The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys.
Open accessAbstract
Background Previous studies to develop and validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to predict body composition were limited by small sample sizes, sex specificity, and reliance on reference methods that use a 2-component model. Objective This study was designed to develop sex-specific BIA equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) with the use of a multicomponent model for children and adults. Design Data from 5 centers were pooled to create a sample of 1474 whites and 355 blacks aged 12-94 y. TBW was measured by dilution, and FFM was estimated with a multicomponent model based on densitometry, isotope dilution, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results The final race-combined TBW prediction equations included stature(2)/resistance and body weight (R(2) = 0.84 and 0.79 and root mean square errors of 3.8 and 2.6 L for males and females, respectively; CV: 8%) and tended to underpredict TBW in black males (2.0 L) and females (1.4 L) and to overpredict TBW in white males (0.5 L) and females (0.3 L). The race-combined FFM prediction equations contained the same independent variables (R(2) = 0.90 and 0.83 and root mean square errors of 3.9 and 2.9 kg for males and females, respectively; CV: approximately 6%) and tended to underpredict FFM in black males (2.1 kg) and females (1.6 kg) and to overpredict FFM in white males (0.4 kg) and females (0.3 kg). Conclusion These equations have excellent precision and are recommended for use in epidemiologic studies to describe normal levels of body composition.
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In the citing paper
“Although DXA cannot be considered the gold standard for the determination of FFM at the molecular level, and the four-compartment model (4C) is the most suitable reference method to assess FM and FFM at the molecular level (12), due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“When comparing the predicted mean FFM values with those obtained by the reference technique, only two equations showed no significant difference (15, 42).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“However, all equations, including these two (15, 42), showed high limits of agreement, limiting their use at the individual level, for the subjects of this study.”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The same was verified in the other studies that proposed predictive equations of FFM by BIA in adolescents, which we tested for validity in the sample of this study (15, 23, 24, 40–44).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“and all parameters used for the proposition and cross-validation of the model confirmed their validity for the studied population (15, 37–39, 57)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Although the use of predictive equations in subjects with different characteristics from those presented by the group of origin of the equations is questionable (15)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“However, due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the Sun (7), Ainsworth (8), and Wang (9) equations included individuals from all weight ranges, whereas Jakicic's (4) sample was exclusively obese, and Hortobagyi (10) included college athletes.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Sun (7) noted that their generalized equation (developed on a sample across a wide range of body weights) better estimated body composition in the white sample and that the equation would likely underestimate percentage BF (%BF) in African Americans.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Sun (7) developed one equation that could be used across ethnic groups, whereas the other equations are separate based on ethnicity.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Performance of developed equations for the prediction of FFM was also tested using all available data (n=362) against previously published equations derived using participant samples which were assumed by Dioum et al. to consist of at least some ethnically black participants (5, 24–32).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
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MethodVarady, K. A., Santosa, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2007) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20609 · Cited by 16
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BackgroundResultEstimation of body composition and water data depends on the bioelectrical impedance device
Bellafronte, N. T., Sawazaki, M. R. B., dos Santos, N. Z., Holland, H., Romão, E. A., & Chiarello, P. G. (2018) · Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance · doi:10.2478/joeb-2018-0014 · Cited by 16
“The appropriate predictive equations were used for SFBIA data to calculate ECW [20], FFM [21] and TBW [21] for non-CKD group, FFM for PD [22] and for HD [23] groups and TBW [23] for CKD groups.”
MethodGrigoletto, A., Mauro, M., Oppio, A., Greco, G., Fischetti, F., Cataldi, S., & Toselli, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127433 · Cited by 16
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“To ensure accurate conversion of electrical impedance to TBW, a population-specific calibration equation is constructed using a reference method of BC assessment (20).”
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Self-citationChanges of 25-OH-Vitamin D during Overwintering at the German Antarctic Stations Neumayer II and III
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“Baseline fat mass was determined using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA 101, AKERN, Italy) according to Sun et al. 2003 [52] for campaigns 2007–2011 and the Whole Body Plethysmography (BODPOD, COSMED, USA) for campaign 2012.”
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“These methods include under-water weighing, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (Sun et al. 2003; Kontogianni et al. 2005; Sala et al. 2007; Wells 2010).”
