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Hypertension Analysis of Stress Reduction Using Mindfulness Meditation and Yoga: Results From the Harmony Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The HARMONY study was a randomized, controlled trial examining the efficacy of an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program for blood pressure (BP) lowering among unmedicated stage 1 hypertensive participants. METHODS: Participants diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension based on ambulatory BP were randomized to either immediate treatment of MBSR for 8 weeks or wait-list control. Primary outcome analysis evaluated whether change in awake and 24-hour ambulatory BP from baseline to week 12 was significantly different between the 2 groups. A within-group before and after MBSR analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The study enrolled 101 adults (38% male) with baseline average 24-hour ambulatory BP of 135±7.9/82±5.8mm Hg and daytime ambulatory BP of 140±7.7/87±6.3 mmHg. At week 12, the change from baseline in 24-hour ambulatory BP was 0.4±6.7/0.0±4.9mm Hg for the immediate intervention and 0.4±7.8/-0.4±4.6mm Hg for the wait-list control. There were no significant differences between intervention and wait-list control for all ambulatory BP parameters. The secondary within-group analysis found a small reduction in BP after MBSR compared with baseline, a finding limited to female subjects in a sex analysis. CONCLUSIONS: MBSR did not lower ambulatory BP by a statistically or clinically significant amount in untreated, stage 1 hypertensive patients when compared with a wait-list control group. It leaves untested whether MBSR might be useful for lowering BP by improving adherence in treated hypertensive participants. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00825526.
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“One study did not report the SD of BP measured using ABPM at end points; the SD at the end points was substituted with the corresponding baseline SD of that study. 34”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialMindfulness Approaches and Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Weight Regain
Dunn, C., Haubenreiser, M., Johnson, M., Nordby, K., Aggarwal, S., Myer, S., & Thomas, C. (2018) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0299-6 · Cited by 121
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BackgroundThe Safety of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wong, S. Y. S., Chan, J. Y. C., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0897-0 · Cited by 92
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BackgroundLee, E. K. P., Yeung, N. C. Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Yu, C.-P., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16160 · Cited by 68
“One study did not report the SD of BP measured using ABPM at end points; the SD at the end points was substituted with the corresponding baseline SD of that study.(34) This was because the SD at end points did not significantly change compared with the SD at baseline of the same BP variables in the other included stud…”
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The Biological Measurements of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction: A Systematic Review
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Meditation and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
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InfluentialSolano López, A. L. (2018) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12319 · Cited by 61
“On the contrary, studies reporting ambulatory blood pressure did not show significant differences either in systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control groups from pre- to posttest (Blom et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2013).”
InfluentialMindfulness-Based Blood Pressure Reduction (MB-BP): Stage 1 single-arm clinical trial
Loucks, E. B., Nardi, W. R., Gutman, R., Kronish, I. M., Saadeh, F. B., Li, Y., Wentz, A. E., Webb, J., Vago, D. R., Harrison, A., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223095 · Cited by 60
“[3] Blood pressure readings at other times of day, such as through home blood pressure monitoring or ambulatory BP monitoring will strengthen clinical relevance of findings.[80, 81] Although ambulatory BP monitoring has superior predictive value for CVD outcomes compared to clinic BP, evidence is lacking whether a red…”
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Managing Cardiovascular Risk Factors without Medications: What is the Evidence?
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“While intervention in the control group was treatment as usual in four trials [41, 60, 61, 64], wait-list in three trials [62, 63, 67] and active treatment in six trials including social support [66], progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training [65], yoga training [20], health education [21, 68]…”
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“Disorder [Reference] Kind of Meditation (Category *) N. of Participants # (N. of Arms, Controls) Period (Weeks) Clinical Finding (Statistical) Significant Not Significant Diseases of the nervous system Parkinson’s disease [46] Yoga (Y) 33 (2, proprioceptive training) 12 parkinsonismA - Headaches [47] TM (T) 131 (3, hy…”
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Mindfulness effects on lifestyle behavior and blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial
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“The frequency in BP measurements may have contributed to higher BP readings.(32) We chose the out-of-office home BP monitoring for participants' convenience and comfort and believe that it provides a more realistic BP reading.”
