Meta-Analysis Investigating Associations Between Healthy Diet and Fasting Glucose and Insulin Levels and Modification by Loci Associated With Glucose Homeostasis in Data From 15 Cohorts
Open accessAbstract
Whether loci that influence fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI) levels, as identified by genome-wide association studies, modify associations of diet with FG or FI is unknown. We utilized data from 15 U.S. and European cohort studies comprising 51,289 persons without diabetes to test whether genotype and diet interact to influence FG or FI concentration. We constructed a diet score using study-specific quartile rankings for intakes of whole grains, fish, fruits, vegetables, and nuts/seeds (favorable) and red/processed meats, sweets, sugared beverages, and fried potatoes (unfavorable). We used linear regression within studies, followed by inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis, to quantify 1) associations of diet score with FG and FI levels and 2) interactions of diet score with 16 FG-associated loci and 2 FI-associated loci. Diet score (per unit increase) was inversely associated with FG (β = -0.004 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval: -0.005, -0.003) and FI (β = -0.008 ln-pmol/L, 95% confidence interval: -0.009, -0.007) levels after adjustment for demographic factors, lifestyle, and body mass index. Genotype variation at the studied loci did not modify these associations. Healthier diets were associated with lower FG and FI concentrations regardless of genotype at previously replicated FG- and FI-associated loci. Studies focusing on genomic regions that do not yield highly statistically significant associations from main-effect genome-wide association studies may be more fruitful in identifying diet-gene interactions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Large investigations pooling multiple cohorts have observed main (population) effects of either dietary influences or genes on major cardiometabolic risk factors.
“Large investigations pooling multiple cohorts have observed main (population) effects of either dietary influences or genes on major cardiometabolic risk factors, but evidence for interactions between diet and these genes is uncommon and, more relevantly, magnitudes of such potential interactions are often small.78-83”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Magnitudes of such potential gene-diet interactions are often small.
“Large investigations pooling multiple cohorts have observed main (population) effects of either dietary influences or genes on major cardiometabolic risk factors, but evidence for interactions between diet and these genes is uncommon and, more relevantly, magnitudes of such potential interactions are often small.78-83”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Evidence for interactions between diet and these genes is uncommon.
“Large investigations pooling multiple cohorts have observed main (population) effects of either dietary influences or genes on major cardiometabolic risk factors, but evidence for interactions between diet and these genes is uncommon and, more relevantly, magnitudes of such potential interactions are often small.78-83”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology
Hu, F. B. (2002) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002 · Cited by 4,029 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: Objectives and Design
Bild, D. E. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf113 · Cited by 3,942 · see citing works
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652 · see citing works
THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNIT (ARIC) STUDY: DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES
THE ARIC INVESTIGATORS (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184 · Cited by 3,491 · see citing works
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 3,139 · see citing works
New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk
DIAGRAM Consortium, Dupuis, J., GIANT Consortium, Global BPgen Consortium, Anders Hamsten on behalf of Procardis Consortium, the MAGIC investigators, Langenberg, C., Prokopenko, I., Saxena, R., Soranzo, N., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.520 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Breteler, M. M. B., van Duijn, C. M., Krestin, G. P., Pols, H. A. P., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vingerling, J. R., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Self-citationHouston, D. K., Nicklas, B. J., Ding, J., Harris, T. B., Tylavsky, F. A., Newman, A. B., Lee, J. S., Sahyoun, N. R., Visser, M., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.150 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Self-citationWada, K., Tanaka, K., & Nakashima, K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Dairy Consumption, Obesity, and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Young Adults: The CARDIA Study
Pereira, M. A., Jacobs, Jr., Van Horn, L., Slattery, M. L., Kartashov, A. I., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.16.2081 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Self-citationThe framingham offspring study. Design and preliminary data
Feinleib, M., Kannel, W. B., Garrison, R. J., McNamara, P. M., & Castelli, W. P. (1975) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(75)90037-7 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Splansky, G. L., Corey, D., Yang, Q., Atwood, L. D., Cupples, L. A., Benjamin, E. J., D'Agostino, R. B., Fox, C. S., Larson, M. G., Murabito, J. M., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm021 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Self-citationFerrucci, L., Bandinelli, S., Benvenuti, E., Iorio, A. D., Macchi, C., Harris, T. B., & Guralnik, J. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03873.x · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Self-citationCohort Profile: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Raitakari, O. T., Juonala, M., Rönnemaa, T., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., Räsänen, L., Pietikainen, M., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Taittonen, L. M., Jokinen, E. V., Marniemi, J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym225 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationPan, A., Sun, Q., Bernstein, A. M., Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.018978 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Self-citationFood synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition