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“Despite the use of regression equations to calculate the body composition, it should be noted that they showed high R2 and low standard error of the estimate values in previous studies [18,19].”
BackgroundResultApplications of Bioimpedance to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
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“113 Weight(kg) For Healthy subjects,12-94 years (Sun et al. 2003)”
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Fuzzy linguistic model for bioelectrical impedance vector analysis
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“Previous studies have shown body composition differs between African American and white women (Sun et al., 2003), but none have determined whether existing BMI and BIA equations provide valid estimates of body fat percentage among African American women.”
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“Alternative measures, including the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and BIA-derived body fat indices [50], like the body adiposity index [51] and relative fat mass (RFM) [52], have been proposed.”
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“Excess of fat and depletion of lean body mass have been associated with a higher risk of chronic diseases and its assessment is a predictor of survival in critical diseases (2).”
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“[6] These validated equations were derived from previous research.[7]”
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“…determined using the identity below: Total body fat = weight – fat-free mass and: Percent body fat = (Total body fat / weight) * 100 We cannot calculate FFM or TBF in NHANES III for Mexican Americans because the sample used to generate the equations provided in Sun et al. (2003) excluded Hispanics.”
InfluentialHughes, J. T., Maple-Brown, L. J., Piers, L. S., Meerkin, J., O'Dea, K., & Ward, L. C. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.54 · Cited by 12
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“Bioimpedances have been used for body composition evaluation, such as fat-free mass and fat mass prediction, along with total body water at 5 kHz [31], 50 kHz [30], [32], and multiple frequencies up to 100 kHz [33].”
MethodAnthropometrics, Body Composition, And Aerobic Fitness in Norwegian Home Guard Personnel
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“(32) to estimate FFM and BF, and the equation by Janssen et al.”
BackgroundCross-validation of prediction equations for estimating body composition in ballet dancers
Leal, L. L. A., Barbosa, G. S. L., Ferreira, R. L. U., Avelino, E. B., Bezerra, A. N., Vale, S. H. D. L., & Maciel, B. L. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219045 · Cited by 16
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“…height, weight (Shaikh et al., 2002; Gibson, 1990), BIA (Shaikh et al., 2002; Kabir et al., 1994; Khaled et al., 1988; Kushner, 1992; NIH, 1994; Sun et al., 2003), and also recorded the skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) and midarm circumference (MAC) on these…”
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Joaquín, C., Lesmes, I. B., Bretón, M. J. O., Burgos, R., Bellido, D., Matía‐Martín, P., Olmos, M. Á. M., Zugasti, A., Fernández, M. R., Romero, F. B., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16060886 · Cited by 11
Gericke, C., Pienaar, A. E., Gerber, B., & Monyeki, M. A. (2024) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v16i1.4258 · Cited by 11
“The BIA procedures that were used were published previously 19,38 and are also described in the BC–”
BackgroundMethodLooijmans, A., Jörg, F., Schoevers, R. A., Bruggeman, R., Stolk, R. P., & Corpeleijn, E. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0293-9 · Cited by 11
“Body fat percentage is measured in standing position [23] by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in triplicate using a single-frequency bioimpedance analyzer (Model BIA 101, AKERN Srl, Italy) [24,25].”
MethodBell, K. E., Schmidt, S., Pfeiffer, A., Bos, L., Earthman, C. P., Russell, C., & Mourtzakis, M. (2019) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10438 · Cited by 11
Coëffier, M., Gâté, M., Rimbert, A., Petit, A., Folope, V., Grigioni, S., Déchelotte, P., & Achamrah, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113664 · Cited by 11
Osco, K. M., Campa, F., Coratella, G., Correa, B. D., Silva, B. S. D. A., dos Santos, V. R., Milanez, V. F., & Gobbo, L. A. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111526 · Cited by 12
The Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Measure Body Composition in Phenylketonuria
Evans, M., Nguo, K., Boneh, A., & Truby, H. (2017) · JIMD Reports · doi:10.1007/8904_2017_75 · Cited by 11
“Population-specific BIA equations have also been developed when required, such as race-combined equations for large epidemiological studies (Sun et al. 2003).”