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Srisoongnern, S., Pajareya, K., Sriboon, R., Thanakiatpinyo, T., Chirakarnjanakorn, S., & Thirapatarapong, W. (2021) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.02.005 · Cited by 18
Contemplative Practices: A Strategy to Improve Health and Reduce Disparities
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BackgroundMeditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Rees, K., Takeda, A., Court, R. A., Kudrna, L., Hartley, L., & Ernst, E. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013358.pub2 · Cited by 18
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy for treating hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is mainly use to explore the effectiveness of treatment of hypertension with anxiety and depression, reducing stress through mindfulness, and adjusting the psychology to achieve the effect of reducing blood pressure.([16,17]) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely used in trea…”
BackgroundWankhar, D., Kumar, A., Vijayakumar, V., Arumugam, V., Balakrishnan, A., Ravi, P., Bhandari, R. B., & Kuppusamy, M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58434 · Cited by 12
“…the current meta-analysis and all the trials were done between the years 2000 to 2020, out of which five studies were done in the USA [17-20], two studies in Iran [21,22], and the rest in Brazil [23], Los Angeles [24], Portugal [25], Iowa [26], India [27], Spain [28], Italy [29], and Canada [30].”
BackgroundInfluence of Mindfulness and Relaxation on Treatment of Essential Hypertension: Meta-Analysis
Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Jiang, N., Zhai, Q., Hu, J., & Feng, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/2272469 · Cited by 9
RetractedPsychological methods in treatment of essential hypertension
Larionow, P. (2021) · Arterial Hypertension · doi:10.5603/ah.a2021.0002 · Cited by 8
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Meditation and Cardiovascular Health: What is the Link?
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Meditation in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidence-Based Review
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“Ultimately, 23 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis (Alexander et al., 1989; An et al., 2021; Blom et al., 2014; Castillo-Richmond et al., 2000; Chandler et al., 2020; Cohen et al., 2011; Fiedler et al., 1989; Hagins et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2013; Kaleeswari et al.,…”
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Takotsubo Syndrome: The Enigma of Women’s Depressed Heart – A State-of-the-Art Review
Lisci, F. M., Mazza, M., Brisi, C., Gaetani, E., Pola, R., Romagnoli, E., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., & Marano, G. (2025) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm-d-24-00081 · Cited by 5
Nisshash: Design of An IoT-based Smart T-Shirt for Guided Breathing Exercises
Rumon, M. A. A., Veeturi, S., Seckin, M., Solanki, D., & Mankodiya, K. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing · doi:10.1109/smartcomp58114.2023.00019 · Cited by 5
“Existing methods for practicing GBE, including meditation, yoga, physiological training, and wearable devices, have demonstrated potentials to improve relaxation [7], [8].”
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Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Rees, K., Court, R. A., Takeda, A., & Ernst, E. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013358 · Cited by 4
Yong-yao, W., Xia, Q., Gao, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, P., Zhang, H., Chao, G., Yu, R., & Liu, J. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103245 · Cited by 3
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Effect of Different Modalities of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Blood Pressure
AlKhabbaz, A., Almusa, B. M., & Estrella, E. D. (2022) · Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran · doi:10.24198/jkp.v10i1.1946 · Cited by 4
“This effect was largely confined to female subjects” (Blom et al., 2014).”
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Hypertension and meditation: can meditation be useful in preventing hypertension?
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions in the Treatment of Physical Conditions
Goyal, M., & Rusch, H. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808640.013.34 · Cited by 2
Capnometric feedback training decreases 24-h blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women
Anderson, D. E., Reeves, A. N., Mehling, W. E., & Chesney, M. A. (2021) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-021-02240-x · Cited by 2
“Other research on breathing interventions in hypertension have provided comparable findings involving hypertensive control groups that had shown no significant changes in 24-h mean BP following the wait list period [41, 42].”
ResultThe Effectiveness Of Mindfulness On Blood Pressure And Brain Wave Of Elderly People
Almosawy, M. S. A. W. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results · doi:10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s07.91 · Cited by 1
Rabipour, F., Hosseininasab, S. D., & Salari, A. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2023.2297281 · Cited by 1
“Also, in the results of studies conducted by Blom et al. 28 and Campbell et al., 29 there was no significant reduction in BP resulting from MBSR.”
