The Mediterranean Diet, its Components, and Cardiovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
One of the best-studied diets for cardiovascular health is the Mediterranean diet. This consists of fish, monounsaturated fats from olive oil, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes/nuts, and moderate alcohol consumption. The Mediterranean diet has been shown to reduce the burden, or even prevent the development, of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, depression, colorectal cancer, diabetes, obesity, asthma, erectile dysfunction, and cognitive decline. This diet is also known to improve surrogates of cardiovascular disease, such as waist-to-hip ratio, lipids, and markers of inflammation, as well as primary cardiovascular disease outcomes such as death and events in both observational and randomized controlled trial data. These enhancements easily rival those seen with more established tools used to fight cardiovascular disease such as aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and exercise. However, it is unclear if the Mediterranean diet offers cardiovascular disease benefit from its individual constituents or in aggregate. Furthermore, the potential benefit of the Mediterranean diet or its components is not yet validated by concrete cardiovascular disease endpoints in randomized trials or observational studies. This review will focus on the effects of the whole and parts of the Mediterranean diet with regard to both population-based and experimental data highlighting cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality and cardiovascular disease surrogates when hard outcomes are not available. Our synthesis will highlight the potential for the Mediterranean diet to act as a key player in cardiovascular disease prevention, and attempt to identify certain aspects of the diet that are particularly beneficial for cardioprotection.
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Low-glycemic index, Mediterranean, and ketogenic diets have shown promise in improving insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance in PCOS.
“Specific dietary patterns, such as low-glycemic index (GI), Mediterranean, and ketogenic diets, have shown promise in improving insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance in PCOS [10–12].”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
The ‘Mediterranean Diet, in toto’ section reports benefits for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and glucose-related risk factors, offering limited support for the Mediterranean-diet portion of the claim. It does not establish improved insulin sensitivity or hormonal balance in people with PCOS, and it does not evaluate low-GI or ketogenic diets. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mediterranean diet is associated with a 25% reduction in overall mortality and significantly lower rates of cardiovascular diseases.
“This diet, characterized by olive oil [63], abundant fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, and moderate wine consumption, is associated with a 25% reduction in overall mortality and significantly lower rates of cardiovascular diseases [64].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [64]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the Mediterranean diet has consistently been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and “The Mediterranean Diet, in toto” reports significantly fewer cardiovascular events in a trial. Our copy does not give a 25% reduction in overall mortality, so the specific magnitude is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mediterranean diet is characterized by high intake of polyphenols and unsaturated fats, with most of the beneficial effects from this diet being attributed to the high polyphenol intake.
“The Mediterranean diet is characterized by high intake of polyphenols and unsaturated fats, with most of the beneficial effects from this diet being attributed to the high polyphenol intake [6,7].”
From Polyphenol Microbial Metabolites Exhibit Gut and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Protect Murine Microglia against LPS-Induced Inflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
The “Unsaturated Fats, Such as Olive Oil” section describes unsaturated fats as a prominent feature of the diet and discusses beneficial effects of olive-oil phenols. It does not attribute most benefits of the Mediterranean diet to polyphenols: the Conclusions instead say its primary advantage appears to lie in synergy among various nutrients and foods. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDiets such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet may further enhance these effects.
“Diets such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet may further enhance these effects [257].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [257]
The Conclusions (page not provided) report that the Mediterranean diet reduces cardiovascular risk and improves risk markers. The passages found do not address the DASH diet or whether either diet further enhances the unspecified effects in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mediterranean diet consists of many components rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid, omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid such as alpha-linolenic acid, flavonoids and antioxidants, and dietary fibers that impact gut microbiota, all considered health-promoting and to enhance longevity.
“Moreover, the MD consists of many components rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid, in olive oil, omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as alpha- linolenic acid in tree nuts, like walnuts, high amounts of flavonoids and antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables and high amounts of dietary fibers that have a great impact on the composition of gut microbiota—all considered to”
From Mediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
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“The primary advantage of the Mediterranean diet appears to lie in its synergy among various cardioprotective nutrients and foods.(110) Indeed, the diet and, to a lesser degree, its components, have been found to reduce cardiovascular disease risk by mechanisms including reduction of surrogates of cardiovascular diseas…”
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“Estimates of lifestyle modifications such as the Mediterranean diet as a whole (106), fruits and vegetables (59, 61, 62), smoking cessation (103), moderate alcohol (105), omega-3 fatty acids (110), and improved physical activity (102) have substantial benefits for CVD prevention not seen with commonly used standard me…”
BackgroundKrauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.11.2751 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
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“A single meta-analysis evaluating the merit of whole grains showed a collective benefit in a series of prospective cohort studies, with a 21% reduction in cardiovascular disease events and mortality (72).”
BackgroundMeta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile
Zhan, S., & Ho, S. C. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.397 · Cited by 499 · cited 1× · see citing works
“postmenopausal women,(106) consistent with prior metaanalyses mentioned above.(104) However, subsequent meta-analyses have been less convincing about cardiovascular disease benefit, particularly with regard to surrogate endpoints.”
ResultSalas-Salvadó, J., Fernández-Ballart, J., Ros, E., Martínez-González, M.-A., Fitó, M., Estruch, R., Corella, D., Fiol, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., Arós, F., et al. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.22.2449 · Cited by 463 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The Mediterranean diet appears to show beneficial effects regarding the metabolic syndrome (12) and diabetes (11) compared to lowfat diets, especially when enriched with either nuts or olive oil (12).”
BackgroundLack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial
Burr, M. L., Ashfield-Watt, P. A. L., Dunstan, F. D. J., Fehily, A. M., Breay, P., Ashton, T., Zotos, P. C., Haboubi, N. A. A., & Elwood, P. C. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601539 · Cited by 409 · cited 1× · see citing works
“numerous RCTs with the principal sources for these data are the Diet and reinfarction trial (DART), Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevention, and Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study JELIS studies (30-33).”