BackgroundLanger, R. D., Matias, C. N., Borges, J. H., Cirolini, V. X., Páscoa, M. A., Guerra‐Júnior, G., & Gonçalves, E. M. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx223 · Cited by 12
Dry Electrode-Based Body Fat Estimation System with Anthropometric Data for Use in a Wearable Device
Shin, S.-C., Lee, J., Choe, S., Yang, H. I., Min, J., Ahn, K.-Y., Jeon, J. Y., & Kang, H.-G. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19092177 · Cited by 11
Ma, Y., de Groot, S., Weijs, P. J. M., Achterberg, W. P., Adriaansen, J. J. E., & Janssen, T. W. J. (2021) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-021-00682-w · Cited by 11
Hannon, J. C., Ratliffe, T., & Williams, D. P. (2006) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.10599387 · Cited by 11
“…analyzer may be used to obtain raw electrical resistance values to use in published, sex-specific and cross-validated BIA equations foro estimating body composition from a four-component criterion in Caucasian and African American adolescents and adults ages 12–94 years (Sun et al., 2003).”
MethodCappello, G., Franceschelli, A., Cappello, A., & Luca, P. D. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-96 · Cited by 11
“The body composition was calculated by a computerized program which was provided by the manufacturer, according to the threecompartment model [28].”
MethodRace, Obesity, and the Puzzle of Gender SpecificityPreprint
Burke, M. A., & Heiland, F. W. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1324342 · Cited by 11
Powell, R., Rolfe, E. D. L., Day, F. R., Perry, J. R. B., Griffin, S. J., Forouhi, N. G., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., Langenberg, C., & Ong, K. K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.20248330 · Cited by 11
Campa, F., Matias, C. N., Teixeira, F. J., Reis, J. F., Valamatos, M. J., Coratella, G., & Monteiro, C. P. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111694 · Cited by 9
Shaikh, S., Schulze, K. J., Kurpad, A., Ali, H., Shamim, A. A., Mehra, S., Wu, L. S.-F., Rashid, M., Labrique, A. B., Christian, P., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512001687 · Cited by 10
“The prediction residuals were obtained by fitting the regression equations with actual TBW as the dependent variable and height(2)/Z50 (or R50) and weight as independent variables for all but one observation sequentially, obtaining the predicted value of the excluded observation, and calculating the prediction residua…”
InfluentialValero-Pérez, M., Bermejo, L. M., López-Plaza, B., García, M. A., Palma-Milla, S., & Gómez-Candela, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071960 · Cited by 10
da Silva, G. D., Batista, A. V. D. A., Costa, M. C., & dos Santos, A. C. O. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1456091 · Cited by 11
Rosa, C. S. D. C., Messias, K. P., Fernandes, R. A., Buonani, C., Monteiro, H. L., & Júnior, I. F. F. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n1p22 · Cited by 10
Zacarías-Flores, M., Sánchez-Rodrı́guez, M. A., García-Anaya, O. D., Correa‐Muñoz, E., & Mendoza-Núñez, V. M. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2018.01.009 · Cited by 11
Total and regional bone mineral density are associated with cellular health in older men and women
Antunes, M., Cyrino, E. S., da Silva, D. R. P., et al. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104156 · Cited by 10
Lira, F. S., Pereira, T. S., Minuzzi, L. G., Figueiredo, C., Olean‐Oliveira, T., Freire, A. P. C. F., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Caseiro, A., dos Santos, R. V. T., dos Santos, V. R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413249 · Cited by 12
Stahn, A. C., Terblanche, E., & Gunga, H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_23 · Cited by 11
Predicting cardiovascular risk using measures of regional and total body fat.
Ricciardi, R., Metter, E. J., Cavanaugh, E., Ghambaryan, A., & Talbot, L. (2009) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2007.01.011 · Cited by 14
“Waist circumference has previously been cited as a better indicator of abdominal fat than the WHR and was recommended as the favored screening tool for CHD risk (Lemieux et al., 2000; NHLBI, 2000; Sharma, 2002 ).”
MethodNunes, R. R., Clemente, E. L. S., Pandini, J. A., Cobas, R. A., Dias, V. M., Sperandei, S., & Gomes, M. B. (2009) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302009000300011 · Cited by 11
Ram, N., Akhter, O., Fiazuddin, F., et al. (2014) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.131767 · Cited by 10
Trippo, U., Koebnick, C., Zunft, H.-J. F., & Greil, H. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.335 · Cited by 10
“In a recent issue of the Journal, Sun et al (1) emphasized the importance of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for large-”
BackgroundCappello, G., Franceschelli, A., Cappello, A., & Luca, P. D. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10
Comparison of two field methods for estimating body fat in different spanish dance disciplines.
