The Safety of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
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A recent systematic review of randomised controlled trials of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy found that only 1% of the 4,031 participants included in 36 randomised controlled trials reported adverse events.
“A recent systematic review of randomised controlled trials of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy found that only 1% of the 4031 participants included in 36 randomised controlled trials reported “adverse events” [32].”
From Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In the same review, 15.6% (36 out of 231) of eligible trials contained an adverse events statement in their protocol.
“Importantly, the review indicated that 15.6% (36 out of 231) of eligible trials contained an adverse events statement in their protocol.”
From Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In two meta-analyses of RCTs of mindfulness-based interventions, serious adverse events occurred for ≤2% of participants and at similar rates across meditation and non-meditation control conditions.
“In two meta-analyses of RCTs of mindfulness-based interventions, Kuyken et al. (2016) and Wong et al., (2018) reported serious (i.e., life threatening) adverse events occurring for ≤2% of participants and at similar rates across meditation and non-meditation control conditions.”
From Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States (2022) · cites this paper as Wong et al., (2018)
More than 80% of RCTs do not provide any adverse effects statements, and less severe adverse effects are almost never reported.
“However, similar to psychotherapy generally (Jonsson et al., 2014), both meta-analyses note that adverse events were not consistency reported; more than 80% of RCTs do not provide any adverse effects statements (Wong et al., 2018), and less severe adverse effects whose assessment may not be required by regulatory bodies are almost never reported.”
From Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States (2022) · cites this paper as Wong et al., 2018
Only 36 trials out of 231 (16%) reported AEs in another meta-analysis.
“Only 9 trials out of 47 (19%) (108) and 36 trials out of 231 (16%) (25) reported AEs.”
From Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
A similar under-reporting has been found by two meta-analyses of mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions.
“A similar under-reporting has been found by two meta-analyses of mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions. Only 9 trials out of 47 (19%) (108) and 36 trials out of 231 (16%) (25) reported AEs.”
From Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
A meta-analysis of adverse events from MBSR and MBCT reported that adverse events related to these interventions were minimal, and there was no difference between control and intervention groups.
“A meta‐analysis of adverse events from two types of MBIs – MBSR and MBCT ‐ reported that adverse events that are related to these interventions were minimal, and there was no difference found between control and intervention groups (Wong 2018).”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2021) · cites this paper as Wong 2018
Very few MBI trials actively measure adverse effects, relying instead on passive monitoring, which can underestimate the actual frequency by more than 20-fold.
“In addition, very few MBI trials actively measure adverse effects [58], relying instead on passive monitoring, which can underestimate the actual frequency by more than 20-fold [59,60].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [58]
Reviews of randomized trials have shown that adverse effects, when reported, are no more common in mindfulness-based programs than in control groups.
“Reviews of randomized trials have shown that adverse effects, when reported, are no more common in MBPs than in control groups (Kuyken et al. 2016; Wong et al. 2018).”
From Frequency of Self-reported Unpleasant Events and Harm in a Mindfulness-Based Program in Two General Population Samples (2021) · cites this paper as Wong et al. 2018
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found no difference in reported adverse events in MBSR and MBCT compared to control conditions, but did not include trials of MBIs for psychosis.
“This review found no difference in reported adverse events in MBSR and MBCT compared to control conditions, however they did not include trials of MBIs for psychosis in their review (Wong et al., 2018).”
From Systematic review of the safety of mindfulness-based interventions for psychosis (2024) · cites this paper as Wong et al., 2018
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“likely to lead to harm than a wait-list control, or they identified an overall very low rate of adverse events (1% across 36 randomized controlled trials) (25, 26).”
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- Authors
- Wong, S. Y. S., Chan, J. Y. C., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Tsoi, K. K. F.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Samuel Y. S.
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2018-02-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1344-1357
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- OpenAlex
- W2785594655
- Semantic Scholar
- 03b5bfca3ed340476f1636b07afc572545a0d33a
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, adverse events, safety, adverse event reporting, serious adverse events
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