., Charzewska, J., Godlewski, D. D., Zemła, B., Nowakowska, E., Kozaczka, M., Chilimoniuk, M., & Pathak, D. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124420 · Cited by 17
Conjugated linoleic acid synthesis-related protein proteasome subunit α 5 (PSMA5) is increased by vaccenic acid treatment in goat mammary tissue
Jin, Y., Li, Z. H., Hong, Z. S., Xu, C., Han, J. A., Choi, S. H., Yin, J., Zhang, Q. K., Lee, K. B., Kang, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4281 · Cited by 17
Effect of trans fatty acids on milk fat and their impact on human health
Bauman, D. E., Perfield, J. W., & Lock, A. L. (2004) · Cited by 17
Effects of butter naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid on blood lipids and LDL particle size in growing pigs
Haug, A., Sjögren, P., Hølland, N., Müller, H., Kjos, N. P., Taugbøl, O., Fjerdingby, N., Biong, A. S., Selmer-Olsen, E., & Harstad, O. M. (2008) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-7-31 · Cited by 17
Fatty acids
Calder, P. C., & Burdge, G. C. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857097934.1 · Cited by 18
Trans isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development
Hatem, O., Kaçar, Ö. F., Kaçar, H. K., Szentpéteri, J. L., Marosvölgyi, T., & Szabó, É. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1379772 · Cited by 19
A 4-Week Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity Study of Dairy Fat Naturally Enriched in Vaccenic, Rumenic and α-Linolenic Acids in Rats
Anadón, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M. R., Martínez, M., Arés, I., Ramos, E., Gómez‐Cortés, P., Juárez, M., & de la Fuente, M. Á. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf201251g · Cited by 16
Forage-fed cattle point the way forward for beef?
Butler, G., Ali, A. M., Oladokun, S., Wang, J., & Davis, H. (2021) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100012 · Cited by 19
Functional fats and spreads
Turpeinen, A. M., & Merimaa, P. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857092557.3.383 · Cited by 16
The influence of retail display storage on the fatty acid composition of modified atmosphere packaged Graviera Agraphon cheese
Fletouris, D. J., Govari, M., & Botsoglou, E. (2014) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12182 · Cited by 16
The scientific basis for trans fatty acid regulations—Is it sufficient?
Aro, A. (2006) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.015 · Cited by 16
The trans fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of Fulani butter oil in Nigeria
Glew, R. H., Herbein, J. H., Ma, I., Obadofin, M. O., Wark, W. A., & VanderJagt, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.06.004 · Cited by 16
Beef Fat Enriched with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation Products Improves Insulin Sensitivity Without Altering Dyslipidemia in Insulin Resistant JCR:LA‐cp Rats
Diané, A., Borthwick, F., Mapiye, C., Vahmani, P., David, R. C., Vine, D. F., Dugan, M. E. R., & Proctor, S. D. (2016) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-016-4148-7 · Cited by 15
Effect of Diet Supplementation with Combinations of Soybean and Linseed Oils on Milk Production and Fatty Acid Profile in Lactating Dairy Ewes
Antonacci, L. E., Busetti, M. R., Rodríguez, M. A., Cano, A. V., & Gagliostro, G. A. (2018) · Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.4236/as.2018.92015 · Cited by 15
“In humans, VA can exert direct anticarcinogenic effects [58] or mediated via endogenous conversion to RA at tissue level with an estimated conversion rate of 20% [59] by the ∆-9 desaturase activity [60].”
Background
Conversion of dietary trans-vaccenic acid to trans11,cis13-conjugated linoleic acid in the rat lactating mammary gland by Fatty Acid Desaturase 3-catalyzed methyl-end Δ13-desaturation
Garcia, C., Guillocheau, É., Richard, L., Drouin, G., Catheline, D., Legrand, P., & Rioux, V. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.132 · Cited by 15
Gastrointestinal Tract: Intestinal Fatty Acid Metabolism and Implications for Health
Hoyles, L., & Wallace, R. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_234 · Cited by 15
“VA is converted to RA via the host’s D-desaturase, an enzyme present in the intestine and liver (Mosley et al., 2006; Rhee et al., 1997; Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on linoleic and linolenic acid metabolism in man
Turpeinen, A. M., Bärlund, S., Freese, R., Lawrence, P., & Brenna, J. T. (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051432 · Cited by 15
“We have no reason to believe that this was due to too short a CLA supplementation period (6 d) since in a previous study we showed that a steady state in plasma CLA is achieved in 4–6 d (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Method
Sequential Feeding of Lipid Supplement Enriches Beef Adipose Tissues with 18:3n‐3 Biohydrogenation Intermediates
Vahmani, P., Aalhus, J. L., Rolland, D. C., McAllister, T. A., Prieto, N., Block, H. C., Proctor, S. D., Guan, L. L., & Dugan, M. E. R. (2017) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-017-4259-9 · Cited by 15
Ácido linoleico conjugado: interés actual en nutrición humana
Haro, A., Artacho, R., & Cabrera–Vique, C. (2006) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13093270 · Cited by 15
IMPROVING DRY-MATTER INTAKE OF PERENNIAL-RYEGRASS PASTURE BY DAIRY COWS
Taweel, H. Z. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5452-5_9 · Cited by 15
