Cited by 176Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsscientometrics and bibliometrics researchComplementary and Alternative Medicine Studies

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: A bibliometric analysis

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Cramer, Holger, Lauche, Romy, Dobos, Gustav·2014·BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the therapeutic value of yoga interventions. This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the totality of available randomized yoga trials. METHODS: All RCTs of yoga were eligible. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, IndMED, and the tables of content of yoga specialty journals not listed in medical databases were screened through February 2014. Bibliometric data, data on participants, and intervention were extracted and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: Published between 1975 and 2014, a total of 366 papers were included, reporting 312 RCTs from 23 different countries with 22,548 participants. The median study sample size was 59 (range 8-410, interquartile range = 31, 93). Two hundred sixty-four RCTs (84.6%) were conducted with adults, 105 (33.7%) with older adults and 31 (9.9%) with children. Eighty-four RCTs (26.9%) were conducted with healthy participants. Other trials enrolled patients with one of 63 varied medical conditions; the most common being breast cancer (17 RCTs, 5.4%), depression (14 RCTs, 4.5%), asthma (14 RCTs, 4.5%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (13 RCTs, 4.2%). Whilst 119 RCTs (38.1%) did not define the style of yoga used, 35 RCTs (11.2%) used Hatha yoga and 30 RCTs (9.6%) yoga breathing. The remaining 128 RCTs (41.0%) used 46 varied yoga styles, with a median intervention length of 9 weeks (range 1 day to 1 year; interquartile range = 5, 12). Two hundred and forty-four RCTs (78.2%) used yoga postures, 232 RCTs (74.4%) used breath control, 153 RCTs (49.0%) used meditation and 32 RCTs (10.3%) used philosophy lectures. One hundred and seventy-four RCTs (55.6%) compared yoga with no specific treatment; 21 varied control interventions were used in the remaining RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date overview on published randomized yoga trials. While the available research evidence is sparse for most conditions, there was a marked increase in published RCTs in recent years.

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  • The ethical component of yoga has often been neglected in past research.

    “Specifically, the ethical component of yoga has often been neglected in the past [13].”

    From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [13]

    The Background (page unavailable) identifies Yama and Niyama as yoga’s ethical code. The Results > Interventions report that only 32 of 312 trials (10.3%) included lectures on yoga philosophy, and the Discussion says philosophy was less often used than postures and breathing. This supports neglect of a broader philosophical component in past trials, but the paper does not separately assess whether the ethical component was included. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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1 of the 490 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. [2]Feuerstein G The Yoga Tradition 1998 Prescott Hohm Press
  2. [11]Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2008 West Sussex John Wiley & Sons Ltd
  3. [16]Blom KC Baker B Irvine J Abbey S Abramson B Myers M Perkins N Tobe SW The harmony study: hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga J Clin Hypertens 2011 13 4 Suppl 1 A141 24038797
  4. [215]Donohue B Miller A Beisecker M Houser D Valdez R Tiller S Taymar T Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial Br J Sports Med 2006 40 1 60 63 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020024 16371493 PMC2491926 · DOI
  5. [321]Manjunath N Telles S Influence of Yoga and Ayurveda on the measures of Gait, Balance and mobility in a geriatric population Med Sci Monit 2007 13 12 LE19 LE20 18049442
  6. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/14/328/prepub

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Authors
Cramer, H., Lauche, R., & Dobos, G.
Affiliations
Kliniken Essen-Mitte (DE)
Corresponding author
Cramer, Holger
Venue
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Published
2014-09-02
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
328-328
ISSN
1472-6882 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2126460406
Cited by
176
References
490
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2013: 2
FWCI
4.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
  • DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Keywords
yoga, randomized controlled trials, yoga intervention, yoga styles, study characteristics, sample size, intervention duration, asanas, breath control, meditation, breast cancer, depression, asthma, type 2 diabetes, older adults, children, control measures
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Breast Neoplasms, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Yoga, Bibliometrics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Meditation, Young Adult

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