Coffee Consumption, Gender, and Parkinson’s Disease Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II Cohort: The Modifying Effects of Estrogen
Abstract
Caffeine consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease in men but not in women. This gender difference may be due to an interaction between caffeine and use of postmenopausal estrogens. The authors prospectively assessed the relation between coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease mortality among participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II, a cohort of over 1 million people enrolled in 1982. Causes of deaths were ascertained through death certificates from January 1, 1989, through 1998. Parkinson's disease was listed as a cause of death in 909 men and 340 women. After adjustment for age, smoking, and alcohol intake, coffee consumption was inversely associated with Parkinson's disease mortality in men (p(trend) = 0.01) but not in women (p = 0.6). In women, this association was dependent on postmenopausal estrogen use; the relative risk for women drinking 4 or more cups (600 ml) of coffee per day compared with nondrinkers was 0.47 (95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.80; p = 0.006) among never users and 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 2.30; p = 0.34) among users. These results suggest that caffeine reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease but that this hypothetical beneficial effect may be prevented by use of estrogen replacement therapy.
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An inverse association between coffee consumption and PD risk has been found in several epidemiological studies.
“An inverse association between coffee consumption and PD risk has been found in several epidemiological studies [110,121,122,123].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [122]
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- Authors
- Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ascherio, A.
- ORCID
- Ascherio, A.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-11-15
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 977-984
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113279750
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
- Kinetics Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS045893-01, R01NS045893)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, caffeine, estrogen replacement therapy, postmenopausal hormone use, sex differences, Cancer Prevention Study II
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coffee, Drug Interactions, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Parity, Parkinson Disease, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Sex Factors, Smoking, United States, Confidence Intervals
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