BackgroundHollman, P. C. H., Cassidy, A., Comte, B., Heinonen, M., Richelle, M., Richling, E., Serafini, M., Scalbert, A., Sies, H., & Vidry, S. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.131490 · Cited by 406 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While solid evidence establishes the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables (65) and the health benefits of increased flavonol intake (66), alternative mechanisms have been proposed (67) and could include the effects of nitric oxide (NO) species or concomitant weight loss associated with diets high in fruits a…”
BackgroundBazzano, L., He, J., Ogden, L., Loria, C., Vupputuri, S., Myers, L., & Whelton, P. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.21.2573 · Cited by 396 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Initial observational studies showed legume and soy intake to be beneficial toward preventing cardiovascular disease (87) as NHANES data showed an 11% reduction in cardiovascular disease in women who consumed legumes four or more times weekly over those who consumed legumes one, or fewer, times weekly.”
BackgroundHuxley, R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601624 · Cited by 386 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While solid evidence establishes the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables (65) and the health benefits of increased flavonol intake (66), alternative mechanisms have been proposed (67) and could include the effects of nitric oxide (NO) species or concomitant weight loss associated with diets high in fruits a…”
BackgroundAppel, L. J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.153.12.1429 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary Fatty Acids
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Innis, S. M., Assocition, A. D., & Canada, D. O. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.024 · Cited by 373 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The diet does not single out specific food items or limit calories, but rather emphasizes an abundance of plant foods, olive oil as the principal source of fat, limited dairy products, consumption of moderate amounts of fish, poultry, and wine, low amounts of red meat, and fresh fruit dailye consistent with current Am…”
BackgroundCardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids
Vonschacky, C., & Harris, W. S. (2006) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.08.019 · Cited by 335 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundAntidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
Gregorian, R. S., Golden, K. A., Bahce, A., Goodman, C., Kwong, W. J., & Khan, Z. M. (2002) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1a195 · Cited by 320 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundKatcher, H. I., Legro, R. S., Kunselman, A. R., Gillies, P. J., Demers, L. M., Bagshaw, D. M., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.79 · Cited by 317 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A smaller RCT showed beneficial effects on BMI and waist circumference in the group randomized to hypocaloric whole grains as opposed to hypocaloric refined grains.(80) Moreover, the group obtaining all carbohydrates from whole grains for 12 weeks had significant improvements in C-reactive protein levels and cholester…”
BackgroundJenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jackson, C. C., Connelly, P. W., Parker, T. L., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Cunnane, S. C., Leiter, L. A., & Josse, R. G. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.365 · Cited by 310 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Small RCTs in low-moderate risk patients show little (90) to no change in lipid levels (91, 92).”
BackgroundBanel, D. K., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27457 · Cited by 310 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, a recent 2009 meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol, inflammatory and oxidants mediators with increased walnut consumption (84), but no evidence established meaningful reductions in other risk factors or cardiovascular disease mortality.”
BackgroundStatins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, F. C., Ward, K. J., Moore, T. H., Burke, M., Smith, G. D., Casas, J. P., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub4 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Nordmann, A. J., Suter, K., Bucher, H. C., Shai, I., Tuttle, K. R., Estruch, R., & Briel, M. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024 · Cited by 304 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another meta-analysis of 2650 patients showed that the Mediterranean diet provided a more robust reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors and inflammatory markers.(30) In fact, theMediterranean diet is comparable with other interventions such as aspirin, statins, physical activity, and even antihypertensives s…”
MethodTarini, J., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2010) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h09-119 · Cited by 304 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Observational studies show that benefits extend to improved glucose metabolism (78, 79), reduction in weight (80), and antioxidant capabilities (81).”
BackgroundTighe, P., Duthie, G. G., Vaughan, N. J., Brittenden, J., Simpson, W. G., Duthie, S. J., Mutch, W. J., Wahle, K. W. J., Horgan, G. W., & Thiès, F. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29417 · Cited by 304 · cited 1× · see citing works
“lipid profiles.(81) In a recent RCT, over 300 overweight individuals were randomized to control, intermediate whole grain, or high whole grain diets for 4 months in substitution for their normal carbohydrate intake.”
BackgroundFlavonoids protect LDL from oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis
Fuhrman, B., & Aviram, M. (2001) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200102000-00008 · Cited by 300 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Now, the cardioprotective effects of olive oil are thought to be attributed to the presence of its phenolic compounds obtained from the water-soluble fraction and include mostly the low-molecular-weight molecule hydroxytyrosol and also oleuropein, which are both potent antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and enzyme…”
BackgroundAntioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts
Knekt, P., Ritz, J., Pereira, M. A., O’Reilly, É. J., Bälter, K. A., Fraser, G. E., Goldbourt, U., Heitmann, B. L., Hallmans, G., Liu, S., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1508 · Cited by 299 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While solid evidence establishes the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables (65) and the health benefits of increased flavonol intake (66), alternative mechanisms have been proposed (67) and could include the effects of nitric oxide (NO) species or concomitant weight loss associated with diets high in fruits a…”
BackgroundDoes Supplementation of Diet With 'Fish Oil' Reduce Blood Pressure?
Appel, L. J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410120017003 · Cited by 297 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of fish on cardiovascular disease include improved lipid profiles (38) and reduced blood pressure (39, 40), presumably through reduced inflammation, oxidation, and coagulation (41, 42) (Figure 2).”
BackgroundSoy Food Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Women
Zhang, X., Shu, X. O., Yang, G., Zheng, W., Gao, Y.-T., Li, Q., Li, H., & Jin, F. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.9.2874 · Cited by 292 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Similar observational data have been reported out of Japan99 and China.100 RCT data rarely address hard cardiovascular disease endpoints, and the grouped data show only marginal benefits with regard to lipid levels, blood pressure, or endothelial function.”
ResultMarckmann, P., & Grønbæk, M. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600832 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands
Oomen, C. M., Feskens, E. J. M., ̈nen, L. R. ̈., Fidanza, F., Nissinen, A. M., Menotti, A., Kok, F. J., & Kromhout, D. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010144 · Cited by 269 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundFish consumption and cardiovascular disease in the physicians’ health study: A prospective study
Morris, M. C., Manson, J. E., Rosner, B., Buring, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hennekens, C. H. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117615 · Cited by 268 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One of the largest cohort trials examining fish intake and cardiovascular disease, the Physician’s Health Study published in 1995, utilized prospective cohort data to argue against an association between fish consumption and cardiovascular disease benefit.(50) These data were then confirmed that same year by a larger…”
BackgroundWhole Grain Foods and Heart Disease Risk
Anderson, J. W., Hanna, T. J., Peng, X., & Kryscio, R. J. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718963 · Cited by 266 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mechanisms for the benefit of whole grains on cardiovascular disease are numerous (76), but the whole-body benefits of increased fiber from whole grains appear to be related to reduced inflammation, reactive oxidation, lipid profiles, and blood pressure (77) (Figure 2).”
