CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INCREASED ENDOGENOUS ESTROGEN LEVELS IN MEN
Abstract
In a population-based study of 590 Rancho Bernardo, California men aged 30-79 years without a history of cardiovascular disease, and who were first surveyed in 1972-1974, current cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean endogenous androstenedione, estrone, and estradiol levels compared to nonsmokers. In the cigarette smokers, a dose-response relationship was apparent for these hormones with mean levels increasing with increasing reported cigarette consumption. These differences persisted after adjusting for age and body mass index, and were not accounted for by either caffeine or alcohol intake, or exercise habit. In a further 89 men with a history of cardiovascular disease, hormone levels were not significantly related to smoking habit. The higher endogenous estrogen levels in cigarette smokers may confound the interpretation of studies reporting higher estrogen levels in male myocardial infarction survivors compared to controls.
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The reported effects of smoking on testosterone levels in men are controversial, with some evidence suggesting no association and others reporting higher or lower total testosterone levels among smokers compared to nonsmokers.
“However, the reported effects of smoking on testosterone levels in men are controversial, with some evidence even suggesting no association 15,19-24 and others reporting higher 13,14,25-32 or lower 33,34 levels of TT among smokers compared to nonsmokers.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [19]
Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes, were restricted to older men, or both.
“Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes [22], were restricted to older men [17], or both [20].”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
In some studies, current smokers had higher circulating concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, total estradiol and SHBG.
“In some studies, current smokers had higher circulating concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, total estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) [16, 18–23]”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- BARRETT-CONNOR, E., & KHAW, K.-T.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- BARRETT-CONNOR, E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987-08-01
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 187-192
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2150328683
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01am031801-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH-HV-12160-L)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, endogenous estrogen, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, men, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, hormone levels, dose-response relationship, confounding
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Androstenedione, Cardiovascular Diseases, Estradiol, Estrone, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Testosterone
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