The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors influencing variation in basal metabolic rate include fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and circulating thyroxine but not sex, circulating leptin, or triiodothyronine
Open accessAbstract
Background Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the largest component of daily energy demand in Western societies. Previous studies indicated that BMR is highly variable, but the cause of this variation is disputed. All studies agree that variation in fat-free mass (FFM) plays a major role, but effects of fat mass (FM), age, sex, and the hormones leptin, triiodothyrionine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) remain uncertain.Objective We partitioned the variance in BMR into within- and between-subject effects and explored the roles of FFM, FM, bone mineral content, sex, age, and circulating concentrations of plasma leptin, T3, and T4.Design This was a cross-sectional study of 150 white adults from northeast Scotland, United Kingdom.Results Only 2% of the observed variability in BMR was attributable to within-subject effects, of which 0.5% was analytic error. Of the remaining variance, which reflected between-subject effects, 63% was explained by FFM, 6% by FM, and 2% by age. The effects of sex and bone mineral content were not significant (P > 0.05). Twenty-six percent of the variance remained unexplained. This variation was not associated with concentrations of circulating leptin or T3. T4 was not significant in women but explained 25% of the residual variance in men.Conclusions Our data confirm that both FFM and FM are significant contributors to BMR. When the effect of FM on BMR is removed, any association with leptin concentrations disappears, which suggests that previous links between circulating leptin concentrations and BMR occurred only because of inadequate control for the effects of FM.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In population studies on subjects differing in body weight, normal or elevated plasma leptin levels did not correlate with energy expenditure [71, 72].”
From Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent study demonstrated that elevated plasma concentrations of T4 were associated with increased BMR.”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Additional factors that have emerged in the literature as influential in modulating BMR include exercise, height, general weight, age, and circulating thyroid hormones (23).”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419
Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Marco, C. C., McKee, L. J., Bauer, T. L., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602013340503 · Cited by 6,326
Maffei, M., Halaas, J., Ravussin, E., Pratley, R. E., Lee, G. H., Zhang, Y., Fei, H., Kim, S., Lallone, R., Ranganathan, S., et al. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1195-1155 · Cited by 3,725
Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Wn, S. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2,955
Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
Montague, C. T., Farooqi, I. S., Whitehead, J. P., Soos, M. A., Rau, H., Wareham, N. J., Sewter, C. P., Digby, J. E., Mohammed, S. N., Hurst, J. A., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43185 · Cited by 2,936
Energy and protein requirements*
Pacey, A., & Payne, P. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429036279-4 · Cited by 2,545
Reduced Rate of Energy Expenditure as a Risk Factor for Body-Weight Gain
Ravussin, E., Lillioja, S., Knowler, W. C., Christin, L., Freymond, D., Abbott, W. G. H., Boyce, V., Howard, B. V., & Bogardus, C. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198802253180802 · Cited by 1,215
Body size and tissue respiration
Krebs, H. A. (1950) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(50)90032-1 · Cited by 810
On body size and tissue respiration
Davies, M. (1961) · Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1030570302 · Cited by 764
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 705
Cunningham, J. (1991) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.6.963 · Cited by 607
Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries
Kinney, J. M. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 592
What's in a Name? In Search of Leptin's Physiologic Role
Flier, J. S. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.5.4779 · Cited by 576
Kennedy, A., Gettys, T. W., Watson, P. M., Wallace, P., Ganaway, E., Qin, P., & Garvey, W. T. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.4.3859 · Cited by 508
Organ-tissue mass measurement allows modeling of REE and metabolically active tissue mass
Gallagher, D., Belmonte, D., Deurenberg, P., Wang, Z., Krasnow, N., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.2.e249 · Cited by 470
Familial Dependence of the Resting Metabolic Rate
Bogardus, C., Lillioja, S., Ravussin, E., Abbott, W., Zawadzki, J. K., Young, A., Knowler, W. C., Jacobowitz, R., & Moll, P. P. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198607103150205 · Cited by 398
Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure
Scarpace, P. J., Matheny, M. E., Pollock, B. H., & Tümer, N. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e226 · Cited by 390
Energy Expenditure and Intake in Infants Born to Lean and Overweight Mothers
Roberts, S. B., Savage, J., Coward, W. A., Chew, B., & Lucas, A. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198802253180801 · Cited by 379
Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass
Nelson, K., Weinsier, R., Long, C., & Schutz, Y. (1992) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.5.848 · Cited by 371 · cited 2×
“The additional role played by FM as an independent factor influencing BMR has been a matter of previous debate, with some studies finding a significant independent effect (4, 5, 43) and others failing to replicate this result (6, 7).”