BackgroundOmega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Moore, H., Worthington, H. V., Ness, A., Capps, N., Davey Smith, G., Riemersma, R., & Ebrahim, S. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Crowe, F. L., Roddam, A. W., Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M. U., Tjonneland, A., Hansen, L., Boeing, H., Weikert, C., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq465 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.131 · Cited by 262 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another large (over 200,000 patients) meta-analysis of observational studies showed a 17% reduction in cardiovascular disease events with 3-5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily as the primary endpoint,(73) data that were reaffirmed 2 years later.(4) Recently, population-based evidence from the European Prospectiv…”
BackgroundMeta-Analysis of Statin Effects in Women Versus Men
Kostis, W. J., Cheng, J., Dobrzynski, J. M., Cabrera, J., & Kostis, J. B. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.067 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heart disease
Whelton, S. P., He, J., Whelton, P. K., & Muntner, P. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.038 · Cited by 242 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent meta-analyses of observational studies support the intake of higher amounts of fish (40-60 grams/day or 1-2 times/week) in high-risk populations.(41,48,49) Although less convincing, primary prevention data are favorable as long as patients carefully balance fish intake to 2-3 times/week to minimize the risk of…”
BackgroundHe, M., van Dam, R. M., Rimm, E., Hu, F. B., & Qi, L. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.907360 · Cited by 237 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, observational data show improved all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in women with type 2 diabetes who consume whole grains.(86) Mechanisms for the benefit of whole grains on cardiovascular disease are numerous,(87) but the whole-body benefits of increased fiber from whole grains appear to be relat…”
BackgroundBrownlee, I. A., Moore, C. S., Chatfield, M. D., Richardson, D. P., Ashby, P., Kuznesof, S. A., Jebb, S. A., & Seal, C. J. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510000644 · Cited by 231 · cited 1× · see citing works
“No significant differences in cardiovascular disease surrogate markers were observed after 4 months, although the study might have been underpowered to detect them in such a short period of time, despite a similar design to the positive trials involving whole grains and cardiovascular disease.(82) A single meta-analys…”
ResultWholemeal versus wholegrain breads: proportion of whole or cracked grain and the glycaemic response.
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wesson, V., Wolever, T. M. S., Jenkins, A. L., Kalmusky, J., Guidici, S., Csima, A., Josse, R. G., & Wóng, G. S. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6654.958 · Cited by 228 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Observational studies show that benefits extend to improved glucose metabolism (78, 79), reduction in weight (80), and antioxidant capabilities (81).”
BackgroundWangen, K. E., Duncan, A. M., Xu, X., & Kurzer, M. S. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.225 · Cited by 220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Small RCTs in low-moderate risk patients show little (90) to no change in lipid levels (91, 92).”
BackgroundVisioli, F., Caruso, D., Grande, S., Bosisio, R., Villa, M., Galli, G., Sirtori, C. R., & Galli, C. L. (2004) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-004-0504-0 · Cited by 220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two randomized, blinded crossover trials have assessed the antioxidant effect of dietary supplementation of extra virgin olive oil in humans: EUROLIVE(61) and the Virgin Olive Oil Study (VOLOS).(62) The Italian VOLOS trial(62) studied the inflammatory protective potential of olive oil in 22 mildly dyslipidemic patient…”
BackgroundEffect of Soybean Protein on Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
He, J., Gu, D., Wu, X., Chen, J., Duan, X., Chen, J., & Whelton, P. K. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-1-200507050-00004 · Cited by 212 · cited 1× · see citing works
“RCTs have shown a benefit on blood pressure in patients with moderate hypertension.(105) And a recent RCT shows no benefit of soy on NO bioavailability or BP in moderately hypertensive,”
BackgroundHigher Fruit Consumption Linked With Lower Body Mass Index
Lin, B., & Morrison, R. M. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.234628 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A review of epidemiologic evidence
Hu, F. B., & Stampfer, M. J. (1999) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-999-0033-7 · Cited by 185 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One early evaluation of observational studies showed that substituting walnuts, peanuts, almonds, or other nuts for a serving of carbohydrates or saturated fats reduced blood lipids as well as the risk for cardiovascular disease by 30% and 45%, respectively.(93,94) Furthermore, a recent 2009 meta-analysis showed a sig…”
BackgroundMiura, K. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh085 · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, the prospective Chicago Western Electric Study showed a slight benefit on blood pressure compared with intake of red meat over a 7-year period of time.(72) This body of work demonstrates that increased red meat consumption produced a net blood pressure elevation in middle-aged men compared with an increased f…”
BackgroundMediterranean diet reduces endothelial damage and improves the regenerative capacity of endothelium
Marı́n, C., Ramı́rez, R., Delgado‐Lista, J., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., Pérez‐Martínez, P., Carracedo, J., García‐Ríos, A., Rodríguez, F., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., Gómez, P., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006866 · Cited by 162 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent randomized crossover trial in a small group of healthy patients demonstrated that not only does the Mediterranean Diet (rich with olive oil) improve endothelial function and reduce systemic inflammation, but it also improves endothelial progenitor cell numbers, which the authors report as a marker of increase…”
BackgroundLlorente-Cortés, V., Estruch, R., Mena, M. P., Ros, E., González, M. A. M., Fitó, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., & Badimon, L. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.004 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further RCT evidence supports the use of a Mediterranean diet to reduce genetic predisposition for risk factors, not cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality and their complications, in a high-risk population (9).”
BackgroundEffect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Liu, X. X., Li, S.-J., Chen, J. Z., Sun, K., Wang, X. J., Wang, X., & Hui, R. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.006 · Cited by 153 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A larger sample of RCTs studies showed no benefit from soy supplementation on normotensive patients (97) and an earlier meta-analysis mirrored these findings (98).”
ResultAlonso, Á., de la Fuente, C., Martin-Arnau, A., de Irala, J., Martínez, J. A., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041196 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A 2004 crosssectional analysis of a prospective cohort study (the SUN study) showed that fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with blood pressure in a Mediterranean population with a high vegetable-fat intake (56).”