Alvero‐Cruz, J. R., Marfell‐Jones, M., Alacid, F., Orta, P. A., Correas-Gómez, L., Medina, F. S., & Carnero, E. Á. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2014.30.3.7240 · Cited by 9
Wickramasinghe, P., Laabadusuriya, S. P., Cleghorn, G. J., & Davies, P. S. W. (2010) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-009-0333-5 · Cited by 10
Diouf, A., Gartner, A., Dossou, N. I., Sanon, D., Bluck, L. J. C., Wright, A., & Wade, S. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508067640 · Cited by 10
Jayewardene, A. F., Mavros, Y., Gwinn, T., Hancock, D., & Rooney, K. B. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0430 · Cited by 10
“133 134 Body fat percentage (%BF) was determined using bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA) (RJL 135 Systems Inc., Clinton, MI, USA) using sex-dependent equations (Sun et al. 2003).”
MethodSchalt, A., Johannsen, M., Kim, J., Chen, R., Murphy, C. J., Coker, M. S., Gunga, H., Coker, R. H., & Steinach, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 · Cited by 10
This Whole Thing Smacks of Gender
Albert, K., & Delano, M. K. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445898 · Cited by 14
“[78].”
Maximal Oxygen Consumption Is Negatively Associated with Fat Mass in Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy
Crisafulli, O., Grattarola, L., Bottoni, G., Lacetera, J., Lavaselli, E., Beretta-Piccoli, M., Tupler, R. G., Soldini, E., & D’Antona, G. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21080979 · Cited by 10
“In adults and geriatric populations, the equation for estimating FFM is from Sun et al., 2003 [36].”
BackgroundCrisafulli, O., Bottoni, G., Lacetera, J., Fassio, F., Grattarola, L., Lavaselli, E., Giovanetti, G., Tupler, R. G., Negro, M., & D’Antona, G. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05581-5 · Cited by 10
Díaz, A. J., Rosety, M. Á., ARMARIO, J., Bández, M. J., Garcia-Gomez, N., Sánchez-Sánchez, E., Diaz, J., Castejón‐Riber, C., Bernardi, M., Manuel Rosety-Rodriguez, M., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214563 · Cited by 9
“Fat mass was determined using the equation devised by Sun et al. [31], which was designed for a large population and a broad range of BMI values.”
MethodGonzález-Arellanes, R., Urquídez-Romero, R., Rodríguez‐Tadeo, A., Esparza‐Romero, J., Estrada, R. O. M., Ramírez‐López, E., Robles-Sardín, A. E., Pacheco, B. I., & Alemán-Mateo, H. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01171-w · Cited by 10
“The Ht2/R index describes an empirical relation between impedance (Length2/R) and the volume of water [47], while R is the pure opposition of the conductor to alternating current.”
BackgroundInfluentialField methods in the evaluation of obesity in children and adolescents
Sampei, M. A., & Sigulem, D. M. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/s1519-38292009000100003 · Cited by 9
Body Composition Assessment of Obesity
Chumlea, W. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32164-6_2 · Cited by 9
“Recent BIA prediction equations have been published [48] along with body”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrunani, A., Cancello, R., Gobbi, M., Lucchetti, E., Di Guglielmo, G., Maestrini, S., Cattaldo, S., Piterà, P., Ruocco, C., Milesi, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134257 · Cited by 8
“The FFM (kg) was calculated using the population-based prediction model [32,33].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, S. S., Chumlea, W. C., Heymsfield, S. B., Lukaski, H. C., Schoeller, D., Friedl, K., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Johnson, C. L., & Hubbard, V. S.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Shumei S
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 331-340
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127226434
- Cited by
- 692
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD012252, HD-27063, HD 13404)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, prediction equations, multicomponent model, total body water, fat-free mass, racial differences, children and adults, reference values, epidemiological survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Body Water, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Characteristics, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Epidemiologic Studies, Electric Impedance, Black People, White People
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