Jacobs, D. R., Gross, M. D., & Tapsell, L. C. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736b · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Self-citationBerglund, G., Elmståhl, S., Janzon, L., & LARSSON, S. A. (1993) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00647.x · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy
Jacobs, D. R., & Steffen, L. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.508s · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome–wide association studies provide new insights into type 2 diabetes aetiology
Frayling, T. M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2178 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., & Van Horn, L. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.968735 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D., Cao, H., King, I. B., Lemaitre, R. N., Song, X., Siscovick, D. S., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00005 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Self-citationLetting the Genome out of the Bottle — Will We Get Our Wish?
Hunter, D. J., Khoury, M. J., & Drazen, J. M. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp0708162 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Dairy Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Liu, S., Choi, H. K., Ford, E., Song, Y., Klevak, A., Buring, J. E., & Manson, J. E. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0256 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The Rotterdam Study: 2012 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Ikram, M. A., Janssen, H. L. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Kuipers, E. J., Nijsten, T. E. C., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9610-5 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationNHLBI Family Heart Study: Objectives and Design
HIGGINS, M. W., Province, M. A., HEISS, G. M., Eckfeldt, J. H., Ellison, R. C., Folsom, A. R., Rao, D. C., Sprafka, J. M., & Williams, R. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008709 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Halton, T. L., Willett, W. C., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.284 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationNettleton, J. A., Schulze, M. B., Jiang, R., Jenny, N. S., Burke, G. L., & Jacobs, D. R. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.185 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationParé, G., Cook, N. R., Ridker, P. M., & Chasman, D. I. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000981 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Personalized Medicine in the Era of Genomics
Burke, W., & Psaty, B. M. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.14.1682 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Nettleton, J. A., Steffen, L. M., Ni, H., Liu, K., & Jacobs, D. R. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0760 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationA study of middle-aged men with particular reference to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Hedstrand, H. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Nettleton, J. A., McKeown, N. M., Kanoni, S., Lemaître, R. N., Hivert, M., Ngwa, J. S., van Rooij, F. J. A., Sonestedt, E., Wojczynski, M. K., Ye, Z., et al. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1150 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationEsposito, K., Kastorini, C.-M., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Giugliano, D. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2010.0009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Villegas, R., Xiang, Y.-B., Elasy, T. A., Li, H. L., Yang, G., Cai, H., Ye, F., Gao, Y.-T., Shyr, Y., Zheng, W., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013193 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Noda, M., Takahashi, Y., Matsushita, Y., Poudel‐Tandukar, K., Kato, M., Oba, S., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012252 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dietary patterns, food groups and myocardial infarction: a case–control study
Lockheart, M. S. K., Steffen, L. M., Rebnord, H. M., Fimreite, R. L., Ringstad, J., Thelle, D. S., Pedersen, J. I., & Jacobs, D. R. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507701654 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationGene × Environment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes
Franks, P. W. (2011) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-011-0224-9 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Architecture of Type 2 Diabetes: Recent Progress and Clinical Implications
Grant, R. W., Moore, A. F., & Florez, J. C. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-2171 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Liese, A. D., Schulz, M., Moore, C. G., & Mayer‐Davis, E. J. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041279 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Clinical Risk Factors, DNA Variants, and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Narayan, K. M. V., & Weber, M. B. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc082624 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Genetic Predisposition to Long-Term Nondiabetic Deteriorations in Glucose Homeostasis
Renström, F., Shungin, D., Johansson, I., the MAGIC Investigators, Florez, J. C., Hallmans, G., Hu, F. B., & Franks, P. W. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0933 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationGöpfertová, D. (2009) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Theodoraki, E., Nikopensius, T., Suhorutšenko, J., Peppes, V., Fili, P. R., Kolovou, G. D., Papamikos, V., Richter, D. J., Zakopoulos, N., Krjutškov, K., et al. (2010) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-11-28 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Gene-Diet Attica Investigation on childhood obesity (GENDAI): overview of the study design
Papoutsakis, C., Vidra, N., Hatzopoulou, I., Tzirkalli, M., Farmaki, A.-E., Evagelidaki, E., Kapravelou, G., Κοντελέ, Ι., Skenderi, K., Yannakoulia, M., et al. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2007.080 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationFranks, P. W., & Nettleton, J. A. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq280 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPearson, H. B. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/453570a · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Design and descriptive characteristics of the GHRAS: the Greek Health Randomized Aging Study.