“Unsaturated fatty acids in general are favourable against coronary heart disease, and CLA in particular are thought to have beneficial effects on human health (Banni et al. 2001; Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Background
Effects of soybeans roasting and monensin on milk production and composition and milk fatty acids profile of lactating dairy cows
Abdi, E., Fatahnia, F., Banadaki, M. D., Azarfar, A., & Khatibjoo, A. (2013) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.01.018 · Cited by 14
“Turpeinen et al. (2002) reported that on average 19% of dietary t11-18:1 can be converted to c9, t11-CLA in humans.”
Background
The Noble Method in the dairy sector as a sustainable production system to improve the nutritional composition of dairy products: A review
Balivo, A., Sacchi, R., & Genovese, A. (2023) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12941 · Cited by 14
A comparison of the trans fatty acid content of uncooked and cooked lean meat, edible offal and adipose tissue from New Zealand beef and lamb
Purchas, R. W., Wilkinson, B. H. P., Carruthers, F., & Jackson, F. S. (2015) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2015.01.016 · Cited by 14
Effect of a whey protein and rapeseed oil gel feed supplement on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows
Kliem, K. E., Humphries, D. J., Grandison, A. S., Morgan, R., Livingstone, K. M., Givens, D. I., & Reynolds, C. K. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15247 · Cited by 15
Selective production ofcis-9,trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid fromtrans-vaccenic acid methyl ester byDelacroixia coronata
Ando, A., Ogawa, J., Sugimoto, S., Kishino, S., Sakuradani, E., Yokozeki, K., & Shimizu, S. (2009) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04139.x · Cited by 14
“Bioconversion of t-VA to CLA through the D9 desaturation reaction has also been found in mice (Santora et al. 2000), rats (Banni et al. 2001), cows (Corl et al. 2001) and humans (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Background
Quantitative Genomics of 30 Complex Phenotypes in Wagyu x Angus F1 Progeny
Zhang, L., Michal, J. J., O’Fallon, J. V., Pan, Z., Gaskins, C. T., Reeves, J. J., Busboom, J. R., Zhou, X., Ding, B., Dodson, M. V., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.4403 · Cited by 14
“Beef fat is not only an excellent source of CLA, but it also contains large amounts of trans-vaccenic acid (trans-18:1n7t, TVA), which can be converted to CLA in the human body [73].”
Background
REVIEWS: Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Historical Context and Implications
Weiss, M. F., Martz, F. A., & Lorenzen, C. L. (2004) · The Professional Animal Scientist · doi:10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31286-9 · Cited by 13
Seasonal variation in the fatty acid profile in meat of Sarda suckling lambs
Nudda, A., Atzori, A. S., Boe, R., Francesconi, A. H. D., Battacone, G., & Pulina, G. (2018) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2018.1542978 · Cited by 13
“From a nutritional point of view, this is important because the conversion of 18:1 t-11 into 18:2 c-9, t-11 has been reported in humans (Turpeinen et al. 2002).”
Background
Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows
Khodamoradi, S., Fatahnia, F., Taherpour, K., Pirani, V., Rashidi, L., & Azarfar, A. (2012) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01307.x · Cited by 13
Great discoveries of milk for a healthy diet and a healthy life
Palmquist, D. L. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982010001300051 · Cited by 13
“About 20% of dietary vaccenic acid was converted to RA in a Finnish human study (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background
Effect of Dietary and Animal Factors on Milk Fatty Acids Composition of Grazing Dairy Cows: A Review
Fernández, A., & Rodríguez, A. G. (2012) · Hispana · Cited by 13
Genetic variation of C18:1 and C18:2 isomers in sheep milk fat
Moioli, B., Contarini, G., Pariset, L., Marchitelli, C., Crisà, A., Catillo, G., & Napolitano, F. (2011) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.08.009 · Cited by 13
“, 2006), as well as human tissues (Turpeinen et al., 2002).”
Background

Authors: Turpeinen, A. M., Mutanen, M., Aro, A., Salminen, I., Basu, S., Palmquist, D. L., & Griinari, J. M.
Affiliations: Uppsala University (SE)
Corresponding author: Turpeinen, Anu M
ORCID: Turpeinen, Anu M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 76
Issue: 3
Pages: 504-510
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.504
OpenAlex: W1942808992
Cited by: 495
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 16.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 7481 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: vaccenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, rumenic acid, delta-9 desaturase, biotransformation, trans fatty acids, dietary intake, serum fatty acids, ruminant fat, oleic acid
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Diet, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Lipids, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Male, Oleic Acids, Rumen, Stearic Acids, Triglycerides, Dinoprost, Linoleic Acid, F2-Isoprostanes

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Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans

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