The third generation cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study: design, recruitment, and initial examination
Abstract
For nearly 60 years, the Framingham Heart Study has examined the natural history, risk factors, and prognosis of cardiovascular, lung, and other diseases. Recruitment of the Original Cohort began in 1948. Twenty-three years later, 3,548 children of the Original Cohort, along with 1,576 of their spouses, enrolled in the Offspring Cohort. Beginning in 2002, 4,095 adults having at least one parent in the Offspring Cohort enrolled in the Third Generation Cohort, along with 103 parents of Third Generation Cohort participants who were not previously enrolled in the Offspring Cohort. The objective of new recruitment was to complement phenotypic and genotypic information obtained from prior generations, with priority assigned to larger families. From a pool of 6,553 eligible individuals, 1,912 men and 2,183 women consented and attended the first examination (mean age: 40 (standard deviation: 9) years; range: 19-72 years). The examination included clinical and laboratory assessments of vascular risk factors and imaging for subclinical atherosclerosis, as well as assessment of cardiac structure and function. The comparison of Third Generation Cohort data with measures previously collected from the first two generations will facilitate investigations of genetic and environmental risk factors for subclinical and overt diseases, with a focus on cardiovascular and lung disorders.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Framingham data contributed to the identification of hundreds of common genetic variants influencing cardiovascular disease risk.
“The data enabled Framingham to contribute to the global effort to study the genetic determinants of complex diseases, which has led to the identification of hundreds of common genetic variants influencing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.83”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [83]
Cites
Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study
Dawber, T. R., Meadors, G. F., & Moore, F. E. (1951) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.41.3.279 · Cited by 2,148 · see citing works
The framingham offspring study. Design and preliminary data
Feinleib, M., Kannel, W. B., Garrison, R. J., McNamara, P. M., & Castelli, W. P. (1975) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(75)90037-7 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
The Framingham Offspring Study
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_25 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Trends in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins of Adults, 1960-2002
Carroll, M. D. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.14.1773 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Commentary: Medical aspects of the Framingham Community Health and Tuberculosis Demonstration
Wb, K., & Levy, D. A. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi177 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective
Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., & Wang, T. J. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61752-3 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia
Kathiresan, S., Willer, C. J., Peloso, G. M., Demissie, S., Musunuru, K., Schadt, E. E., Kaplan, L., Bennett, D., Li, Y., Tanaka, T., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.291 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeliotes, E. K., Yerges-Armstrong, L. M., Wu, J., Hernaez, R., Kim, L. J., Palmer, C. D., Gudnason, V., Eiriksdottir, G., Garcia, M. E., Launer, L. J., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001324 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Self-citationMidlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline
Debette, S., Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Au, R., Himali, J. J., Palumbo, C., Wolf, P. A., & DeCarli, C. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318227b227 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Self-citationPsaty, B. M., O'Donnell, C. J., Gudnason, V., Lunetta, K. L., Folsom, A. R., Rotter, J. I., Uitterlinden, A. G., Harris, T. B., Witteman, J. C. M., & Boerwinkle, E. (2009) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.108.829747 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon variants in KCNN3 are associated with lone atrial fibrillation
Ellinor, P. T., Lunetta, K. L., Glazer, N. L., Pfeufer, A., Alonso, A., Chung, M. K., Sinner, M. F., de Bakker, P. I. W., Mueller, M., Lubitz, S. A., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.537 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citationA common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer's disease