Kanoni, S., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPHD2Mutation and Congenital Erythrocytosis with Paraganglioma
Eltzschig, H. K., Eckle, T. D. L. G., & Grenz, A. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc090088 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
(2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0208-119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men: A Prospective Study
Choi, H. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.9.997 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1360.
- Gulcher J, Stefansson K. Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1360-1361.
- N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1361.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: 2018 update on objectives, design and main results
Ikram, M. A., Brusselle, G., Murad, S. D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Goedegebure, A., Klaver, C. C. W., Nijsten, T. E. C., Peeters, R. P., Stricker, B. H. C., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0321-4 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Brusselle, G., Murad, S. D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Goedegebure, A., Ikram, M. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Nijsten, T. E. C., Peeters, R. P., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0082-x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: 2014 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Murad, S. D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Goedegebure, A., Ikram, M. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Nijsten, T. E. C., Peeters, R. P., Stricker, B. H. C., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9866-z · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationMajor, T. J., Topless, R., Dalbeth, N., & Merriman, T. R. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k3951 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Keogh, J., & Clifton, P. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.008 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gene-Environment and Gene-Treatment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes
Franks, P. W., Pearson, E. R., & Florez, J. C. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2211 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic and epigenetic control of metabolic health
Schwenk, R. W., Vogel, H., & Schürmann, A. (2013) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Emdin, C. A., Haas, M., Ajmera, V. H., Simon, T. G., Homburger, J. R., Neben, C. L., Jiang, L., Wei, W., Feng, Q., Zhou, A. Y., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.011 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Donat‐Vargas, C., Bergdahl, I. A., Tornevi, A., Wennberg, M., Sommar, J. N., Koponen, J. M., Kiviranta, H., & Åkesson, A. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.007 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gene × dietary pattern interactions in obesity: analysis of up to 68 317 adults of European ancestry
Nettleton, J. A., Follis, J. L., Ngwa, J. S., Smith, C. E., Ahmad, S., Tanaka, T., Wojczynski, M. K., Voortman, T., Lemaître, R. N., Kristiansson, K., et al. (2015) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv186 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationPerfluoroalkyl substances and risk of type II diabetes: A prospective nested case-control study
Donat-Vargas, C., Bergdahl, I. A., Tornevi, A., Wennberg, M., Sommar, J., Kiviranta, H., Koponen, J., Rolandsson, O., & Åkesson, A. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.026 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical inactivity from youth to adulthood and adult cardiometabolic risk profile
Kallio, P., Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Tammelin, T., Pälve, K. S., Hirvensalo, M. H., Juonala, M., Loo, B.-M., Magnussen, C. G., Rovio, S., et al. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106433 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitaker, K. M., Everson‐Rose, S. A., Pankow, J. S., Rodríguez, C. J., Lewis, T. T., Kershaw, K. N., Roux, A. V. D., & Lutsey, P. L. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx047 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationNonfermented milk and other dairy products: associations with all-cause mortality,
Tognon, G., Nilsson, L. M., Shungin, D., Lissner, L., Jansson, J., Renström, F., Wennberg, M., Winkvist, A., & Johansson, I. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.140798 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationNuts and Cardio-Metabolic Disease: A Review of Meta-Analyses
Kim, Y., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121935 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Quantifying Diet for Nutrigenomic Studies
Tucker, K. L., Smith, C. E., Lai, C., & Ordovás, J. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145203 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Oral Microbiota Profile Associates with Sugar Intake and Taste Preference Genes