BackgroundResultElia, M., & Livesey, G. (2015) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/000421672 · Cited by 338
Seidell, J. C., Muller, D. C., Sorkin, J. D., & Andres, R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 321
Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects
Astrup, A., Gøtzsche, P. C., van de Werken, K., Ranneries, C., Toubro, S., Raben, A., & Buemann, B. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1117 · Cited by 296
Heymsfield, S. B., Gallagher, D., Kotler, D. P., Wang, Z., Allison, D. B., & Heshka, S. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2002.282.1.e132 · Cited by 262
Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate
Fukagawa, N. K., Bandini, L. G., & Young, J. B. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.259.2.e233 · Cited by 262
Weinsier, R., Schutz, Y., & Bracco, D. (1992) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.4.790 · Cited by 262
Weinsier, R. L., Nagy, T. R., Hunter, G. R., Darnell, B. E., Hensrud, D. D., & Weiss, H. L. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1088 · Cited by 208
Is there evidence for an age-related reduction in metabolic rate?
Piers, L. S., Soares, M. J., McCormack, L. M., & O’Dea, K. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2196 · Cited by 189
Relationship of resting metabolic rate to body composition and protein turnover
Welle, S. L., & Nair, K. S. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.6.e990 · Cited by 185
Prediction of the resting metabolic rate in obese patients
Rs, B., Thornton, J., Yang, M., Wang, J., Redmond, A., Pierson, R., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Itallie, T. V. (1983) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/37.4.595 · Cited by 184
Energy metabolism after 2 y of energy restriction: the Biosphere 2 experiment
Weyer, C., Walford, R. L., Harper, I., Milner, M., MacCallum, T., Tataranni, P. A., & Ravussin, É. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.4.946 · Cited by 181
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 165
Energy metabolism in African Americans: potential risk factors for obesity
Weyer, C., Snitker, S., Bogardus, C., & Ravussin, É. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.1.13 · Cited by 150
Resting Metabolic Rate and Morphology in Mice (Mus Musculus) Selected for High and Low Food Intake
Selman, C., Lumsden, S., Bünger, L., Hill, W. G., & Speakman, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.4.777 · Cited by 136
Longitudinal changes in fatness in white children: no effect of childhood energy expenditure
Goran, M., Shewchuk, R. M., Gower, B., Nagy, T. R., Carpenter, W. H., & Johnson, R. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.2.309 · Cited by 134
Tothill, P., Avenell, A., & Reid, D. M. (1994) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/0007-1285-67-804-1210 · Cited by 133
Leptin: The Voice of the Adipose Tissue
Blum, W. F. P. (2009) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000191303 · Cited by 130
Failure of dehydroepiandrosterone to influence energy and protein metabolism in humans.
WELLE, S., JOZEFOWICZ, R., & STATT, M. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-71-5-1259 · Cited by 126
Astrup, A. V., Buemann, B., Christensen, N. J., Madsen, J., Gluud, C. N., Bennett, P. H., & Svenstrup, B. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.74.2.1530952 · Cited by 115
Racial Differences in Plasma Leptin Concentrations in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Nicklas, B. J., Toth, M. J., Goldberg, A. P., & Poehlman, É. T. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.1.3659 · Cited by 90
Thermic effects of food and exercise in lean and obese men of similar lean body mass
Segal, K. R., Gutin, B., Albu, J., & Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.1.e110 · Cited by 87
Energy Expenditure and Requirements in Aging Humans ,
Poehlman, É. T. (1992) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/122.11.2057 · Cited by 77
Basal metabolic rates and metabolic economy in chronic undernutrition.
Soares, M. J., & Ps, S. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 73
Plasma leptin concentrations and energy expenditure in heart failure patients
Toth, M. J., Gottlieb, S. S., Fisher, M. L., Ryan, A. S., Nicklas, B. J., & Poehlman, É. T. (1997) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90065-2 · Cited by 69
Basal metabolic rate of Indian men: no evidence of metabolic adaptation to a low plane of nutrition.
McNeill, G., Jp, R., Payne, P., de Britto, J. J., & Abel, R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 68
Predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in Malaysia adolescents.