The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project, Huang, K.-L., Initiative, T. A. D. N., Marcora, E., Pimenova, A. A., Di Narzo, A. F., Kapoor, M., Jin, S. C., Harari, O., Bertelsen, S., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4587 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Tsao, C. W., & Vasan, R. S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv337 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citationJun, G. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.201 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Yao, C., Chen, G., Song, C., Keefe, J., Mendelson, M., Huan, T., Sun, B. B., Laser, A., Maranville, J. C., Wu, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05512-x · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationBhasin, S., Pencina, M., Jasuja, G. K., Travison, T. G., Coviello, A., Orwoll, E., Wang, P. Y., Nielson, C., Wu, F., Tajar, A., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-3012 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationAbraham, T. M., Pedley, A., Massaro, J. M., Hoffmann, U., & Fox, C. S. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.015000 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of widespread selection on standing variation in Europe at height-associated SNPs
Turchin, M. C., Chiang, C. W., Palmer, C. D., Sankararaman, S., Reich, D., Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium, & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2368 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Travison, T. G., Vesper, H. W., Orwoll, E., Wu, F., Kaufman, J. M., Wang, Y., Lapauw, B., Fiers, T., Matsumoto, A. M., & Bhasin, S. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2935 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
70-year legacy of the Framingham Heart Study
Andersson, C., Johnson, A. D., Benjamin, E. J., Levy, D., & Vasan, R. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0202-5 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationSchumann, G., Liu, C., O’Reilly, P., Gao, H., Song, P., Xu, B., Ruggeri, B., Amin, N., Jia, T., Preis, S., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611243113 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep convolutional neural networks to predict cardiovascular risk from computed tomography
Zeleznik, R., Foldyna, B., Eslami, P., Weiss, J., Alexander, I., Taron, J., Parmar, C., Alvi, R. M., Banerji, D., Uno, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-20966-2 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationthe CARDIoGRAM Consortium, Bis, J. C., Kavousi, M., Franceschini, N., Isaacs, A., Abecasis, G. R., Schminke, U., Post, W. S., Smith, A. V., Cupples, L. A., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.920 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationThanassoulis, G., Peloso, G. M., Pencina, M. J., Hoffmann, U., Fox, C. S., Cupples, L. A., Levy, D., D'Agostino, R. B., Hwang, S.-J., & O'Donnell, C. J. (2012) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.111.961342 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationSustained and shorter bouts of physical activity are related to cardiovascular health
GLAZER, N. L., LYASS, A., ESLIGER, D. W., BLEASE, S. J., FREEDSON, P. S., MASSARO, J. M., MURABITO, J. M., & VASAN, R. S. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31826beae5 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, J., Hennein, R., Liu, C., Long, M. T., Hoffmann, U., Jacques, P. F., Lichtenstein, A. H., Hu, F. B., & Levy, D. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.038 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationClonal hematopoiesis is associated with protection from Alzheimer’s disease
Bouzid, H., Belk, J. A., Jan, M., Qi, Y., Sarnowski, C., Wirth, S., Ma, L., Chrostek, M. R., Ahmad, H., Nachun, D., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02397-2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Kavousi, M., Desai, C. S., Ayers, C., Blumenthal, R. S., Budoff, M. J., Mahabadi, A.-A., Ikram, M. A., van der Lugt, A., Hofman, A., Erbel, R., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17020 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Q., Wu, H., Guo, C., & Fox, C. S. (2010) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20497 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationLimitations of GCTA as a solution to the missing heritability problem.
Krishna Kumar, S., Feldman, M. W., Rehkopf, D. H., & Tuljapurkar, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1520109113 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Circulating cortisol and cognitive and structural brain measures: The Framingham Heart Study
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Conner, S. C., Himali, J. J., Maillard, P., DeCarli, C. S., Beiser, A. S., Vasan, R. S., & Seshadri, S. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006549 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationNiiranen, T. J., Lyass, A., Larson, M. G., Hamburg, N. M., Benjamin, E. J., Mitchell, G. F., & Vasan, R. S. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09026 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnesium Intake Is Inversely Associated With Coronary Artery Calcification
Hruby, A., O'Donnell, C. J., Jacques, P. F., Meigs, J. B., Hoffmann, U., & McKeown, N. M. (2014) · JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.10.006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationNettleton, J. A., Hivert, M.-F., Lemaitre, R. N., McKeown, N. M., Mozaffarian, D., Tanaka, T., Wojczynski, M. K., Hruby, A., Djoussé, L., Ngwa, J. S., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws297 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationPlatt, J., Bollinger, J., Dvoskin, R., Kardia, S. L. R., & Kaufman, D. (2014) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2013.59 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Physical activity and fitness in the community: the Framingham Heart Study