BackgroundFiber, Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease
Horn, L. V. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.12.2701 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The AHA guidelines indicate that diets high in fiber such as whole grains, oats, and barley, reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality through lipid lowering, and recommend a total dietary fiber intake of 25-30 g per day from whole foods.(79) While the ESC does not have specific guidelines or recommendatio…”
BackgroundBellido, C., López‐Miranda, J., Blanco‐Colio, L. M., Pérez‐Martínez, P., Muriana, F. J. G., Martı́n-Ventura, J. L., Marı́n, C., Gómez, P., Fuentes, F. J., Egido, J., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1487 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Phytochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease
Howard, B. V., & Kritchevsky, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.11.2591 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, the AHA has strongly recommended the intake of a variety of phytochemicals, of which fruits and vegetables have large quantities, for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (54).”
BackgroundAppel, L. J., Miller, E. R., Seidler, A. J., & Whelton, P. K. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Filion, K. B., Khoury, F. E., Bielinski, M., Schiller, I., Dendukuri, N., & Brophy, J. M. (2010) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-10-24 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundBeneficial effects of polyphenol-rich olive oil in patients with early atherosclerosis
Widmer, R. J., Freund, M. A., Flammer, A. J., Sexton, J. M., Lennon, R. J., Romani, A., Mulinacci, N., Vinceri, F. F., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0433-2 · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent data from our laboratory indicate a beneficial effect of olive oil supplementation on endothelial function in low- to moderate-risk patients.(65) Early meta-analyses primarily evaluating the effects of fatty acids on surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease, such as cholesterol, indicated that monounsaturat…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, S., Liu, X.-X., Bai, Y., Wang, X., Sun, K., Chen, J., & Hui, R. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28203 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Shah, M., ADAMS-HUET, B. A., & Garg, A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1251 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Scant evidence establishes the effect of monounsaturated fats alone on cardiovascular disease mortality, yet a large meta-analysis suggests an inverse correlation between blood pressure and monounsaturated fats intake.(67) Finally, there are RCT data(21) that the Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil proffers…”
BackgroundTaku, K., Lin, N., Cai, D., Hu, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Melby, M. K., Hooper, L., Kurzer, M. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32833c6edb · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A larger sample of RCTs studies showed no benefit from soy supplementation on normotensive patients,(108) and an earlier meta-analysis mirrored these findings.(109) Thus, despite an abundance of observational data, and recent, well-designed RCTs and subsequent meta-analyses, we find little direct evidence that legume…”
ResultGood, C. K., Holschuh, N. M., Albertson, A. M., & Eldridge, A. L. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719678 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Observational studies show that benefits extend to improved glucose metabolism (78, 79), reduction in weight (80), and antioxidant capabilities (81).”
BackgroundDiet and exercise in the management of hyperlipidemia.
Kelly, R. B. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 92 · see citing works
McAlister, F. A., & for the Renin Angiotension System Modulator Meta-Analysis Investigators (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr400 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sasazuki, S., & the Fukuoka Heart Study Group (2001) · Japanese Circulation Journal-english Edition · doi:10.1253/jcj.65.200 · Cited by 66 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Estimates of lifestyle modifications such as the Mediterranean diet as a whole,12 fruits and vegetables,3-5 smoking cessation,9 moderate alcohol,11 omega-3 fatty acids,16 and improved physical activity8 have substantial benefits for CVD prevention not seen with commonly used standard medical therapies such as statins,…”
ResultInfluentialAtenolol vs Nonatenolol β-Blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Meta-analysis
Kuyper, L. M., & Khan, N. A. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.01.006 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Estimates of lifestyle modifications such as the Mediterranean diet as a whole,(12) fruits and vegetables,(3-5) smoking cessation,(9) moderate alcohol,(11) omega-3 fatty acids,(16) and improved physical activity(8) have substantial benefits for CVD prevention not seen with commonly used standard medical therapies such…”
MethodSanders, T. A. B., Dean, T. S., Grainger, D., Miller, G. J., & Wiseman, H. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.373 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Small RCTs in low- to moderate-risk patients show little(101) to no change in lipid levels.(102,103) Yet one meta-analysis shows a 5% reduction in LDL levels in patients who were randomized to high legume intake,(104) however, this reduction was not noted to have an effect on hard cardiovascular disease endpoints.”
BackgroundYzebe, D., & Lièvre, M. M. (2004) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00268.x · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundChen, Q., Cheng, L., Xiao, T., Zhang, Y.-X., Mei, Z., Zhang, R., Li, K., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2011) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-011-6306-8 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multitude of meta-analyses have shown a potential cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality benefit for mainly secondary prevention with increased fish intake (19-28).”
BackgroundFruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study
Broekmans, W. M. R., Klöpping-Ketelaars, W. A. A., Kluft, C., van den Berg, H., Kok, F. J., & van Poppel, G. (2001) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601192 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A 2001 RCT showed that increased fruits and vegetables portended no significant change in lipid or blood pressure profiles, although a strong trend existed for both.(74) A subsequent RCT showed a statistically significant effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on both plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pre…”
BackgroundWong, W. W., Taylor, A. A., Smith, E. O., Barnes, S., & Hachey, D. L. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.032045 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“And a recent RCT shows no benefit of soy on NO bioavailability or BP in moderately hypertensive, post-menopausal women (95), consistent with prior meta-analyses mentioned above (93).”
ResultExploring newer cardioprotective strategies: ω-3 fatty acids in perspective
Tremoli, E., Tufano, A., Russolillo, A., Lupoli, R., Minno, G. D., & Minno, M. N. D. D. (2010) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th10-01-0008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rango, P. D. (2015) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.09.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Blood Pressure and Vitamin C and Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Beitz, R., Mensink, G., & Fischer, B. (2003) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000070488 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“0-mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure among women who consumed a higher amount of fruits, vegetables, or vitamin C, with no difference in men.(69) A 2004 cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study (the SUN study)(70) showed that fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with blood press…”
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- [45]Lichtenstein A Appel LJ Brands M Carnethon M Daniels S Franch HA Franklin B Kris-Etherton P Harris WS Howard B Karanja N Lefevre M Rudel L Sacks F Van Horn L Winston M Wylie-Rosett J American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Circulation 2009 114 82 96 16785338
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Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health: A Critical Review
Martínez-González, M. A., Gea, A., & Ruiz-Canela, M. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.313348 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Redondo-Flórez, L., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122749 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Insights From the PREDIMED Study
Martínez‐González, M. Á., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Estruch, R., Corella, D., Fitó, M., & Ros, E. (2015) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
The crucial role and mechanism of insulin resistance in metabolic disease
Zhao, X., An, X., Yang, C., Sun, W., Ji, H., & Lian, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1149239 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Castro‐Barquero, S., Ruiz-León, A. M., Sierra-Pérez, M., Estruch, R., & Casas, R. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12102983 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“Oleic acid is the major component of EVOO and many studies have linked MUFA intake to improvements in insulin resistance, one of the main risk factors for MetS, and in blood lipid profile, and a reduction in both systolic and diastolic BP levels [12,24,69].”