Ismail, M., Chee, S., Roslee, R., & Zawiah, H. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 65
Svendsen, O. L., Hassager, C., & Christiansen, C. (1993) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(93)90155-h · Cited by 62
Resting metabolic rate in healthy adults: Relation to growth hormone status and leptin levels
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Vahl, N., Dall, R., & Christiansen, J. S. (1998) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90289-x · Cited by 57
Racial Differences in Plasma Leptin Concentrations in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Nicklas, B. J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.1.315 · Cited by 57
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Përusse, L., Tremblay, A., & Bouchard, C. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601053 · Cited by 56
Effects of Aging on Energy Requirements and the Control of Food Intake in Men
Holloszy, J. O., & Roberts, S. B. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.special_issue.101 · Cited by 56
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY
Booyens, J., & McCance, R. A. (1957) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(57)90297-0 · Cited by 52
Serum leptin in relation to resting energy expenditure and fuel metabolism in obese subjects
NISKANEN, L. K., Haffner, S. M., Karhunen, L., Turpeinen, A., Miettinen, H., & Uusitupa, M. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800406 · Cited by 50
Roberts, S. B., Nicholson, M., Staten, M. A., Dallal, G. E., Sawaya, A. L., Heyman, M. B., Fuss, P., & Greenberg, A. S. (1997) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00671.x · Cited by 40
Determinants of resting energy expenditure in obese non-diabetic caucasian women
Karhunen, L. J., Franssila-Kallunki, A., Rissanen, A., Kervinen, K., Kesäniemi, Y. A., & Uusitupa, M. I. J. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800387 · Cited by 39
No support for socio‐physiological suppression effect on metabolism of paired white mice (Mus sp.)
Speakman, J. R., & Rossi, F. P. (1999) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00322.x · Cited by 38
Chronic undernutrition and metabolic adaptation
Shetty, P. S. (1993) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19930063 · Cited by 36
Serum Leptin and Energy Expenditure in Children1
Nagy, T. R., Gower, B. A., Shewchuk, R. M., & Goran, M. I. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.12.4435 · Cited by 35
Fat mass in predicting resting metabolic rate
Ferraro, R. T., & Ravussin, É. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.2.460b · Cited by 31
Neuhäuser‐Berthold, M., Herbert, B., Lührmann, P. M., Sultemeier, A., Blum, W., Frey, J., & Hebebrand, J. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1420486 · Cited by 30
Relationships of Serum Leptin to Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure
Campostano, A., Grillo, G., Bessarione, D., Grandi, R. D., & Adami, G. (1998) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-978951 · Cited by 28
Serum Leptin and Energy Expenditure in Children
Nagy, T. R. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.12.4149 · Cited by 27
Leptin plasma levels as a marker of sparing-energy mechanisms in obese women
Bobbioni-Harsch, E., Assimacopoulos‐Jeannet, F., Lehmann, T. N., Munger, R., Allaz, A.-F., & Golay, A. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800843 · Cited by 20
Stenlöf, K., Sjöstrom, L., Fagerberg, B., Nyström, E., & Lindstedt, G. (1993) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365519309086491 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Scrimshaw, 1996, Proceedings of an IDECG Workshop 31 October to 4 November 1994, Eur J Clin Nutr, 50, S1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism
Mullur, R., Liu, Y.-Y., & Brent, G. A. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013 · Cited by 2,421
Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance
Geer, E. B., & Shen, W. (2009) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.genm.2009.02.002 · Cited by 913
Energy metabolism and animal personality
Careau, V., Thomas, D. W., Humphries, M. M., & Réale, D. J. F. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16513.x · Cited by 916
A guide to analysis of mouse energy metabolism
Tschöp, M. H., Speakman, J. R., Arch, J. R. S., Auwerx, J., Brüning, J. C., Chan, L., Eckel, R. H., Farese, R. V., Galgani, J. E., Hambly, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1806 · Cited by 813
Speakman, J. R., & Mitchell, S. E. (2011) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.07.001 · Cited by 797
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnstone, A. M., Murison, S. D., Duncan, J. S., Rance, K. A., & Speakman, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Johnstone, Alexandra M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 941-948
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2132499198
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, fat mass, age, sex differences, bone mineral content, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, leptin, daily energy expenditure
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Age Factors, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Body Constitution, Calorimetry, Indirect, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Scotland, Sex Factors, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Absorptiometry, Photon, Muscle, Skeletal, Leptin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
