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The effects of a whole grain–enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Background Whole-grain foods are associated in observational studies with a lower body mass index and lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, few clinical trials have tested whether incorporating whole grains into a hypocaloric diet increases weight loss and improves CVD risk factors.Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether including whole-grain foods in a hypocaloric (reduced by 500 kcal/d) diet enhances weight loss and improves CVD risk factors.Design Obese adults (25 M, 25 F) with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to receive dietary advice either to avoid whole-grain foods or to obtain all of their grain servings from whole grains for 12 wk. All participants were given the same dietary advice in other respects for weight loss.Results Body weight, waist circumference, and percentage body fat decreased significantly (P<0.001) in both groups over the study period, but there was a significantly (P=0.03) greater decrease in percentage body fat in the abdominal region in the whole-grain group than in the refined-grain group. C-reactive protein (CRP) decreased 38% in the whole-grain group independent of weight loss but was unchanged in the refined-grain group (P=0.01 for group x time interaction). Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol decreased in both diet groups (P<0.05). Dietary fiber and magnesium intakes increased in the whole-grain but not the refined-grain group (P=0.007 and P<0.001, respectively, for group x time interaction).Conclusions Both hypocaloric diets were effective means of improving CVD risk factors with moderate weight loss. There were significantly (P<0.05) greater decreases in CRP and percentage body fat in the abdominal region in participants consuming whole grains than in those consuming refined grains.
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“accumulation of adipose tissue in the thorax and abdomen (variously termed abdominal, central, visceral, splanchnic or android obesity) results in an increased risk for diabetes and atherosclerosis, while excess adipose tissue in the lower part of the body (termed gynoid obesity) does not appear to be associated with major metabolic consequences (44,45) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
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“In RCTs, consumption of whole grains improves glucose-insulin homeostasis and endothelial function and possibly reduces inflammation and improves weight loss.34–36”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
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“A smaller RCT showed beneficial effects on BMI and waist circumference in the group randomized to hypocaloric whole grains as opposed to hypocaloric refined grains.(80) Moreover, the group obtaining all carbohydrates from whole grains for 12 weeks had significant improvements in C-reactive protein levels and cholester…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Katcher, H. I., Legro, R. S., Kunselman, A. R., Gillies, P. J., Demers, L. M., Bagshaw, D. M., & Kris-Etherton, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- DuPont (United States) (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-90
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2153232403
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 20.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR10732, C06RR016499, M01RR010732)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K24 HD01476, K24HD001476)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- whole grains, hypocaloric diet, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, weight loss, abdominal fat, C-reactive protein, cholesterol, dietary fiber, dietary magnesium, refined grains, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Composition, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Edible Grain, Cholesterol, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Fiber, Female, Humans, Magnesium, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Treatment Outcome, Metabolic Syndrome, Abdominal Fat
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