BackgroundGut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges
Kazemian, N., Mahmoudi, M., Halperin, F. A., Wu, J. C., & Pakpour, S. (2020) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-020-00821-0 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Depression in cancer: The many biobehavioral pathways driving tumor progression
Bortolato, B., Hyphantis, T. N., Valpione, S., Perini, G., Maes, M. H. J., Morris, G., Kubera, M., Köhler, C. A., Fernandes, B. S., Stubbs, B., et al. (2016) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.004 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
“The following of traditional diets mainly composed with the above-mentioned healthy products, including the Mediterranean, Norwegian or Japanese diet, has been associated with decreased inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome [169].”
BackgroundThe Mediterranean diet, plasma metabolome, and cardiovascular disease risk
Li, J., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Chung, W., Ruiz‐Canela, M., Toledo, E., Corella, D., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Tobias, D. K., Tabung, F. K., Hu, J., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa209 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Charchar, F. J., Prestes, P. R., Mills, C. E., Ching, S. M., Neupane, D., Marques, F. Z., Sharman, J. E., Vogt, L., Burrell, L. M., Коростовцева, Л. С., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003563 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
“…in Brazil and Africa and consume diets low in fat and salt and high in fruit and fibre [86,87]. low-sodium [88,89] and the Mediterranean diet [90] are most widely acknowledged for their benefits to reducing BP and improving cardiovascular health, albeit not always being saturated fat, low…”
The Mediterranean Diet: From an Environment-Driven Food Culture to an Emerging Medical Prescription
Lăcătușu, C.-M., Grigorescu, E.-D., Floria, M., Onofriescu, A., & Mihai, B. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16060942 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“Other analyses on the population of the PREDIMED study further showed that the Mediterranean diet seemed to reduce the expression of pro-atherogenic genes [37], cardiovascular risk surrogate markers such as waist-to-hip ratio, lipid fractions, lipoprotein particles, oxidative stress, and markers of inflammation [38,39…”
MethodMediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing
Gantenbein, K. V., & Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061951 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“Moreover, the MD consists of many components rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid, in olive oil, omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as alpha- linolenic acid in tree nuts, like walnuts, high amounts of flavonoids and antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables and high amounts of dietary fibers…”
BackgroundSofi, F., Dinu, M., Pagliai, G., Cesari, F., Gori, A. M., Sereni, A., Becatti, M., Fiorillo, C., Marcucci, R., & Casini, A. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.030088 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Dicken, S. J., & Batterham, R. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010023 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review
Ioniță-Mîndrican, C.-B., Ziani, K., Mititelu, M., Oprea, E., Neacșu, S. M., Moroșan, E., Dumitrescu, D. E., Roșca, A. C., Drăgănescu, D., & Negrei, C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132641 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity-Related Inflammation
Ravaut, G., Légiot, A., Bergeron, K., & Mounier, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010330 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“Interestingly, supplementation of food with olive oil (an oil that is naturally enriched with the SCD1 product oleate) correlates with low occurrences of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and therefore, less chronic inflammation and mortality [127,128].”
BackgroundSystematic Review of the Mediterranean Diet for Long-Term Weight Loss
Mancini, J. G., Filion, K. B., Atallah, R., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2016) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.028 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Nutritional Aspects of Depression
Lang, U. E., Beglinger, C., Schweinfurth, N., Walter, M., & Borgwardt, S. (2015) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000430229 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The role of nutrition in asthma prevention and treatment
Alwarith, J., Kahleová, H., Crosby, L., Brooks, A., Brandon, L. P., Levin, S., & Barnard, N. D. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa005 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“and conditions driven by systemic inflammatory response.(61,62) However, controlled studies are necessary”
BackgroundDietary Patterns and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Chen, X., Maguire, B., Brodaty, H., & O’Leary, F. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180468 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Within dietary patterns, the synergies and interactions between multiple nutrients and foods may play an important role to prevent or slow cognitive decline [6–9].”
Zhu, Y., Bo, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1035-2 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Trichopoulou, A., & Panza, F. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101395 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health and Gut Microbiota
Barber, T. M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Weickert, M. O. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092150 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Left unmetabolised and unfermented within the colon, SFAs and TFAs can exert a bactericidal effect on cell membranes, impair gut bacterial intracellular metabolism and ultimately induce a reduction in gut bacterial load [95,102].”
BackgroundInfluentialKamiński, M., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Nowak, J. K., & Stachowska, E. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110759 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Diet and Asthma: Is It Time to Adapt Our Message?
Guilleminault, L., Williams, E. J., Scott, H. A., Berthon, B. S., Jensen, M. E., & Wood, L. G. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111227 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“In contrast, the Med-diet is thought to promote an anti-inflammatory environment [36,37], due to the presence of anti-inflammatory nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids e.”
BackgroundMarcelino, G., Hiane, P. A., Freitas, K. D. C., Santana, L. F., Pott, A., Donadon, J. R., & Guimarães, R. D. C. A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081826 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Mediterranean Diet: An Update of the Clinical Trials
Finicelli, M., Salle, A. D., Galderisi, U., & Peluso, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142956 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Findings demonstrating whether the MedDiet’s beneficial effects on CVD come from its constituents or their aggregation are examples of the issues that need to be better addressed [76].”
BackgroundTowards understanding brain-gut-microbiome connections in Alzheimer’s disease
Xu, R., & Wang, Q. (2016) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0307-y · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“or indirectly promote lower dementia risk [44, 45].”