Nayor, M., Chernofsky, A., Spartano, N. L., Tanguay, M., Blodgett, J. B., Murthy, V. L., Malhotra, R., Houstis, N. E., Velagaleti, R. S., Murabito, J. M., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab580 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Brautbar, A., Pompeii, L. A., Dehghan, A., Ngwa, J. S., Nambi, V., Virani, S. S., Rivadeneira, F., Uitterlinden, A. G., Hofman, A., Witteman, J. C. M., et al. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.035 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationDiCorpo, D., LeClair, J., Cole, J. B., Sarnowski, C., Ahmadizar, F., Bielak, L. F., Blokstra, A., Bottinger, E. P., Chaker, L., Chen, Y.-D. I., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-1395 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Framingham Brain Donation Program: Neuropathology Along the Cognitive Continuum
Au, R., Seshadri, S., Knox, K., Beiser, A., J. Himali, J., J. Cabral, H., Auerbach, S., C. Green, R., A. Wolf, P., & C. McKee, A. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322609 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mendelson, M. M., Lyass, A., O’Donnell, C. J., D’Agostino, R. B., & Levy, D. (2016) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2015.0304 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, W. Y., Yiannakou, I., Petersen, J. M., Hoffmann, U., Ma, J., & Long, M. T. (2022) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Travison, T. G., Zhuang, W. V., Lunetta, K. L., Karasik, D., Bhasin, S., Kiel, D. P., Coviello, A. D., & Murabito, J. M. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12260 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Patel, K. V., Segar, M. W., Klonoff, D. C., Khan, M. S., Usman, M. S., Lam, C. S. P., Verma, S., DeFilippis, A. P., Nasir, K., Bakker, S. J. L., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.067530 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kereliuk, S. M., & Dolinsky, V. W. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084467 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“These findings are striking, considering that the Framingham Heart Study was begun in 1948 to identify factors for CVD in the general population [28] and has now evolved to include the children and grandchildren from the original cohort, as well as two additional minority cohorts, to assess temporal trends in CVD deve…”
MethodCirculating testosterone and SHBG concentrations are heritable in women: the Framingham Heart Study
Coviello, A. D., Zhuang, W. V., Lunetta, K. L., Bhasin, S., Ulloor, J., Zhang, A., Karasik, D., Kiel, D. P., Vasan, R. S., & Murabito, J. M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0050 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, V. L., Wright, A. P., Halligan, B., Chen, Y., Du, X., Handelman, S. K., Long, M. T., Kiel, D. P., & Speliotes, E. K. (2019) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1391 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kang, M., Ang, T. F. A., Devine, S. A., Sherva, R., Mukherjee, S., Trittschuh, E. H., Gibbons, L. E., Scollard, P., Lee, M., Choi, S.-E., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00633-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Associations of Pulmonary Function with MRI Brain Volumes: A Coordinated Multi-Study Analysis
Frenzel, S., Bis, J. C., Gudmundsson, E. F., O’Donnell, A., Simino, J., Yaqub, A., Bartz, T. M., Brusselle, G. G. O., Bülow, R., DeCarli, C. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220667 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationWeinstein, G., Preis, S. R., Beiser, A. S., Kaess, B., Chen, T. C., Satizabal, C., Rahman, F., Benjamin, E. J., Vasan, R. S., & Seshadri, S. (2017) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205014666170203094520 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationNaghavi, M., Azimi, A., Atlas, K., Reeves, A. P., Zhang, C., Mirjalili, S. R., Mozafarybazargany, M., Jolfayi, A. G., Hashemi, A., Atlas, T., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101698 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Splansky, G. L., Corey, D., Yang, Q., Atwood, L. D., Cupples, L. A., Benjamin, E. J., D'Agostino, R. B., Fox, C. S., Larson, M. G., Murabito, J. M., O'Donnell, C. J., Vasan, R. S., Wolf, P. A., & Levy, D.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-04-02
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1328-1335
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2122713183
- Cited by
- 860
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 20.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01‐HC25195, R01HL070100)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- Framingham Heart Study, cohort recruitment, cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiac structure and function, vascular risk factors, genetic and environmental risk factors, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, family-based cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Family Health, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Physical Examination, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Epidemiologic Research Design, Patient Selection, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