Esberg, A., Haworth, S. J., Hasslöf, P., Holgerson, P. L., & Johansson, I. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030681 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationWirth, M. D., Zhao, L., Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., & Ortaglia, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082686 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ambient air pollution, adipokines, and glucose homeostasis: The Framingham Heart Study
Li, W., DORANS, K. S., Wilker, E. H., Rice, M. B., Kloog, I., Schwartz, J. D., Koutrakis, P., Coull, B. A., Gold, D. R., Meigs, J. B., et al. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSystems Epidemiology: A New Direction in Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research
Cornelis, M. C., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-013-0052-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional Genomics and Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: An Overview
Guasch‐Ferré, M., Dashti, H. S., & Merino, J. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Donat‐Vargas, C., Åkesson, A., Tornevi, A., Wennberg, M., Sommar, J. N., Kiviranta, H., Rantakokko, P., & Bergdahl, I. A. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10691 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Schillemans, T., Shi, L. S., Donat‐Vargas, C., Hanhineva, K., Tornevi, A., Johansson, I., Koponen, J. M., Kiviranta, H., Rolandsson, O., Bergdahl, I. A., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106180 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationA simulation study of gene-by-environment interactions in GWAS implies ample hidden effects
Marigorta, U. M., & Gibson, G. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00225 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Imamura, F., Ma, W., Wang, M., Lemaître, R. N., King, I. B., Song, X., Biggs, M. L., Delaney, J. A., Mukamal, K. J., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2101 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationWinkvist, A., Klingberg, S., Nilsson, L. M., Wennberg, M., Renström, F., Hallmans, G., Boman, K., & Johansson, I. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0241-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationKaseva, K., Hintsa, T., Lipsanen, J. O., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Hintsanen, M., Yang, X., Hirvensalo, M. H., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Raitakari, O. T., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2016-0466 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood socioeconomic status and lifetime health behaviors: The Young Finns Study
Puolakka, E., Pahkala, K., Laitinen, T. T., Magnussen, C. G., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Männistö, S., Pälve, K. S., Tammelin, T., Tossavainen, P. H., Jokinen, E. V., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.088 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary and genetic risk scores and incidence of type 2 diabetes
Ericson, U., Hindy, G., Drake, I., Schulz, C., Brunkwall, L., Hellstrand, S., Almgren, P., & Orho‐Melander, M. (2018) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-018-0599-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationLassale, C. M., Galan, P., Julia, C., Fezeu, L., Herçberg, S., & Kesse‐Guyot, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076349 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Corella, D., Coltell, Ó., Mattingley, G., Sorlí, J. V., & Ordovás, J. M. (2017) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2017.1311208 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Matthews, L. A., Rovio, S., Jaakkola, J., Niinikoski, H., Lagström, H., Jula, A., Viikari, J. S. A., Rönnemaa, T., Simell, O., Raitakari, O. T., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Patterns, Genes, and Health: Challenges and Obstacles to be Overcome
Wood, A. C. (2014) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-014-0110-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
van de Rest, O., Schutte, B. A. M., Deelen, J., Stassen, S., van den Akker, E. B., van Heemst, D., Dibbets‐Schneider, P., der Veen, R. A. V. D.-V., Kelderman, M., Hankemeier, T., et al. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100877 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sergi, D., Spaggiari, R., Nora, E. D., Angelini, S., Castaldo, F., Omenetto, A., Stifani, G., Sanz, J. M., & Passaro, A. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112103 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Putting the Genome in Context: Gene-Environment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes
Franks, P. W., & Paré, G. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0758-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Inactivity from Youth to Adulthood and Risk of Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Kallio, P., Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Tammelin, T., Hirvensalo, M. H., Telama, R., Juonala, M., Magnussen, C. G., Rovio, S., Helajärvi, H., et al. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001555 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Complex Interplay of Genetic and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview
Franks, P. W. (2012) · Scientifica · doi:10.6064/2012/482186 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationJohansson, I., Nilsson, L. M., Esberg, A., Jansson, J., & Winkvist, A. (2018) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0418-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Z., Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Yao, J., Bi, J., He, J., Zhang, S., Wei, Y., Guo, H., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113293 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Television viewing and fatty liver in early midlife. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Helajärvi, H., Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Juonala, M., Oikonen, M., Tammelin, T., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Kähönen, M. A. P., Lehtimäki, T. J., Mikkilä, V., et al. (2015) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2015.1077989 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations of PFAS-related plasma metabolites with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations
Schillemans, T., Bergdahl, I. A., Hanhineva, K., Shi, L. S., Donat‐Vargas, C., Koponen, J. M., Kiviranta, H., Landberg, R., Åkesson, A., & Brunius, C. F. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114570 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jung, S. Y., Sobel, E. M., Papp, J. C., Crandall, C. J., Fu, A., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21991 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hallang, S., Esberg, A., Haworth, S., & Johansson, I. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9081674 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMaillard reaction products and potatoes: have the benefits been clearly assessed?
Liska, D. J., Cook, C. M., Wang, D. D., & Szpylka, J. (2015) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.283 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Varga, T. V., Hallmans, G., Hu, F. B., Renström, F., & Franks, P. W. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws413 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., Wang, C., Fan, J., Zhao, J., Yin, L., Liu, X., Zhang, D., & Li, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181232 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kurbasic, A., Poveda, A., Chen, Y., Ågren, Å., Engberg, E., Hu, F. B., Johansson, I., Barroso, I., Brändström, A., Hallmans, G., et al. (2014) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-014-0100-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrigenetics: Bridging Two Worlds to Understand Type 2 Diabetes
Harrington, J. M., & Phillips, C. M. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0477-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Poveda, A., Koivula, R. W., Ahmad, S., Barroso, I., Hallmans, G., Johansson, I., Renström, F., & Franks, P. W. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3818-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperament profiles are associated with dietary behavior from childhood to adulthood
Lipsanen, J. O., Elovainio, M. J., Hakulinen, C. A., Tremblay, M. S., Rovio, S., Lagström, H., Jaakkola, J., Jula, A., Rönnemaa, T., Viikari, J. S. A., et al. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104681 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPaper, L., Ahmed, M., Lee, J. J., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Touvier, M., Herçberg, S., Galan, P., Salanave, B., Verdot, C., L’Abbé, M. R., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02978-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Andersson, E. M., Lindvall, K., Wennberg, P., Johansson, H., & Nordin, S. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01467-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Midlife Mediterranean diet is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in late midlife
Almevall, A. D., Wennberg, P., Liv, P., Nyman, E., Lindvall, K., Norberg, M., Chorell, E., & Wennberg, M. (2025) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf155 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jung, S. Y., Sobel, E. M., Papp, J. C., & Zhang, Z. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3284-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Genetic Determinants of Common Obesity-Susceptibility
Loos, R. J. F. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0965-6_10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Víctor de la, O., Cruz, E. F., Matía‐Martín, P., Larrad-Sáinz, A., Gil, J. L. E., Barabash, A., Fernández-Díaz, C. M., Calle‐Pascual, A. L., Rubio, M. Á., & Martínez, J. A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223817 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Meta-Analyses to Investigate Gene-Environment Interactions in Neuroepidemiology
van der Mei, I. A. F., Otáhal, P., Simpson, S., Taylor, B. V., & Winzenberg, T. M. (2013) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000355439 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gene–Lifestyle Interactions in Longevity
Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R., & Christensen, K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316677018.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Association of leisure time physical activity with gut microbiota composition in early adulthood
Boelius, H.-M., Aatsinki, A., Heiskanen, M. A., Haapala, E. A., Munukka, E., Mykkänen, J., Kartiosuo, N., Lahti, L., Keskitalo, A., Huovinen, P., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02287-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKorpimäki, S., Rovio, S., Juonala, M., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Lehtimäki, T. J., Laitinen, T. P., Tossavainen, P. H., Jokinen, E. V., Loo, B.-M., Männistö, S., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad418 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTolonen, U., Lankinen, M. A., Laakso, M., & Schwab, U. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03444-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wagner, K. A., Braun, E., Armah, S. M., Horan, D., Smith, L. G., Pike, J. M., Tu, W., Hamilton, M., Delp, E., Campbell, W., et al. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.12.018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Törmä, J., Lundqvist, R., Eliasson, M., Nilsson, L. M., Oskarsson, V., & Wennberg, M. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021003050 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tarro, S., Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., Niinikoski, H., Raitakari, O. T., Rönnemaa, T., Viikari, J. S. A., Pahkala, K., & Lagström, H. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTolonen, U. K., Lankinen, M. A., Laakso, M., & Schwab, U. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.09.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van der Velde, L. A., Jong, J. C. K., Rutten, G. E. H. M., & Vos, R. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.583125 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vähämurto, L., Pahkala, K., Magnussen, C. G., Mikkilä, V., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Kähönen, M. A. P., Laitinen, T. P., Taittonen, L. M., Tossavainen, P. H., Lehtimäki, T. J., et al. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494815622859 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationZingaro, K. A., & Papoutsakis, E. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
SLC30A8: A Complex Road from Association to Function
Flannick, J. A., & Lowe, W. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01574-3_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Winkvist, A., Johansson, I., Ellegård, L., & Lindqvist, H. M. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00929-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary diversity and metabolic health among people in Västerbotten, Sweden
Winkvist, A., Mangan, C., Johansson, I., & Bennett, A. E. (2025) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-025-01649-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLifestyle may modify the glucose-raising effect of genetic loci. A study in the Greek population
Marouli, E., Kanoni, S., Dimitriou, M., Kolovou, G. D., Deloukas, P., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2015) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.10.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationProgress, pitfalls, and prospects
Franks, P. W., Pearson, E. R., & Florez, J. C. (2013) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet–Gene Interactions in the Development of Diabetes
Ordovás, J. M., Berciano, S., Micó, V., & Daimiel, L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801585-8.00004-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Current Controversies around Carbohydrate Restriction and the Risk of High-Protein Diets
Watanabe, S. (2016) · Diabetes Research - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/droj-1-e003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetics and the Future of Public Health
Binns, C. W., & Low, W. Y. (2013) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539513499110
Alwerdt, J. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Kaseva, K. (2017) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Human blood DNA methylation patterns reflect individual lifestylePreprint
Klemp, I., Hoffmann, A., Müller, L., Hagemann, T., Horn, K., Rohde‐Zimmermann, K., Tönjes, A., Thiery, J., Löffler, M., Burkhardt, R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.21267895
Self-citationThe Genetic Determinants of Common Obesity-Susceptibility
Loos, R. J. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52031-5_11
Andersson, E. M., Lindvall, K., Wennberg, P., Johansson, H., & Nordin, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2238370/v1
Dietary habits among snus users: a population-based cross-sectional study
Berglund, F., Törmä, J., Wennberg, M., Wennberg, P., & Oskarsson, V. (2023) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.29219/fnr.v67.9537
Winkvist, A., Johansson, I., Ellegård, L., & Lindqvist, H. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25329685