Depression, dementia and immune dysregulation
Hayley, S., Hakim, A. M., & Albert, P. R. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa405 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Healthy diets are also known to improve inflammatory immune functioning and diminish cardiovascular risk factors, leading to improved cognitive outcomes (Widmer et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Related Metabolic Diseases and Treatments of Obesity
Yang, M. J., Liu, S., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091616 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Effects of Ethanol on the Heart: Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
Fernández‐Solà, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020572 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“A Mediterranean diet, based on monounsaturated fats from olive oil, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes/nuts, has been demonstrated to be beneficial for primary prevention of global cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) [80,141,142].”
BackgroundDiet, nutrients and the microbiome
Dahl, W. J., Rivero‐Mendoza, D., & Lambert, J. M. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.006 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Lim, C. C., Hayes, R. B., Ahn, J., Shao, Y., Silverman, D. T., Jones, R. R., & Thurston, G. D. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.035742 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Bloomfield, H. E., Koeller, E., Greer, N., MacDonald, R., Kane, R., & Wilt, T. J. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-0361 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Some evidence also exists that the high concentration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules in the diet may be beneficial (112, 113).”
BackgroundBiological Relevance of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols Metabolites
Serreli, G., & Deiana, M. (2018) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox7120170 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Olive oil is one of the most important elements in the Mediterranean diet, not only for its appreciable taste and usefulness in flavoring a large variety of foods, but also for its several beneficial properties due to its chemical composition [11].”
BackgroundAntonopoulou, M., Mantzorou, M., Serdari, A., Bonotis, K. S., Vasios, G., Pavlidou, E., Trifonos, C., Vadikolias, Κ., Petridis, D., & Giaginis, C. (2019) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.2881 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Polyphenols in the Mediterranean Diet: From Dietary Sources to microRNA Modulation
Cannataro, R., Fazio, A., Torre, C. L., Caroleo, M. C., & Cione, E. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020328 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nissensohn, M., Román‐Viñas, B., Sánchez‐Villegas, A., Piscopo, S., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.08.023 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“such as olive oil, fish, vegetables, and fruit, have been associated with a reduction in BP levels.(32) The nutrients and substances most relevant to the relationship are fats, such as oleic acid and omega 3,(33) as well as phytochemicals and antioxidants.”
BackgroundPasquale, I. D., Pontonio, E., Gobbetti, M., & Rizzello, C. G. (2019) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108426 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Iguacel, I., Huybrechts, I., Moreno, L. A., & Michels, N. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa030 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Regulation of GH and GH Signaling by Nutrients
Caputo, M., Pigni, S., Agosti, E., Daffara, T., Ferrero, A., Filigheddu, N., & Prodam, F. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061376 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Thus, a Mediterranean diet in these patients could be effective in reducing cardiovascular risk [372] and in influencing GH status [369] but further studies are needed.”
BackgroundStroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapies: Update on recent developments
Shehjar, F., Maktabi, B., Rahman, Z. A., Bahader, G. A., James, A. W., Naqvi, A., Mahajan, R., & Shah, Z. A. (2022) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105458 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Impact of Mediterranean Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health
Amati, F., Hassounah, S., & Swaka, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051098 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“The MDS is an a priori defined score developed to measure compliance to a high intake of Mediterranean Diet foods with a score ranging from 0 to 9, where 9 indicates greater adherence to the diet [13].”
BackgroundLu, Y., Zhao, J. L., Xin, Q., Yuan, R., Yu, M., Yang, M., Mo, H., Chen, K., & Cong, W. (2023) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2022.9250047 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Jiménez-Torres, J., Alcala-Diaz, J. F., Torres-Peña, J. D., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., Leon‐Acuña, A., Gómez-Luna, P., Fernández-Gandara, C., Quintana‐Navarro, G. M., Fernández‐García, J. C., Perez-Martinez, P., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.033214 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ortega, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Monserrat, J., Martinez-Rozas, L., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Álvarez‐Mon, M., & Lahera, G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“All these nutrients have bene fi cial effects on gut microbiota composition and function, contrary to westernized diets, abundant in re fi ned carbohydrates (sugar or fl our), low-quality fats (i.e., trans fatty acids), salt, additives and other detrimental components [71, 281].”
BackgroundTrimethylamine N -oxide: A harmful, protective or diagnostic marker in lifestyle diseases?
Nowiński, A., & Ufnal, M. (2017) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.001 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Caprara, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020429 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Literature review Analysis of the effects of whole and parts of MeD, with regard to population-based and experimental data, highlighting CVD morbidity, mortality and CVD surrogates 2015 [70]”
MethodNordic diet, Mediterranean diet, and the risk of chronic diseases: the EPIC-Potsdam study
Galbete, C., Kröger, J., Jannasch, F., Iqbal, K., Schwingshackl, L., Schwedhelm, C., Weikert, C., Boeing, H., & Schulze, M. B. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1082-y · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Makover, M. E., Shapiro, M. D., & Toth, P. P. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100371 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Neuenschwander, M., Stadelmaier, J., Eble, J., Grummich, K., Szczerba, E., Kiesswetter, E., Schlesinger, S., & Schwingshackl, L. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03093-1 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“…grains, as well as olive oil, contain high amounts of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, including fiber, phyto-chemicals, vitamins and minerals, and polyphenols that show beneficial associations with cardiovascular health and, in relation to cardiovascular health, obesity [187, 188].”
BackgroundGallardo-Alfaro, L., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Mascaró, C. M., Montemayor, S., Ruiz-Canela, M., Salas-Salvadó, J., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Romaguera, D., Vioque, J., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041013 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“MD is characterized by high consumption of fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and whole cereals, and a high intake of olive oil, but low-to-moderate consumption of dairy products, low intake of meat and poultry, and regular, but moderate intake of wine [44].”
