Caffeine and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort of men and women
Open accessAbstract
Caffeine consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The association is strong and consistent in men, but uncertain in women, possibly because of an interaction with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). We sought to confirm these findings using data on PD incidence in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (CPS II-Nutrition), a large, prospective study of men and women. We conducted a prospective study of caffeine intake and risk of PD within the CPS II Nutrition Cohort. Intakes of coffee and other sources of caffeine were assessed at baseline. Incident cases of PD (n = 317; 197 men and 120 women) were confirmed by treating physicians and medical record review. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol consumption. After adjustment for age, smoking, and alcohol intake, high caffeine consumption was associated with a reduced risk of PD. The RR comparing the 5th to the 1st quintile of caffeine intake was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26, 0.71; P trend = <0.002) in men, and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.34, 1.09; P trend = 0.05) in women. Among women, this association was stronger among never users of HRT (RR = 0.32) than among ever users (RR = 0.81; P interaction = 0.15). Consumption of decaffeinated coffee was not associated with PD risk. Findings from this large, prospective study of men and women are consistent with a protective effect of caffeine intake on PD incidence, with an attenuating influence of HRT in women. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society.
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Consuming less than three cups of coffee per day significantly reduced PD risk, while more than three cups did not significantly alter PD risk.
“A meta-analysis of the Hui Qi research team found that consuming less than three cups of coffee per day significantly reduced the risk of PD, while consuming more than three cups of coffee per day did not significantly alter the risk for PD [107].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [107]
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- Authors
- Palacios, N., Gao, X., McCullough, M. L., Schwarzschild, M. A., Shah, R., Gapstur, S., & Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Palacios, Natalia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-27
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1276-1282
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- PMC
- PMC3554265
- OpenAlex
- W2047226712
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 8.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061858, K24NS060991)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K01ES019183)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- caffeine, Parkinson's disease, coffee consumption, hormone replacement therapy, sex differences, decaffeinated coffee, disease risk, Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Beverages, Caffeine, Coffee, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Parkinson Disease, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Characteristics, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models
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