Self-citationAndersson, E. M., Lindvall, K., Wennberg, P., Johansson, H., & Nordin, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672448
Andersson, E. M., Lindvall, K., Wennberg, P., Johansson, H., & Nordin, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672454
Diet Quality, Physical Activity, and Epigenetic Aging in the Finnish Working-Age Population
Ida, A., Aino, S., Marttila, S., Raitoharju, E., Mishra, P. P., Pahkala, K., Satu, M., Mononen, N., Kähönen, M. A. P., Fogelholm, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101540
Self-citationLundgren, T. L., Glader, E., Holmberg, H., Norberg, M., Själander, A., & Sönnerstam, E. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05922-6
Younus, A., Aneni, E. C., Spatz, E. S., Osondu, C. U., Roberson, L., Ogunmoroti, O., Malik, R., Ali, S. S., Aziz, M., Feldman, T., et al. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.019 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nettleton, J. A., Hivert, M.-F., Lemaitre, R. N., McKeown, N. M., Mozaffarian, D., Tanaka, T., Wojczynski, M. K., Hruby, A., Djoussé, L., Ngwa, J. S., Follis, J. L., Dimitriou, M., Ganna, A., Houston, D. K., Kanoni, S., Mikkilä, V., Manichaikul, A., Ntalla, I., Renström, F., Sonestedt, E., van Rooij, F. J. A., Bandinelli, S., de Koning, L., Ericson, U., Hassanali, N., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., Lohman, K. K., Raitakari, O., Papoutsakis, C., Sjogren, P., Stirrups, K., Ax, E., Deloukas, P., Groves, C. J., Jacques, P. F., Johansson, I., Liu, Y., McCarthy, M. I., North, K., Viikari, J., Zillikens, M. C., Dupuis, J., Hofman, A., Kolovou, G., Mukamal, K., Prokopenko, I., Rolandsson, O., Seppälä, I., Cupples, L. A., Hu, F. B., Kähönen, M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Borecki, I. B., Ferrucci, L., Jacobs, D. R., Kritchevsky, S. B., Orho-Melander, M., Pankow, J. S., Lehtimäki, T., Witteman, J. C. M., Ingelsson, E., Siscovick, D. S., Dedoussis, G., Meigs, J. B., & Franks, P. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University of St. Thomas - Minnesota (US)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Umeå University (SE)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nettleton, Jennifer A.
- ORCID
- Hivert, Marie-France
- McKeown, Nicola M.
- Mozaffarian, Dariush
- Tanaka, Toshiko
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Hruby, Adela
- Djoussé, Luc
- Ngwa, Julius S.
- Dimitriou, Maria
- Ganna, Andrea
- Houston, Denise K.
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Manichaikul, Ani
- Renström, Frida
- Sonestedt, Emily
- Bandinelli, Stefania
- Ericson, Ulrika
- Raitakari, Olli
- Papoutsakis, Constantina
- Stirrups, Kathleen
- Deloukas, Panos
- Groves, Christopher J.
- Jacques, Paul F.
- Johansson, Ingegerd
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- North, Kari
- Viikari, Jorma
- Zillikens, M. Carola
- Dupuis, Josée
- Kolovou, Genovefa
- Mukamal, Kenneth
- Prokopenko, Inga
- Rolandsson, Olov
- Seppälä, Ilkka
- Cupples, L. Adrienne
- Hu, Frank B.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Uitterlinden, André G.
- Borecki, Ingrid B.
- Ferrucci, Luigi
- Jacobs, David R.
- Kritchevsky, Stephen B.
- Pankow, James S.
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Siscovick, David S.
- Dedoussis, George
- Meigs, James B.
- Franks, Paul W.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-12-19
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-115
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3707424
- OpenAlex
- W2128037741
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- University of Minnesota
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- University of Washington
- University of St. Thomas
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Wellcome Trust (090532)
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- University of Oxford
- Lunds Universitet
- Karolinska Institutet
- Tampereen Yliopisto
- Umeå Universitet
- Turun Yliopisto
- Uppsala Universitet
- Harokopio University
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0005781, NNF12OC1016167, NNF11OC1014855)
- Tays
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl087700-03)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Wake Forest School of Medicine
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Medicinska Fakulteten, Lunds Universitet
- Medicinska fakulteten, Umeå Universitet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL087700, R01HL105756)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078616, K24DK080140)
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- healthy eating, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, gene-diet interaction, genetic loci, glucose homeostasis, diet score, whole grains, fish consumption, red and processed meat, insulin resistance, non-diabetic adults
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diet, Diet Surveys, Fasting, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin, Biomarkers, Linear Models, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Genome-Wide Association Study, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