BackgroundLaffond, A. E., Picón, C. R., Rodríguez-Muñoz, P. M., Juárez‐Vela, R., de Viñaspre‐Hernández, R. R., Navas-Echazarreta, N., & González, J. L. S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153356 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gobbetti, M., Angelis, M. D., Cagno, R. D., Polo, A., & Rizzello, C. G. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1631753 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Human health benefits of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae
Lupette, J., & Christoph Benning, A. (2020) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.022 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Particulate matter air pollutants and cardiovascular disease: Strategies for intervention
Aryal, A., Harmon, A. C., & Dugas, T. R. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107890 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Diet, Sleep, and Mental Health: Insights from the UK Biobank Study
Hepsomali, P., & Groeger, J. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082573 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“It is well known that both healthy/high-quality/Mediterranean-style diets and food groups that are abundant in such diets, specifically vegetables and fruits, apart from vitamins and minerals, contain substantial amounts of fibre and polyphenols, which are known to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and prebioti…”
BackgroundMcDonald, C. M., Alvarez, J. A., Bailey, J., Bowser, E. K., Farnham, K., Mangus, M., Padula, L., Porco, K., & Rozga, M. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.015 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a global cohort of 57,885 statin-treated patients
Gitt, A. K., Lautsch, D., Ferrières, J., Kastelein, J. J. P., Drexel, H., Horack, M., Brudi, P., Vanneste, B., Bramlage, P., Chazelle, F., et al. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Air pollution and skin disorders
Roberts, W. (2021) · International Journal of Women's Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.11.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“The Mediterranean diet involves the consumption of foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, olive oil, fish, and poultry (Widmer et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function
Ludovici, V., Barthelmes, J., Nägele, M. P., Enseleit, F., Ferri, C., Flammer, A. J., Ruschitzka, F. T., & Sudano, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00036 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of dietary fatty acid intake in inflammatory gene expression: a critical review
Rocha, D. M. U. P., Bressan, J., & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. (2017) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2016.008607072016 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Donia, T., & Khamis, A. A. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14109-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Vitamin C supplements, exceeding 700 mg/day, were significantly linked to 25% decreases in coronary heart disease risk in a pooled analysis of nine cohorts (Widmer et al. 2015).”
BackgroundDietary AGEs as Exogenous Boosters of Inflammation
Garay‐Sevilla, M. E., Armando Rojas, R., Portero‐Otín, M., & Uribarri, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082802 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Analyses on the population of the Spanish Prevención con Dieta Mediterranea (PREDIMED) study showed the Mediterranean diet diminished the expression of pro-atherogenic genes [30], cardiovascular risk surrogate markers such as waist-to-hip ratio, lipid fractions, lipoprotein particles, oxidative stress, and markers of…”
BackgroundDietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Archundia Herrera, M. C., Subhan, F. B., & Chan, C. B. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0284-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Johnson, S. L., Kirk, R. D., DaSilva, N. A., Ma, H., Seeram, N. P., & Bertin, M. J. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9040078 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The Mediterranean diet is characterized by high intake of polyphenols and unsaturated fats, with most of the beneficial effects from this diet being attributed to the high polyphenol intake [6,7].”
BackgroundNutrition practices and knowledge among NCAA Division III football players
Abbey, E. L., Wright, C. J., & Kirkpatrick, C. M. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0170-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Besides being high in potassium, diets rich in fruits and vegetables may be beneficial for cardiovascular health because of their high antioxidant content, which may minimize inflammation and oxidative stress [25, 32].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis—Focusing on the Plaque Stability
Shen, X., Li, L., Sun, Z., Zang, G., Zhang, L., Shao, C., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.668532 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“WHO has declared that a healthy diet comprises low saturated fats, low salts, and high fruits and vegetables (142).”
BackgroundAndreu-Reinón, M. E., Chirlaque, M. D., Gavrila, D., Amiano, P., Mar, J., Tainta, M., Ardanáz, E., Larumbe, R., Colorado-Yohar, S. M., Navarro‐Mateu, F., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020700 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Furthermore, several components of the MD, such as olive oil, fish, vegetables, or nuts are associated with reduced inflammation and dyslipidemia [46,49], and are rich in antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, or flavonoids, and minerals such as selenium [45], that could ameliorate the age-related dec…”
BackgroundA cross-talk between gut microbiome, salt and hypertension
Naqvi, S., Asar, T. O., Kumar, V., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Alhayyani, S., Kamal, M. A., & Anwar, F. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111156 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bakaloudi, D. R., Chrysoula, L., Kotzakioulafi, E., Theodoridis, X., & Chourdakis, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051514 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The potential advantages relate to the synergic effect and mechanisms of specific nutrients that have a direct impact on all risk markers of MetS, namely, WC, HDL, TG, FBG, BP, as well as systemic inflammation [28].”
BackgroundNuts and Dried Fruits: An Update of Their Beneficial Effects on Type 2 Diabetes
Hernández‐Alonso, P., Camacho‐Barcia, L., Bulló, M., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070673 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“, with no added sugar) are key food categories in the Mediterranean diet and other regional diets [1].”
BackgroundDas, D., Shruthi, N. R., Banerjee, A., Jothimani, G., Duttaroy, A. K., & Pathak, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1221438 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Recent studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can reduce mortality rates in individuals of various body sizes, including those who are overweight or obese, physically fit, or at an increased risk for CVD (217).”
BackgroundDiet and lifestyle impact the development and progression of Alzheimer’s dementia
Arora, S., Santiago, J. A., Bernstein, M., & Potashkin, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1213223 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“org include ample plant-based, unprocessed foods, including whole grains, fresh vegetables, beans, legumes, seeds, extra virgin olive oil, nuts, and fruits (41, 43).”
BackgroundRodríguez-López, P., Lozano‐Sánchez, J., Borrás‐Linares, I., Emanuelli, T., Menéndez, J. A., & Segura‐Carretero, A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9080685 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“The predominant fatty acid present in the virgin olive oil is monounsaturated oleic acid (68–82% of the total fatty acids in olive oil), which has been widely studied, and its benefits have been established [7,8,10,11].”
BackgroundBioactive Compounds in Edible Oils and Their Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Mazzocchi, A., Cosmi, V. D., Risé, P., Milani, G. P., Turolo, S., Syrén, M., Sala, A., & Agostoni, C. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.659551 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Dukuzimana, J., Stubbendorff, A., Ericson, U., Borné, Y., & Sonestedt, E. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.018 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Association between Diet and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
George, E. S., Sood, S., Broughton, A., Cogan, G., Hickey, M., Chan, W. S., Sudan, S., & Nicoll, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010172 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-H., Gao, X., Na, M., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Mitchell, D. C., & Jensen, G. L. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200499 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Asghari, G., Farhadnejad, H., Mirmiran, P., Dizavi, A., Yuzbashian, E., & Azizi, F. (2016) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2016.98 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dietary pattern in relation to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review
Samadi, M., Moradi, S., Moradinazar, M., Mostafai, R., & Pasdar, Y. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03976-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Grant, F., Scalvedi, M. L., Scognamiglio, U., Turrini, A., & Rossi, L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072279 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The Mediterranean Diet (MD) principles were recommended [10] given its effectiveness in protecting health [11–15] and promoting an appropriate performance of the immune system [16,17].”
