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n-3 Fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits.

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Gebauer, Sarah K, Psota, Tricia L, Harris, William S, Kris-Etherton, Penny M·2006·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1526s

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Abstract

Dietary recommendations have been made for n-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to achieve nutrient adequacy and to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. These recommendations are based on a large body of evidence from epidemiologic and controlled clinical studies. The n-3 fatty acid recommendation to achieve nutritional adequacy, defined as the amount necessary to prevent deficiency symptoms, is 0.6-1.2% of energy for ALA; up to 10% of this can be provided by EPA or DHA. To achieve recommended ALA intakes, food sources including flaxseed and flaxseed oil, walnuts and walnut oil, and canola oil are recommended. The evidence base supports a dietary recommendation of approximately 500 mg/d of EPA and DHA for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. For treatment of existing cardiovascular disease, 1 g/d is recommended. These recommendations have been embraced by many health agencies worldwide. A dietary strategy for achieving the 500-mg/d recommendation is to consume 2 fish meals per week (preferably fatty fish). Foods enriched with EPA and DHA or fish oil supplements are a suitable alternate to achieve recommended intakes and may be necessary to achieve intakes of 1 g/d.

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Authors: Gebauer, S. K., Psota, T. L., Harris, W. S., & Kris-Etherton, P. M.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Psota, Tricia L
Harris, William S
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-06
Volume: 83
Issue: 6
Pages: 1526S-1535S
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1526s
OpenAlex: W1858298699
Cited by: 642
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 4.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 6121 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, dietary recommendations, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiovascular disease treatment, fish oil supplements, fatty fish consumption, flaxseed, Juglans regia, canola oil, omega-3 deficiency, nutritional adequacy
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Fish Oils, Food Analysis, Food, Fortified, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Epidemiologic Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Seafood, Nutrition Policy, Evidence-Based Medicine, Dietary Supplements

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n-3 Fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits.

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