ResultEstrategia de prevención comunitaria enfocada en la detección de pacientes con hipertensión arterial
Aroca, K. M. V., & Zumárraga, D. P. (2024) · Mediciencias UTA (Impresa)/Mediciencias UTA (En línea) · doi:10.31243/mdc.uta.v8i1.2346.2024 · Cited by 2
Cardona, E. Y. B. (2018) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v29i1.2569 · Cited by 3
Yoga in the Management of Arterial Hypertension
Roche, L. T., Menon, P., & Tiwari, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6913-2_23 · Cited by 1
Relações entre Estresse, Distorções Cognitivas e Otimismo em Pacientes com Hipertensão
Pacheco, D. D. S. G., & Malagris, L. E. N. (2020) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703003186605 · Cited by 1
A meditação como prática complementar em saúde para hipertensos
Barbosa, J. D. S., da Costa, L. B. D., Camacho, A. C. L. F., & Correia, D. M. D. S. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9549 · Cited by 1
Fernandes, A. C., McIntyre, T. M., Coelho, R., Prata, J., & Maciel, M. J. (2019) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.repce.2018.09.011 · Cited by 1
“Kajian” Efektivitas Pengurangan Stres Berbasis Kesadaran terhadap Respons Psikologis Mahasiswa
Usman, S. (2022) · Buletin Psikologi · doi:10.22146/buletinpsikologi.53229 · Cited by 1
“Program meditasi mulai dikembangkan di sebuah klinik penanganan stres di Universitas Massachusetts bagian pusat pelayanan medis (Blom et al., 2013).”
BackgroundIntegrative medicine in the care of the elderly
Gaylord, S. A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107294967.052
Mind–Body Practices for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Newberg, A. B., & Olex, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33214-7_12
Alternative Approaches for Lowering Blood Pressure
Byrd, J. B., & Brook, R. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-42973-3.00029-9
How to Maximise Individual Propensity for Active Committed Enthusiasm
Scott‐Jackson, W., & Mayo, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56145-5_4
Mindfulness-Based Therapy and Heart Health
Ismond, K. P., Bukutu, C., & Vohra, S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811279-3.00023-9
Integrative Approach in Cardiovascular Disease
Dhindsa, D. S., Shen, J., Sandesara, P. B., & Sperling, L. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30892-6_17
Plotnikoff, G. A., & Dusek, J. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00024-4
The Potential Health Benefits of Meditation
Allen, C. (2020) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000624
“The HARMONY study used a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of an 8-week MBSR program on blood pressure (BP) measurements among unmedicated, stage 1 hypertensive participants (15).”
MethodGaylord, S. A., Kadro, Z. O., & Toche, J. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108942751.056
Integrative Approach in Cardiovascular Disease
Shen, J. (2025) · Nutrition and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87441-3_21
Kalinowski, J., Anderson, R., Uzoigwe, N., Chagomerana, C., Loucks, E. B., Pagoto, S., Newton, R. L., Mama, S. K., & Johnson, B. T. (2025) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.435
Luo, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhai, Y., Lu, Z., Shou, L., Hu, L., He, W., Qin, Y., Anwar, N., Zhong-fu, Z., et al. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251388138
“49,50 The intervention used in this study was a one-time, brief mind-fulness meditation practice.”
Effects of a Tai Chi dance intervention on the autonomic nervous system in university students
Zhao, R., An, M., Li, J., Ding, H., & Wang, J. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044930
“[2,3] Extensive research has established a strong link between autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders and ventricular arrhythmias.”
InfluentialIntegrative approach to cardio-oncology
Huston, A. J., & Dent, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30194-0.00061-8
Wang, S., Ng, S. N., Sit, R. W. S., Ying, C. C. T., Leung, S. Y., Han, J., Choi, Y. K., Chow, K. F., Chung, W. H., Yip, B. H. K., et al. (2026) · Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.5646/ch.2026.32.e34
“https://clinicalhypertension.org only 2 RCTs including a total of 129 participants reported the effect of MBSR on nocturnal BP; the results were conflicting with 1 RCT reported a significant reduction of asleep SBP of 6mmHg ( n = 42) [19,20].”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Blom, K., Baker, B., How, M., Dai, M., Irvine, J., Abbey, S., Abramson, B. L., Myers, M. G., Kiss, A., Perkins, N. J., & Tobe, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University Health Network (CA)
- York University (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (CA)
- Venue
- American Journal of Hypertension
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-09-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 122-129
- ISSN
- 0895-7061 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-7225
- OpenAlex
- W2014081470
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based stress reduction, hypertension, stage 1 hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure, yoga, blood pressure reduction, waitlist control, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Yoga, Treatment Outcome, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Meditation, Mindfulness
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