BackgroundThe impact of diet upon mitochondrial physiology (Review)
Kyriazis, I. D., Vassi, E., Alvanou, M. V., Angelakis, C., Skaperda, Z., Tekos, F., Garikipati, V. N. S., Spandidos, D. A., & Kouretas, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2022.5191 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Podadera-Herreros, A., Alcala-Diaz, J. F., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., Jiménez-Torres, J., de la Cruz, S., Larriva, A. P. A.-D., Cardelo, M. P., Torres-Peña, J. D., Luque, R. M., Ordovás, J. M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.041 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tang, C., Wang, X., Qin, L., & Dong, J.-Y. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082623 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The potential mechanism for the inverse association of MD with all-cause mortality among patients with CVD might be attributed to these food groups that have beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism, endothelial function, thrombosis, and inflammation, contributing to improved cardiovascular e…”
BackgroundSchroer, W. C., LeMarr, A. R., Mills, K., Childress, A. L., Morton, D. J., & Reedy, M. E. (2019) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.101b7.bjj-2018-1510.r1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Quispe, R., Michos, E. D., Martin, S. S., Puri, R., Toth, P. P., Suwaidi, J. M. S. A., Banach, M., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Jones, S. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013600 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“31 In individuals with elevated hsCRP, reducing the lifelong burden of in fl ammation (a term we call in fl ammation pack-years ) using lifestyle interventions or anti-in fl ammatory pharmacotherapies, such as high-intensity statin therapy, should be a cornerstone of primordial and primary prevention.”
George, E. S., Kucianski, T., Mayr, H. L., Moschonis, G., Tierney, A. C., & Itsiopoulos, C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040465 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“This encompasses overall macro and micronutrient composition, the variety of foods included as well as the combination, preparation and consumption of these foods which contribute to the synergistic effect of the food matrix [9].”
Tettamanzi, F., Bagnardi, V., Louca, P., Nogal, A., Monti, G. S., Mambrini, S. P., Lucchetti, E., Maestrini, S., Mazza, S., Rodriguez‐Mateos, A., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124380 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Greater adherence to the M diet has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease [9,10], which also supports weight loss [11].”
BackgroundKalogerakou, T., & Αντωνιάδου, Μ. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13121508 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Carbone, S., Canada, J. M., Buckley, L. F., Trankle, C. R., Billingsley, H., Dixon, D. L., Mauro, A. G., Dessie, S., Kadariya, D., Mezzaroma, E., et al. (2017) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.06.009 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“A diet rich in UFAs and low in refined carbohydrates and sugars, typically seen in Mediterranean dietary patterns, has been associated with favorable CV outcomes (32,33), lower incidence of HF (34), and reduced overall mortality (21).”
BackgroundDate Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Effects on Vascular Health and Future Research Directions
Al-Dashti, Y. A., Holt, R. R., Keen, C. L., & Hackman, R. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094665 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“or through their interactive effects are thought to promote cardiovascular health [58,59].”
BackgroundMilenković, T., Bozhinovska, N., Μacut, D., Bjekić-Macut, J., Rahelić, D., Velija-Ašimi, Z., & Bureković, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041307 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Although the study was primarily outlined as a primary prevention randomized controlled trial, it proved that the Mediterranean lifestyle is closely associated with reductions in cardiovascular risk and disease; pro-atherogenic genes expression [37]; surrogate markers, such as waist-to-hip ratio; lipoprotein particles…”
BackgroundNutrition-based interventions for mood disorders
Martins, L. B., Tibães, J. R. B., Sanches, M., Jacka, F. N., Berk, M., & Teixeira, A. L. (2021) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1881482 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dietary recommendations in Spain –affordability and environmental sustainability?
González‐García, S., Green, R. F., Scheelbeek, P., Harris, F., & Dangour, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120125 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“These values are in line with those found in the literature for designed diets following the considered sanitary recommendations (Agnoli et al., 2018; Medrano et al., 2012; Widner et al., 2014).”
ResultNutrigenetics—personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases
Barrea, L., Annunziata, G., Bordoni, L., Muscogiuri, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Carnevale, R., Loffredo, L., Ben, M. D., Angelico, F., Nocella, C., Petruccioli, A., Bartimoccia, S., Monticolo, R., Cava, E., & Violi, F. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.016 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
LeBlanc, K. E., Baer-Sinnott, S., Lancaster, K. J., Campos, H., Lau, K., Tucker, K. L., Kushi, L., & Willett, W. C. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100221 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The Mediterranean diet, with decades of epidemiological and clinical research that support its healthfulness, is a well-studied traditional diet [1 – 3] that has been recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scienti fi c, and Cultural Organization as intangible cultural heritage of humanity…”
Kamiloğlu, S., Grootaert, C., Çapanoğlu, E., Ozkan, C., Smagghe, G. J., Raes, K., & Camp, J. V. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600455 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Over the past few decades, several epidemiological and clinical studies indicated that chronic inflammation is a significant risk factor in the development of various human diseases, in particular cardiovascular diseases [1], which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world regardless of race, ethnic…”
BackgroundEffects of Olive Oil on Blood Pressure: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Evidence
Massaro, M., Scoditti, E., Carluccio, M. A., Calabriso, N., Santarpino, G., Verri, T., & Caterina, R. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061548 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Among protective factors, a significant role has been postulated for a typical component of the cardiovascular-protective diet par excellence, the Mediterranean diet [100].”
Background
- Authors
- Widmer, R. J., Flammer, A. J., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lerman, Amir
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 229-238
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4339461
- OpenAlex
- W2066595212
- Cited by
- 963
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PASMP3_132551)
- National Institutes of Health (92954, 085307)
- Swiss Re Foundation
- Universität Zürich
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardioprotection, olive oil, monounsaturated fatty acids, fish consumption, whole grains, Fabaceae, nuts, moderate drinking, cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory markers, cardiovascular mortality, food components
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Metabolism, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Diet, Mediterranean, Observational Studies as Topic
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