Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: A bibliometric analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the therapeutic value of yoga interventions. This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the totality of available randomized yoga trials. METHODS: All RCTs of yoga were eligible. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, IndMED, and the tables of content of yoga specialty journals not listed in medical databases were screened through February 2014. Bibliometric data, data on participants, and intervention were extracted and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: Published between 1975 and 2014, a total of 366 papers were included, reporting 312 RCTs from 23 different countries with 22,548 participants. The median study sample size was 59 (range 8-410, interquartile range = 31, 93). Two hundred sixty-four RCTs (84.6%) were conducted with adults, 105 (33.7%) with older adults and 31 (9.9%) with children. Eighty-four RCTs (26.9%) were conducted with healthy participants. Other trials enrolled patients with one of 63 varied medical conditions; the most common being breast cancer (17 RCTs, 5.4%), depression (14 RCTs, 4.5%), asthma (14 RCTs, 4.5%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (13 RCTs, 4.2%). Whilst 119 RCTs (38.1%) did not define the style of yoga used, 35 RCTs (11.2%) used Hatha yoga and 30 RCTs (9.6%) yoga breathing. The remaining 128 RCTs (41.0%) used 46 varied yoga styles, with a median intervention length of 9 weeks (range 1 day to 1 year; interquartile range = 5, 12). Two hundred and forty-four RCTs (78.2%) used yoga postures, 232 RCTs (74.4%) used breath control, 153 RCTs (49.0%) used meditation and 32 RCTs (10.3%) used philosophy lectures. One hundred and seventy-four RCTs (55.6%) compared yoga with no specific treatment; 21 varied control interventions were used in the remaining RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date overview on published randomized yoga trials. While the available research evidence is sparse for most conditions, there was a marked increase in published RCTs in recent years.
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The ethical component of yoga has often been neglected in past research.
“Specifically, the ethical component of yoga has often been neglected in the past [13].”
From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The Background (page unavailable) identifies Yama and Niyama as yoga’s ethical code. The Results > Interventions report that only 32 of 312 trials (10.3%) included lectures on yoga philosophy, and the Discussion says philosophy was less often used than postures and breathing. This supports neglect of a broader philosophical component in past trials, but the paper does not separately assess whether the ethical component was included. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Efecto de un programa de Hatha Yoga en pacientes con Alzheimer (EA)
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Uebelacker, L. A., Feltus, S. R., Jones, R. J., Tremont, G. N., & Miller, I. W. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.02.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Örlygsdóttir, B., Gunnarsdóttir, Þ. J., Thoroddsen, Á., & Vilhjálmsson, R. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101487 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cheshire, A., & Cartwright, T. (2021) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2021.0104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Curtis, K., Kuluski, K., Bechsgaard, G., Ridgway, J., & Katz, J. D. (2016) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/6267879 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Martínez-Calderón, J., Almeida, M. D. L. C., & Matias-Soto, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912062 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effect of consistent practice of yogic breathing exercises on the human cardiorespiratory system
McKay, J. A. A., McCulloch, C. L., Querido, J. S., Foster, G. E., Koehle, M. S., & Sheel, A. W. (2016) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2016.07.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Yoga Interventions on the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals and Students
Arya, R. G., Srivastava, D., Divya, B. R., Madhu, M., & Bhargav, H. (2025) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_195_24 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cramer, H., Lauche, R., & Dobos, G.
- Affiliations
- Kliniken Essen-Mitte (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cramer, Holger
- Venue
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Published
- 2014-09-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 328-328
- ISSN
- 1472-6882 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4161862
- OpenAlex
- W2126460406
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 490
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- yoga, randomized controlled trials, yoga intervention, yoga styles, study characteristics, sample size, intervention duration, asanas, breath control, meditation, breast cancer, depression, asthma, type 2 diabetes, older adults, children, control measures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Breast Neoplasms, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Yoga, Bibliometrics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Meditation, Young Adult
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